Abortion

(1)

ABORTION

(2)

Bioethical Principles of Abortion

  



The respect for persons



 



Non

Non-

-maleficence

maleficence



 

(3)

The Respect for Persons

  



The moral status of the fetus



 



The rights of the

pregnant woman



 



Whether an embry

o i

s a

³human being´

³human being´ ±

±

core issue

(4)

The Moral Status of the Fetus

  



³Whether the fetus is a person´ is

crucial

for evaluating the argument:



The fetus is an innocent person.



It is wrong to end the life of an innocent

person.

  

(5)

C

riteria of

riteria of Personhood

Personhood

C

riteria of

riteria of Personhood

Personhood

  



C

onceived by humans



 



Genetic structure



 



Phy

sical

resemblance



 



Presence of a soul



 



Viability



 

(6)

Personhood Essentials

  



Life

Life ±

Life

±

as l

as long as there is life, we

ong

as th

ere

is li

fe, w

e are

are

persons

  



a beating heart is alive

  



Soul

Soul ±

±

immediate annimation (possession

immed

iate

annim

ation

(poss

essio

n

of a soul at

conception)

of a soul at

conception)



delayed annimation(2nd trimester or later)

  



Reason

Reason-

-mental functioning (thinking,

mental functioning (thinking,

reasoning, emotions

(7)

The Rights of a Pregnant Woman

  



Right to privacy



 



Right to ownership of one¶s own

body



 



Right to equal treatment



 

(8)

Non

Non-Non-

-maleficence/Beneficence

maleficence/Beneficence

  



Non

Non-

-maleficence: ³First, do no harm´

maleficence: ³First, do no harm´



 



Beneficence: To do good; taking action

that benefit the patients, and that are in

their best interest

The principle of non

The principle of

non-The principle of non-

-maleficence is not

maleficence is not

absolute, and must be

balanced against

absolute, and must be

balanced against

the principle of

beneficence

the principle of

(9)

Non

Non-Non-

-maleficence

maleficence



Improving lives of others rather than adding

burden

  



No specified time limit

--

most

most abortions are early

ab

ort

ion

s are e

arl

y



Abortion preferable choice to unwanted child

--does not lead to increased mental health

-does not lead to increased mental health

does not lead to increased mental health

problems

  

(10)

Beneficence

  



Best interests of the mother

--

impact on life and m

impact

impact on life and m

impact

on l

ife a

nd men

ental state

tal

state



Best interests of the child

--

qu

quality of life

qu

al

it

y o

f l

if

e

--

ri

risk of being

sk

of

be

in

g

unloved/abuse/neglect/

  



Best interests of society

--

fin

financial burden

fin

an

cia

l

bu

rde

n

(11)

D

IRE

C

T ABORTION

D

(12)

Forms of Abortion:

Spontaneous and Induced

Spontaneous or

miscar

riage

Spontaneous or

miscar

riage

±

em

embryo or fetus

br

yo or

fe

tu

s

is lost due to natural causes

--

Before 20

thththth

week of gestation

Premature

-Premature -

-

pregnancy termination earlier than 37

pregn

ancy t

erm

inat

ion earl

ier th

an 37

weeks

--

Risk is greater those with a known history of

spontaneous abortion, with systemic disease, over

age 35, infection or trauma

I

nduced

I

nduced

±

an i

an intentional termination of

nte

nti

onal t

erm

inat

ion of

pregnancy

(13)

Types of Abortion:

D

irect and Indirect

Types of Abortion:

D

irect and Indirect

  



Direct abortion

±

abo

abortion willed either as

rtio

n

wi

lle

d eith

er

as

an end or a means

  



Gravely contrary to the moral law



 



Immediate purpose of destroying the

human fetus at any stage after conception

or to expel it before it is viable.

(14)

  



³You shall not kill the embryo by abortion

and shall not cause the newborn to perish.

God, the Lord of life,

has entrusted to men

God, the Lord of life,

has entrusted to men

the noble mission of safeguarding life, and

men must carry it out in a

manner wo

rthy

men must carry it out in a

manner wo

rthy

of themselves. Life must be protected with

the utmost care from the moment of

conception: abortion and infanticide are

abominable

ab

om

in

ab

le

crimes´

cr

crimes´

im

es

´

C

C_{atechism of the}_{atechism of the} CC_atholic_atholic C

C_hurch_hurch C

(15)

  



P

rocured abortion

±

di

directly intended

re

ct

ly i

nt

en

de

d

termination of pregnancy before the age of

viability

  



Against the

C

hristian and Human perspective

  



H

umanitarian or Ethical abortion

±

i

in

n

case of rape and incest



Will not solve but complicate more, with a

new

trauma

  

(16)

  



Eugenic or Selective

A

bortion

±

pregnancy w

ith

a gravely defective unborn

pregnancy w

ith

a gravely defective unborn

child

  



Intoleran

t and

paterna

listic false

compassion

  



Psy

cho

s

ocial

A

bortion

±

re

reason is

a

s

o

n i

s

poverty or by alleged dominion of the

mother over her own body



Absolutely immoral



Moment of conception

Moment of conception ±

±

zy

zygote does not

go

te d

oe

s no

t

belong to mother or father alone



C

hild is a human being who claims in justice

his right to life and its protection

(17)

(18)

Methods of Abortion

  



Abortion procedure with

instruments

  

(19)

Aspiration

  



Vacuum aspiration



16 weeks after a woman¶s last period



A

speculum

will be inserted into your vagina.



The opening of cervix may be stretched with

dilators

  



a series of increasingly thick rods.



Tube is inserted through the cervix into the

uterus

  



The tube is connected to a powerful pump

with a suction force 29 times more powerful

than a home vacuum cleaner

(20)

Aspiration

  



The procedure tears the baby's body into

pieces and the hose frequently jerks as

pieces of the baby become lodged.

  



The placenta is then cut from the inner

wall of the uterus and the scraps are

sucked out into a bottle.

(21)

D

ilation and Evacuation

D

ilation and Evacuation

  



Performed during the second trimester (4

Performed during the second trimester (4-

-

-6 months) of pregnancy

6 months) of pregnancy

  



A pliers

A pliers-

A pliers

-like

like

instrument

is

needed

because the baby

's

bones are calcified, as

because the baby

's

bones are calcified, as

is the skull.

  



The abortionist inserts the instrument into

the uterus, seizes a leg or other part of the

body and, w

ith

a twisting motion, tears it

body and, w

ith

a twisting motion, tears it

from the baby's body.

(22)

D

and X (partial birth)

D

and X (partial birth)



 The cervix is dilated to allowThe cervix is dilated to allowThe cervix is dilated to allowThe cervix is dilated to allow

passage of a ring forceps



 A foot or lower leg is located A foot or lower leg is located A foot or lower leg is located A foot or lower leg is located

and pulled into the vagina



 The baby is extracted inThe baby is extracted inThe baby is extracted inThe baby is extracted in

breech fashion until the head

is just inside the cervix



 The baby's legs hang outsideThe baby's legs hang outsideThe baby's legs hang outsideThe baby's legs hang outside

the woman's body.

th

the we womaoman's n's bobodydy.. With With With theWith theththee

baby face

baby

face-baby face--down, scissors are-down, scissors aredown, scissors aredown, scissors are

plunged into the baby's head

at the nape of the neck and

spread open to enlarge the

wound

(23)

D

and X

D

and X

  



A suction tip is inserted and the baby's brain is

removed.

remov

ed.

The sku

The skull collapses and the baby is

ll coll

apse

s and th

e bab

y is

delivered.

de

liv

ere

d.

Sharp and suction curettage is

Sha

rp a

nd

suct

ion

cur

et

tag

e i

s

continued until the walls of the womb are clean.

(24)

Hy

sterotom

y

Hy

sterotom

y

  



This method is usually used late in

pregnancy and is likened to

an "early"

pregnancy and is likened to

an "early"

C

aesarian section.

C

aesarian section.

  



The mother's abdomen and uterus are

surgically

opened

and

the

baby

is

lifted

surgically

opened

and

the

baby

is

lifted

out

(25)

D

rug Abortions

D

(26)

S

_{alt Poisoning}

S

_{alt Poisoning}

  



"

C

andy Apple Babies³



 



Most often used after the first

trimester

(first three months)

  



The abortionist injects a strong salt

solution directly into the amniotic sac (fluid

surrounding the

baby)

surrounding the

baby)

  



The baby breathes and swallows it, is

poisoned,

struggles,

and

sometimes

poisoned,

struggles,

and

sometimes

convulses.

(27)



The mother delivers

the dead baby in a

day or two

(sometimes

alive!

)

(sometimes

alive!

)



Why "candy apple"

babies?

(28)

Abortion Pill

  



Mifepristone

   

RU

RU-

-486

486

  



Used up to 63 days after a woman¶s last

period

(29)

M

_ifepristone

M

_ifepristone

  

(30)

M

_isoprostol

M

_isoprostol

  



Taken 3 days after mifepristone



 



C

ramps and heavy bleeding



 

(31)

Indirect Abortion

(32)

Indirect Abortion

  



The abortion is termed

indirect

when the

pregnant uterus itself is excised because

its condition is such that its removal is

medically necessary.

  



Its death is merely permitted as a

secondary effect of an act which needs to

be performed.

(33)

  



The reason for the removal is that

the

pregnancy (added to some pathological

condition from which the mother is

suffering) increases he

r difficulties or

even

suffering) increases he

r difficulties or

even

lessens her chances of survival.

  



In such cases, the surgeon must be sure

that the reason for operating is a

proportionately grave one.

(34)

Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy



In the tubal ectopic pregnancy the fertilized

ovum lodges in some part of the fallopian tube.



The growing fetus causes the tube to swell, and

this swelling dangerously stretches the tube's

outer wall.

  



Left in this condition, the tube will ordinarily

rupture and unless surgery is performed very

soon after the rupturing, the mother may die.

(35)

Ovarian and Abdominal Pregnancies



If the organ to which the fetus is clinging has

become so diseased or weakened that it is now

a grave source of danger to the woman, the

organ may be licitly excised.



If at present the condition of the organ is actually

pathological and if it is a grave threat to the

mother's life, that part of her body may licitly be

removed in order to preserve the rest of the

body.

(36)

V

_irtue

_irtues

_s

_of

A

_Catholic

V

_irtue

_irtues

_s

_of

A

_Catholic

H

Health Care Giver

ealth Care Giver

H

(37)

(38)

Exception«

³ Operations, treatments and m

edications that

³ Operations, treatments and m

edications that

have as their direct purpose the cure of a

proportionately serious pathologic condition are

permitted when they cannot be safely postponed

until the unborn child is viable, even they will

result to the death of the unborn child´

--

E E E E thical and Religious Directives for thical and Religious Directives for thical and Religious Directives for thical and Religious Directives for

Catholic Care Service 4

(39)

Virtues

1. 1.

N

_on

1.

N

_on-

_-maleficence

_maleficence

--

³Do no harm to other

³D

³Do no harm to other

³D

o

no

h

a

rm

to

ot

h

e

r

s´

--

Hippocratic oath

--

e

ss

ential for tru

s

t & ju

s

tice

2

..

B

_eneficence

2

..

B

_eneficence

--

po

s

itive action

--

one

o

one

n

e

s

hould prevent or remove harm or

ri

sk

of harm, do good or provide a

ri

sk

of harm, do good or provide a

benefit

..

benefit

(40)

3 3 3

3....

_Ju

_s

_tice

--

t

_{the con}

h

e

c

o

n

_s

s

_s

tant w

_{tant w}

tant w

_{tant w}

ill to render what i

_{ill to render what i}

_s

s

right

_right

....

--

related to truthfulne

rel

related to truthfulne

rel

ate

d to tr

uth

ful

ne

ss

, autonom

y

,

s

teward

s

hip,

s

olidarit

y

and nonmaleficence

..

s

teward

s

hip,

s

olidarit

y

and nonmaleficence

.. 4. 4.

_Fidelit

_y

4. 4.

_Fidelit

_y

--

_i

i

_i

i

s

_s

s

_s

_{the faithfulne}

the faithfulne

_{the faithfulne}

ss

_ss

_{to tru}

to tru

_s

s

_{t and promi}

t and promi

_s

s

_e

e

....

--

to

k

eep the patient¶

s

be

s

t intere

s

t fir

s

t in

mind; and to intend one¶

s

good

..

mind; and to intend one¶

(41)

5 5..

_{Fortitude/Courage}

5 5..

_{Fortitude/Courage}

--

_{doing what i}

do

_{doing what i}

in

g wh

at

i

_s

s

right without undue fear

_{right without undue fear}

....

--

being true to one¶

bei

being true to one¶

bei

ng

tru

e to

one

¶

s

calling de

s

pite of

being wrong

..

being wrong

..

--Firmne

-Firmne

_Firmne

_ss

ss

_ss

ss

_of

of

_s

s

_pirit

pirit

.... AAAA

_s

_{a virtue, it i}

_s

_a

_s

_teadine

_ss

of will in doing good in

s

pite of difficultie

s

faced in

of will in doing good in

s

pite of difficultie

s

faced in

the performance of one'

s

dut

y

..

the performance of one'

s

dut

y

.. 6.

6.

_Compa

_ss

_ion

6.

_Compa

_ss

_ion

--

i

s

feeling for the lo

ss

/

s

uffering of another

w/ an attempt be

y

ond obligation to help

w/ an attempt be

y

ond obligation to help

or avoid that lo

ss

/

s

uffering

..

or avoid that lo

(42)

7

7 .

.

T

_ruthfulne

_ss

7

7 .

.

T

_ruthfulne

_ss

--

the good faith intent to conve

the

the good faith intent to conve

good

fai

th in

tent

to co

nv

e

y

the truth to other

s

the truth to other

s

(43)

Reproductive Rights Bill HB

3773

(44)

Responsible Parenthood and

Population M

anagement Act of

2005

Population M

anagement Act of

2005



 bill proposed by the House of Representatives in 20bill proposed by the House of Representatives in 20bill proposed by the House of Representatives in 20bill proposed by the House of Representatives in 2005050505



 a restatement and substitution to previous proposed house ba restatement and substitution to previous proposed house ba restatement and substitution to previous proposed house ba restatement and substitution to previous proposed house bills, namely 16, 2029,ills, namely 16, 2029,ills, namely 16, 2029,ills, namely 16, 2029,

2042 and 2250 2042 and 2250 2042 and 2250 2042 and 2250 H HBB 1616 H

HBB 1616_{An act creating a}_{An act creating a}_{An act creating a}_{An act creating a} _{reproductive health and population management council}_{reproductive health and population management council}_{reproductive health and population management council}_{reproductive health and population management council}_for_for_for_for the implementation of an integrated

the implementation of an integrated

the implementation of an integrated policy on reproductive health policy on reproductive health policy on reproductive health policy on reproductive health relative torelative torelative torelative to

sustainable development sustainable development sustainable development

sustainable development and population management, and for other purposesand population management, and for other purposesand population management, and for other purposesand population management, and for other purposes

H

HBB ₂₀₂₉₂₀₂₉

H

HBB ₂₀₂₉₂₀₂₉_{An act providing for}_{An act providing for}_{An act providing for}_{An act providing for}_{reproductive health care structures}_{reproductive health care structures}_{reproductive health care structures}_{reproductive health care structures} _{and appropriating}_{and appropriating}_{and appropriating}_{and appropriating}

funds therefor funds therefor funds therefor funds therefor H HBB ₂₀₂₀44₂₂ H

HBB ₂₀₂₀44₂₂_{An act promulgating a comprehensive}_{An act promulgating a comprehensive}_{An act promulgating a comprehensive}_{An act promulgating a comprehensive}_{policy on birth control}_{policy on birth control}_{policy on birth control}_{policy on birth control}_{and for this}_{and for this}_{and for this}_{and for this} matter creating a

matter creating a

matter creating a bureau of population management bureau of population management bureau of population management bureau of population management under the department of under the department of under the department of under the department of

health and renaming the department as the

health and renaming the department as the department of health department of health department of health department of health and populationand populationand populationand population

management

management and appropriating funds therefor and appropriating funds therefor and appropriating funds therefor and appropriating funds therefor

H

HBB ₂₂₂₂55₀₀

H

HBB ₂₂₂₂55₀₀_{An act promoting}_{An act promoting}_{An act promoting}_{An act promoting} _{responsible parenthood}_{responsible parenthood}_{responsible parenthood}_{responsible parenthood}_{by providing}_{by providing}_{by providing}_{by providing} _{incentives to couples /}_{incentives to couples /}_{incentives to couples /}_{incentives to couples /}

individuals who practice surgical family

individuals who practice surgical family planning methodsplanning methods

individuals who practice surgical family

individuals who practice surgical family planning methodsplanning methods providing fundsproviding fundsproviding fundsproviding funds

therefor and for other purposes

H

HBB 37733773_{An act providing for an integrated and comprehensive national}_{An act providing for an integrated and comprehensive national}

policy on responsible parenthood, population

policy on responsible parenthood, population management and humanmanagement and human

development

development , creating a, creating a responsible parenthood and populationresponsible parenthood and population