Theory of Structures -Handbook-2

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Index

Abrasion resistance of plastics/rubbers, 4/20 Abrasion testing of rock, l O / l I

Accelerators for concrete, 4/8 Acid resistance of plastialrubbers, 4/19 Acids

attack on concrete. 4/14 and power station chimneys, 27/24 Ackers-White equation for sediment Acrylic paints, 4/26

Activated carbon treatment of sewage effluent. 29/2 I Activated sludge, 29/18-19 Adhesives transport. 30/15 for aluminium, 14/9 for timber. 16/7, 16/8

see also Glued-laminated timber; Gluing of plastics/rubbers

Aerospace industry, aluminium alloy in, 14/6 AfRux at river bridges, 30/22

Aggregate for concrete, 4/5-7 contaminants, 4/67 grades Of, 4/54 grading/size, 4/9 selection. 10/16 testing, 4/16-17 unsound/reactive, 4/7 distnbution/inlegralion, 21/13 systems, 21/12-13 Air-conditioning in buildings, 21/12-13

Air-entraining agents for concrete. 4/8 Aircraft warning lights on chimneys, 27/24 Airfield site investigation, I I / I I

see also Airports; Highways Airlift in underwater working, 42/9 Airports, 24/1-24 ancillary services, 24/22-23 ancillary structures access. 24/ 14-1 5 car parking, 24/14 lighting, 24/15 concept/layout, 24/8-15 aprons, 24/12-14 runways, 24/9 taxiways. 24/9-10 terminal area. 24/10-12 terminal building, 24/14 definitions, 24/23 drainage, 24/21-22 location, 24/3-5 basic considerations. 24/3 site comparison criteria, 24/3-5 pavements. aircraft, 24/16-21 composite. 24/18 construction, 24/16 design, 24/ 19-2 I flexible, 24/18 functionlrequirements, 24/16 overlays. 24/18-19 rigid, 24/16-18 security, 24/ I5 standards. 24/54 aprons, 24/7 obstruction surfaces, 24/74 reference codes, 24/5 runways, 24/54 taxiways. 24/6 telecommunications, 24/15 traffic forecasts. 24/15-16 Algae and water treatment, 28/20 Algebra, 113-5

matrix, 1/27

Alidade of theodolite, 6 / 5 4

Alkali resistance of plastialrubbers, 4/19 Alkali-silica reaction of concrete. 21/28 Alkyd paints. 4/26

Alloys, see under Aluminium Alluvial soils, 8/24-28

classification. 8/26-27 deposition, 8/28

and erosion, cycle of, 8/24-25 Alluvium, fluvioglacial, 8/21-22 Aluminium, 14/1-14 alloys, 14/54 heat-treatable, 14/67 non heal-treatable, 14/7 numbering system, 14/56 properties, 14/6 selection, 14/74 durability/protection, 14/10 fabrication. 14/8-9 connections, 14/8-9 cutting/forming, 14/8 with extruded sections, 14/9 history of use, 14/3 production, 14/45 strength control. 14/5 stress/strain curve, 2/8 structural calculations, 14/10-14 buckling, 14/13-14 connections, 14/14

cross-section resistance, 14/1I-I2 fatigue. 14/14

principles of design, 14/10-1 I

section classification. 14/1 I softening at welds, 14/12-13 for temporary works, 3515

V.P. steel, 14/4 for water pipes, 28/5 Amplitude, definition. 3/23 Anchored piles, 17/23 Anchors

for ground improvement, 9/42 for foundation excavations, 9/20, I7/ 12, for rock. 10/33-34

see a l o Bulkhead, anchored; Rockbolts 17/13. 35/16

Anodizing of aluminium. 14/10 Antifreezes for concrete, 4/8 Aqualung

air supply, 42/6 equipment, 42/4

ARCADY, for urban traffic management, Arch bridges 23/49 design, 20/20-2 I theory, 20/17-20 Arch dams, 18/23-29 double curvature, 18/24. 18/27-29 gravity. 18/23-24, 18/25-26 Arctic offshore construction. 44/12-13 Art gallery lighting, 21/20

Asbestos, risk in demolition, 43/9 Asbestos cement water pipes, 28/5 Asphalt

for aircraft pavement, 24/18 in dams

core, 18/5-1 I facing, 18/5 hot-rolled. 23/3 I . 23/32 for scour protection. 22/15 tanking of basements, 17/11-12 Asphaltic.concrete for maritime use 31/26 Attrition tests of rock, 10/1 I

Backwater Dam, 18/13

Backwater theory in channel flow 5/17-18 Bailey bridging, 35/6 Ballast, railway, 25/45 Balling machines, 43/6 Band drains, 9/39 Barrages river, 22/74 tidal, 22/10 columns, 2/25-29 codes of practice, 2/28-29 long, 2/26-27 short. 2/25-26 strength formulae. 2/27-28 cross-section geometry, 2/12-14

first moment of area, 2/12 moments of inertia, 2/12-14 Bars. theory of, 2/12-30

engineering theory of bending of beams frameworks, stresses/strains in. 2/29 %

and non-uniform torsion, 2/24-25 stress.resultants, 211 5-16 ties, 21 I6

and uniform torque, 2/22-24 arbitrary cross-section 2/22-24 circulw cross-section. 2/22

(ETBB), 2/29-30

see also Beams Bascule bridges, 20/38 Basements, 21/44 foundations construction, 17/12-13 definition, 17/9 design, l7/l0-l I waterproofing. 17/11-12 Bathymetry. 31/20

Bauhaus of Dessau, design innovation, Beach nourishment, 31/30

see ubo Sediments ,

21/3

k d m S analysis

flexibility method, 3/8-9 influence lines in, 3/19-20 plastic. 3/29

composite, 2/16-17 reinforced concrete. 2/17 vertically loaded. 2/16 composite, 2/18-19 the shear centre, 2/19-21 vertically loaded. 2/18 design, 12/13-14 prestressed. 12/26-27 reinforced, 12/14-17 bending forces in, 2/16-18

bendinglshear forces. 2/18-21. 12/26-27 concrete deep, 21/42 deflection of, 2/21-22, 12/26 differential equation, 2/21-22 force-displacement relationships, 3 / 3 4 ground beams, 17/24

steel, simply supported, design, 13/20 strength. flexural, 12/26

k a r i n g capacity for foundations deep fondations, 9/8-9 shallow foundations, 9/74 and site investigation, 11/10 and soil texture, 9/6-7 Bearings in precast concrete, 12/30 Bedding, sedimentary, 8/6

Bedding factor. in pipe strength. 40/10 Bell diving, 42/34

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Indexl2

Beltrami-Michell equations in elastic analysis, Bench-marks, 6/19

Bends from compressed air tunnelling; 32/14 Bentonite

in embankment dam construction, 28/16 shield tunnelling, 32/6

Bernoulli's theorem, 5/8 and flow in channels, 22/3 Betti's theorem. 3/21 Bilham rainfall formula, 30/14 Bills o f quantities, 33/15-16 Binomial theorem, 1/5 Bins, storage loading, l9/5 Biogas, 29/25

Biological treatment of sewage, 29/16-19 2/9

temporary. in setting out, 34/4

activated sludge, 29/18-19 contactors, rotating, 29/17-18 filters. percolating, 29/17 oxidation ponds, 29/19 BlPS 3 for road layout, 23/16 Bishop's method for slope analysis, 9/25 Bitumen

for maritime use, 31/26 paints, 4/26

for soil stabilization, 9/43 Black cotton soils, 8/19, 8/20 Blast furnace Portland cement. 4/4 Blasting

for demolition. 43/8 for rock excavation. l o p 3 of tunnels. 10/33, 32/9 Block paving, 23/4344

Blockwork, see Masonry. load-bedring Bolting of aluminium, 14/8 design, 14/14 of steel structures, 13/27-8 of timber. 16/9-10 underwater gun, 42/10 Bolts. holding-down, setting, 34/7 Bone necrosis and compressed air. 32/14 Bored piles, 17/18-19 auger-injected, 17/23 concrete for. 17/23 contiguous. 17/26 percussion-bored. 17/23 rotary, 11/22-23 Boreholes logging, 11/27, 11/34-37. 11/38

.

for water, construction, 28/11-12 Borrow pits. quantity determination, 6/ 19-20 Boulder clay. 8/21

Boundary element method in rock engineering, 10/28-30

Boundary walls. masonry for, 15/14 Box girders, 1312 1-22

with cantilevers, 20/27 with dkdphrdgms

continuous, 20/26-27 discrete. 20/25-26 multiple single cell, 20/29-31 single cell, 20/24-25

Box trench support systems, 40/13 Brazilian rock strength test, 10/12 Breakers, impact, 43/7 Breakwaters, 26/3. 31/31-34 experimental. 3 I /34 forces on, 31/16-17 overtopping modelling, 31/18 piled. 3 I /33 rock-filled rib. 31/33 rubble-mound. 3 u32-33 vertical. 3 1/31-32

see also Scawalls

Brickwork, 21/29 as building finish, 21/30 durability in foundations, 17/30 for maritime works, 31/24 for temporary works. 35/5

see a/so Masonry, load-bearing Bridges, 20/1-43 Bailey, 35/6 characteristics of structures, 20/ 17-32 arch design, 20/20-21 boxes, 20/24-27. 20/29-3 I decks, multicellular, 20/31 design curves, 20/32 girders, 20/2 1-22, 20/27-29 loading, 20/31-32 suspension/arch, 20/17-20, 20/22-24 concrete, precast, 37/3 I curved, 20/35

deck slabs, concrete, 20/34-35 demolition, 43/8 dynamic response, 20/36-37 economics/system choice, 20P-17 major, 13/17 masonry, 15/16-17 movable, 20/38 plan of work, 20/3 checklist, 20/39 railway. 25/21-22 loading of, 19/8-9 river, 30/22

road, loading of, 1 9 / 5 4 skew, 20/35 steel short/medium span. 13/16-17 simple, 13/22 tolerances, 3 9 / 6 7 stress concentrations, 20/33-34 shear kdg. 20/33 and,thickness changes/cutouts, 20/33-34 Bronze for maritime use, 31/26

Brushwood for scour protection, 22/15 BS, see Standardslcodes of practice Bucket energy dissipators in channels,

221 12-1 3 Bucket dredgers

ladder, 41/3-4 wheel. 41/8

Buckets for concrete distribution, 37/13 Buckingham's

n

theorem in scaling. 31/17 Buckling of aluminium, 14/13-14 Building Regulations, 21/24, 21/26-27 Approved Documents/mandatory on fire spread. 21/26-27 procedures, 21/24 on robustness, 12/13 structure. 21/26 Buildings, 21/1-45 airport terminal, 24/14 cost considerations, 21/1 I design. changing influences, 21/3 drainage, 2 I12 I energy considerations. 21/22-24 feasibility. 21/1 I finishes appedk, 2 I /24 requirements, 21/24. 21/27 ancillary, 24/15 external, 21/29-30 internal. 21/30 fire installations, 21/21 internal environment, 21/12-21 air-conditioning, 2 I / 12-1 3 condensation, 21/17 design/planning. 21/3 1-32 heating/cooling generation, 21/14 lighting. 21/17-20 noise, 21/20

services, accommodation of, 21/13-14 thermal, 21/12

landscape consideration, 21/9 integration example, 21/10 and site operations, 21/9-10

lifts/escalators/conveyors, 21 122 for nuclear reactors, 27/26-27 partitions, 21/3 I planning legislation/consent, 21/1 I power stations floors/roofs/walls. 27/10-12 steelwork for, 27/5-10 ventilation, 27/12 management, 2 I /3 plan of work, 2 1 / 4 4 ' requirements, 2 l p . 21/8 projects

public health considerations. 21/21-22 public utility consultation, 21/1 I railways stations, 25/20-21 river pump station, 30/25-26 security control, 21/27-28 setting-out in. 3 4 / 7 4 site appraisal. 21/9 structure, 21/32-37 arrangement, structural, 21/34 behaviour, structural, 21/32 loading resistance, vertical, 21/34-35 movement, 2 I /34

multistorey, 21/35-37 robustness, 12/13, 21/33 wind effects, 21/33-34 water supply, 21/21

see U/SO Building Regulations; Floors; High-

rise buildings; Multi-storey buildings. Walls

Bulkheads, anchored anchor pull, 9/21 bending moments, 9/22 and earth pressure, 9/21-22 Face forces, 9/2 I

Bunker loading, 19/5 Buoyancy, 5/7

Burbank test of rock, 10/1 I

Bursting, hydraulic, 43/8 Butterfly water valves, 22/30, 28/7 Buttress dams, 18/17-23 Buttressed retaining walls, 17/26

Cableways for concrete placing. 37/16 Caissons. 17/13-18 box, 17/14 for breakwaters, 31/32 definition, 17/9 monoliths/cylinders, 17/17 open, 17/1416 pneumatic, 17/16-17 Calculus, 1/22-27 differentiation, 1/22-23 integration. 1/23-27 maxima/minima, 1/23

Californian bearing ratio (CBR), 9/33 Camber of roads, 23/14-15

Camera lucida principle, 7/7 Cameras for photogrammetry, 7/5-7 Canals, irrigation

control structures, 22/8 design, 30/9

concrete. reinforced/prestressed, 12/13 propped, plastic analysis. 3/28-29 retaining walls, 17/25

Cantilevers

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Index/3 coastal stability, 31/23 currents. 31/21-22 for diving, 42/7 information sources, 31/19 meteorological data. 3 I /23 mud layer, 31/21 position fixing, 31/19-20 seabed/sub-seabed, 3 1/20-21 water properties, 3 1/22 wavesltide, 3 1/22-23 COBA traffic program, 23/10

Codes of practice, see Standards/codes of Colebrook-White formula in sewerage design, ’Colgrout’, 9/41

Collimation error with levels 6/15 Columns

.

Ckamshell dredger, 4 1 / 4 5 Clapotis. 31/6

Clay

as aggregate contaminant, 4/6-7 as core in dams, I8/ I I , I8/ 13, 18/24, I8/3 I as joint infill, 10123

pile capacity on, 9/36-37 and foundations Clay soils

bearing capacity, 9/7 settlement. 9/9-15 mole drainage, 30/12 and site investigation. I I / I I

Clayware for sewers, 29/6 Cliff stabilization. 3 I /3&3 I Coal tar paints, 4/26 Coastal/maritime engineering breakwaters. 31/31-34 experimental. 3 I /34 piled. 31/33 rock-filled crib, 31/33 rubble-mound, 31/32-33 vertical, 31/31-32 ground conditions. 31/23 water conditions, 3 1/23-24 forces, wave/current, 31/15-17 on cylinder piles, 3 I

/

I 5 on seawalls/breakwaters, 3 1/16-17 design parameters/dala analysis, 3 I /23-24

intakes/outfalls. 3 1/34 materials, 3 I /24-26 conventional, 31/24-25 durability zones, 31/24 metals. 3 I /25-26 plastics/bilumen. 3 1/26 timber. 31/25 protection works, 31/26-31 beach nourishment. 31/30 cliff stabilization. 3l/30-31 groynes. 3 1/28, 3 I /30 walk, 31/26-28

scaling laws and models, 31/17-19 digital numerical. 31/18-19 forces, 31/18 harbours, 31/18 littoral processes, 31/19 overtopping. 31/18 similarity. 3 1/17-18 tidal. 31/18 effluent discharge. 31/14-15 estuaries. 31/14

structures. setting out for, 34/9 surveys/data collection. 31/19-23

stratification and densimetric flow, 31/14-15

bathymetry. 31/20

digital mapping/ground modelling, 6/26-28

land information systems. 6/28 in design, 1/36-37

in detailing, 1/37 in structural analysis. 1/36 technical use

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Index14

Concrete. 4/3-18, 37/1-36 admixtures. 4 / 7 4 alkali-silica reaction. 21/28 asphaltic concrete. 23/3 I

for maritime use, 31/26 blocks

for revelments. 30/19 for scour protection. 22/15

see a l n Masonry. load-bearing for bridges, 37/31

deck slabs, 20134-35 as building material, 21/28 and cavitation, 22/32 compacting. 37/19-20 for cooling water culverts. 27/18 creep. 4/12

and loss of prestress, 12/24 crushed. recycling. 43/9 curing, 4/14, 37/20 dams, 18/13-29. 28/17-18, 37/2&27 arch, 18/23-29 buttress, I8/ 17-23 design concept. 18/34-36 gravity, 18/13-14 rockfill, 1 8 / 4 5 rollcrete, 18/14, 18/16-17 demolition of, 4 3 / 7 4 prestressed, 43/8-9 design. structural. 12/1-33 behaviour, 1213. I2/5-6

codes of practice/slandards. l2/3, I2/4 composite construction, I2/30-3 I fire resistance. I2/6. I21 12, 12/32-33 philosophy of, 12/67 precast construction. 12/29-30 procedures, analytical/design. 12/1 1-14 testing, 12/31-32 diaphragm walls, 9/40, 37/30-31 distribution, 37/10-16 Cdbkwdys, 37/16 conveyor belts, 371 15- I6 cranes, 37/11-13 hoists, 37/1 I pneumatic placing, 37/13 pumping, 37/13-15 skips/buckets, 37/13 wheeled transport, 37/10-1 I in foundations. 17/30 durability, 4/13-14 elastic modulus, 4/12 finish of, 35/8

as finish for buildings, 21/30 floors, 21/35. 37/25-26 gunite. 32/13, 37/28-29 in hotparid countries, 37/32-35 for maritime works, 31/24-25 mass sections. 37/27

materials, see Aggregate; Cement mix design, 4/8-9

movement. 4/12-13 no-fines, 37/29-30

for offshore structures, 44/10-12 pavements YS. mdSOnry, 15/3 for aircraft. 24/16-18 for roads, 23/36 piles, 17/19-23 placing, 37/16-19 in deep lifts, 37/17 and joints, 37/17 underwater, 37/17-19 precast, 37/31-32

prestressed, see Prestressed concrete production, 3 7 / 3 4 batching, 37/5 miners, 3 7 / 5 7 mixing etiiciency, 3 7 / 7 4 plant size, 37/7 storage of materials, 3 7 / 3 4 ready-mixed. 37/8- I0 advantages. 37/8 plant. 37/8-10 quality control. 1/35, 37/10 reinforced. see Reinforced concrete repair, by resin injection, 4/24 roadslairfield construction. 37/20-25

conventional, 37/2 1-24 slipform, 37/24-25

shrink. and loss of prestress, 12/24 sleepers. 25/7

sprayed. for rock support. IOj34 strength. 4/9-12 testing. 4/14-18 aggregates. 41 I & I 7 analysis. 4/17 entrained air, 4/17 strength. 4/16 structural. I2/3 1-32 workability, 4/14, 4/16 tunnel lining. 32/1 I , 37/27 segmented. 40/21-22

for turbo-generator support. 17/27, 27/14 underwater, 37117-19.42/9

see nlsn Formwork

Condensation in buildings, 21/17 in roofs. 2 I /3 I

Condensers, in electricity generation. 27/14-16 Conduits, see Flow

Cone indenter. (NCB) test. l O / l I Cone test, for settlement in granular soils. Cone offshore structures. arctic. 44/12-13 Confidence limits. statistical, 1/30-32 Consolidation grouting, 10/34 of soils, 9/5 9/15-16 dynamic. 9/43 17/24

Constant rate penetration (CRF') pile test. Containers for cargoes, 26/4

Contamination. see Pollution Contouring, in vertical control. 6/9 Contracts, 33/14-15

in demolition, 43/3 ground investigation, 11/26 overseas. plant selection. 3 6 / 4 5

see also Management of projects/contracts

CONTRAM for urban traffic management, Contrast stretching for image enhancement. Control charts in quality control. 1/35 Control of Pollution Act 1974. 29/3 Conversion factors for units, 4 5 / 5 4 Conveyors

for concrete placing, 37/15-16 passenger. in buildings, 21/22 shell, 27/20

support/foundations, 27/20-2 I wind loading, 27/20 in aluminium alloy, 14/6

and electrolytic corrosion of aluminium. 14/10 Corbels in concrete, 12/30 Coriolis force, 3 1 / 3 4 Corrosion of piles, 17/30 Corrosion protection 23/49 7/26 Cooling towers, 27/19-21 Copper

of ofshore structures, cathodic, 44/16 of steel painting, 4/24, 4/26 structures, 13/26 of pipes in trenches, 40/15 of aluminium, 14/10 in buildings, 21/1 I in electricity supply, 27/4 in ground investigation. I l / 5

in offshore construction. and work schedule. of pipelines Cost considerations 44/14 appraisal, 40/29-30 construction. 40/30-3 I of projects/contracts, 33/10-1 I in tunnelling. 3 2 / 3 4

Coulomb's equation for shear strength, 9/3 Counterforts, 9/27

Crack control, in reinforced concrete beams. Cranes

12/17

for concrete distribution, 37/l 1-13 gantry girders for, 13/23-24 for precast units. 35/15 for steel erection, 39/4 of concrete, 4/12, 12/24 of plastics/rubbers. 4/20 drawoff. in dams, 28/15

in power generation cooling, 27/17-19 in road drainage, 23/27

Creep

Culverts

Current measurement, 31/21-22 Curtain walling as building finish, 21/30 Culability testing of rock, 10/12 Cutters for rock tunnelling, 32/6 Cutting, underwater. 44/16 Cuttings, railway. 25/3 Cyclists

facilities for. 23/51 and road junctions. 23/21 Cylinders. see Caissons Damping tools. 42/9 definition. 3/23 of tall buildings, 21/40, 21/42 concrete. I8/ 13-29? 28/ 17-1 8. 37/26-27 Dams. 18/1-37 arch. 18/23-29 buttress. 18/17-23 gravity. 18/13-14 rollcrete. 18/14. 18/16-17 definition, I8/3 deformation. 28/16-17 design. 18/29-36 monitoring requirement. 6/21. 28/18 embankment dams. 18/29-33 roller-compacted, 18/34-36 earthfill. 18/29-33. 28/15-17

with clay core, 18/13 homogeneous, 18/11-13 history. 1 8 / 3 4 legislation, 18/36 rockfill. 18/4-1 I. 18/33

with asphalt core, 18/5-1 I with asphalt facing, 18/5 with clay core, 18/11. 18/24 compaction, 28/17 with concrete Facing, 1 8 / 6 5 monitoring by photogrammetry, 7/13 site investigation depth. I 1 / 1 I types. I8/3

see also Reservoirs; Spillways Darcy-Weisbach equation, 30/1 I

Decking, profiled, in steel structures, 13/18-19 Decompression in diving, 42/3

Deflection of concrete beams of prestressed. 12/26

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Deflection

. .

..

continued of reinforced, 12/1617 Deformabihty testing of rock

for design. 10/13 masses, 10/18 Deformation earth dams, 28/16-17 monitoring ofdams. 28/18 of rock, l0/35 by photogrammetry, 7/13-14 reference points, 6/21-23 surveys, 6/21-26 Deformations, geological engineering aspects, 8/15-16 faults. 8/12-14 folds, 8/14-15 joints, 8/10, 8/12 Demolition, 43/1-10 blasting, 43/8 of bridges, 43/8 of concrete, 4 3 / 7 4 environmental considerations. 43/10 future developments, 43/10 health and safety. 43/9-10

fire/explosion risk, 43/10 manual, 43/5 mechanical. 4 3 / 5 4 method selection, 43/8-9 organization/planning, 43/3-5 salvage/recycling, 43/9 of transmission towers, 43/8 dry, laboratory testing, 9/32 of rock. hbOrdtOry testing, 10/8 slicing. for image classification, 7/26 of water, 5/3

prestressed, 43/8-9

Density

Department of Transport publications, 23/4 Derrick stone. for scour protection, 22/15 Derricks, for concrete, 37/12

Desalination. 28/18-19 Desert soils. 8/20 Deval test of rock, I O/ I I Dewatering

of sewage sludge, 29/24 in tunnelling. 32/15 Diaphragm walls, 9/40, 37/30-31

in basements, I7/1 I for excavation support, 35/16 masonry. 15/14

retaining walls. tied back. 17/26 setting out for, 34/8

Diastrophism. geomorphological. 8/16 Differential equation of beams, 2/21-22 Differentiation. I /22-23

Digital image processing (DIP). 7/22-26 partial, 1/23

hardware, 7/23 software. 7/23-26

Dilatometer in rock testing, 10/13 Discontinuities of rock. properties, 10/20-23 Disinfection of sewage eflluent, 29/20 Disposal at Sea Act 1974, 29/25 Distance measurement, 6/8-12 direct (DDM), 6/8 electronic (EDM). 6/10-12 development, 6/lO-l I principle, 6/11-12 optical (ODM), 6/8-10 substense bar, 6/9-10 tacheometry, 6/8-9

Distillation for desalination, 28/18-19 Distinct clement method in rock engineering, Distomat, 6/10

I0/26-28

Distributions. statistical, I /30 Dividag reinforcing bar, 35/6 Diving, 42/1-13

and confidence limits. I/30-32

air-supply, 4 2 / 5 4 alternative systems. 42/10-12 construction work/planning, 42/8 employment, increasing. 42/3 equipment, 4 2 / 4 5

factors in, environmental/personal, 42/7 operations. 4 2 / 3 4 bell diving, 4 2 / 3 4 decompression, 42/3 surface-orientaled. 42/3 preparations, 4 2 / 4 4 qualifications, 42/6-7 in seabed survey. 31/21 survey, 42/7 team size, 42/6 tools. 42/8-9

see aLo Underwater work Dolphins, for ship berthing. 26/10 Donseg lining of tunnels. 32/10 Dorry test of rock. 10/1 I

Dowels, in tunnel temporary support. 32/13 Downhole logging, 10/13 Drainage. 9/37-39 of agricultural land. 30/9-12 bedding systems. 30/12 drainable surplus, 30/10 flow, 30/1 I irrigated. 30/10, 30/12 layouts, 30/1I-I2 mole drainage, 30/12 and rainfall excess. 30/10-1 I

spacings of drains, 30/1 I of airports, 24/21-22 for buildings, 21/21 of dams. concrete. 18/14 electro-osmosis, 9/38 and flooding, 30/12-13 mole drainage, 30/12 permeability, 9/37 pumping capacity, 9/38 of railways cutting slopes, 2513 embankments. 25/4 design data, 23/26-27 in developing countries, 23/58 hydraulic design, 23/27-28 pipelines. buried, 23/30 pollution control, 23/30 of roads, 23/26-30 detail, 23/28-29

for rock support. 10/34 and settlements. 9/38-39 site investigation, 9/37 for slope stabilization, 9/27 vacuum drainage, 9/38 vertical, 9/39 wells, 9/38

see also Hydrodynamics; Rivers Drains. catchwater. 30/21-22 Dredging, 41/1-13

ancillary plantlequipment. 41 /9 disposal, environmental aspects, 41/1I-I2 of estuaries and silt movement. 31/14 general considerations. 41 /3 history. 41/3 hydraulic dredgers, 41/5-9 cutter suction. 4 1 / 6 4 hopper suction, 41/8-9 plain suction, 91/6 pump-ashore plant, 41/9 island construction, 41/11 mechanical dredgers lndex/5 bucket ladder. 4 1 / 3 4 dipper/backhoe, 41/5 grab, 4 I /4-5 organisations. 41/13 preliminary considerations. 41/l I

reclamation works. 41/9-I I

surveys/investigations. 41/12 Drift, 8/23-24 Drillhole logging. 10/13 Drilling of boreholes. 28/11-12 in demolition. 43/7

directional. for pipelaying, 40/20 for rock excavation, 10/32-33 of tunnels. 32/9

Drogne floats, 3 I12 I

Dry docks for offshore structures, 44/13 Ductility of steel, I3p-9

notch ductility. 13/9-10 Dumpers for concrete. 37/1 I Dumpy level, 6/13

adjustment. 6/5 Durability

of concrete. 4/13-14, 11/30 of rock, laboralory testing. 10/8 'Duralumin', 14/3. 14/6

Durands rule for plane areas. 1/16 Duricrus1s;and site investigation. I 1 / 1 I Dust from demolition, 43/10

Dutch deep sounding test for pile capacity. Dykes. geological, 8/9

9/35-36

Earth pressure. 9/17-22 active pressure analysis. 9/18-19

graphical method. 9/19 surcharge loads. 9/19 active/passive conditions. 9/17 bulkheads. anchored, 9/21-22 anchor pull, 9/21 bending moments. 9/22 face forces, 9/21 penetration depth, 9/21 excavations. strutted. 9/20 passive resistance, 9/20 pressure distribution. 9/20 stability, overall, 9/22

Earth retaining walls. reinforced 9/41-42. Earthfill dams. see under Dams Earthquakes

17/26

loadings, 19/14-15

resistant timber construction. 16/1 I

wave generation, 31/1 I Earthworks for rdilWdyS. 2 5 / 3 4 for roads, 23/21-28 alignment/slopes. 23/23-24 compaction. 23/25 geotextiles, 23/25-26 materials. 23/24-25 planning/investigations, 23/21. 23/23 testing, 23/25 Echo-sounder in bathymetry. 3 1/20 Eclipse ground modelling system, 6/28 Eigenvalue analysis if open girders, 20/28 Elastic design for steel structures. 13/23-24 Elastic models in rock engineering design,

10/25 Elastic modulus

of concrete. hard, 4/ I2 of plasticslrubbers, 4/20 analysis of elastic body 218-9

energy methods, 2/9-10 Elasticity theory. 2/3-l I

(7)

Index/6

Elasticity theory. continued

strain, see Strain stresslstrain

measurements, 2/1&1 I relationships, 2/74? stress, internal, see under Stress Elastomer definition, 4/18 Electricity supply. 27/1-34 building layout. 2 7 / 6 5 chimneys, 27/21-24 ancillary structures, 27/24 flues/lining, 27/21, 27/24 foundations. 27/24 windshield design, 27/24 cooling towers, 27/19-21 shell, 27/20 support/foundations, 27/20-21 wind loading, 27/20 costs. 27/4 fuels, 27/3 hydro-electric power, 27/27 nuclear reactors, 27/24-27 buildings for, 27/2627 foundations. 27/25-26 pressure vessel, 27/25 plant layout, 27/4 pumped storage. 27/27-28 siting of station, 27/5 steam generation, 27/3 power house steelwork, 27/5, 27/610 floors/roofs/walls. 27/I&I I foundations, 27/10 loadings, 27/8-9 ventilation. 27/12 transmission lines, 27/28-34 conductors, 27/29 design standards, 27/29 'galloping', 19/4 sags/tensions, 27/29-3 I demolition, 43/8 foundations, 27/33-34 loading, wind/ice, 27/31 setting out for, 34/7

transmission towers, 13/17, 27/31-34 turbo-generator support, 17/27, 27/13-14, 27/3 I water cooling culverts, 27/17-19 systems, 27/1&17

see a1.70 Services to buildings Electro-gas welding, 38/4 Electro-osmosis for drainage 9/38 Electro-slag welding, 3 8 / 3 4 Electrodialysis. for desalination, 28/ 19 Electromagnetic spectrum and remote sensing, Electronic distance measurement (EDM)

7/14-15

development, 6/10-1 I

for rock movement, l o p 5 principle, 6/1 1-12 in setting out. 34/3 as conic section. 1/17 properties of, 1/18-19 pipes in, loadings, 40/9 railway, 2 5 / 3 4 river, 30/ 19-20

see also Dams; Earthworks ofchannel flow 5/17

equations. for ship rendering, 26/13-I 5 of a liquid, 5 / 7 4 and buildings, 21/14, 21/22-24 of waves, 3 1 / 7 4 Ellipse Embankments Energy

Engelund and Hansen equations, 30/15 English method of tunnelling, 32/4 Environmental considerations in airport location, 24/3 in demolition, 43/10 in diving, 42/7 in dredging, 41/1 I in road planning, 23/10-12 history, 23/10

noise, traffic/construction, 23/1I-I 2 urban, 23/l I

vibration/sound. 23/10-1 I in site investigations. I I/3 for maritime use, 31/26 paints. 4/26 of limestone, 8/24 littoral, 31/13 valley cycle, 8/24-25 see 01.70 Scour Escakilon in buildings, 21/22 Estuaries, 31/14 Euler strut, 2/26 EVapOlrdnSpirdliOn, 3 0 / 3 4 Excavations EPOXY Erosion modelling, 31/18 earth pressure, 9/20 for foundations anchoring, 9/20, 17/12. 17/13, 35/16 basement 17/12-13 pad, 17/5 strip, 17/6 heave. 9/9 quantity determination, 6/19-20 in rock, 10/32-33

setting out for, 34/5-6 temporary, 35/15-18 loads, 35/16-17 materials, 35/16 newer approaches, 35/17 and water, 35/18 widths of excavation, 35/16

underground, design and rock mechanics,

.see also Bulkheads. anchored; Trenches in demolition. 43/6

for rock. l0/33 l0/3 1-32 Excavators

Explosion risk in demolition, 43/10 Explosives for underwater cutting, 42/9 Extensometers for rock monitoring, 10/35 Fabric of igneous rocks, X/9

Factories Acts on working in confined spaces.

see a l o Blasting

40/25 Factors Of Safety

for concrete. structural, 1 2 / 7 4 for pipe strength, 40/10

for piping, flow net for, 9/29 in ship rendering, 26/15

in slope stability analysis, 9/23, 9/25 of masonry in compression, 15/5-7 of rails. 25/11-12

see al.70 Fatigue Falsework, 35/13-14 construction. 35/ I4 loads, 35/13 stresses. 35/13-14 Failure Fascines, 30/17-18 Fastenings for rails. 25/9-10 in limber. 16/8-10

.see irbo Bolting; Ties/connections

Fatigue

of aluminium. calculation, 14/14 ofsteel, 13/10-11

FdUllS, 8/12-14

Fellenius's method for slope analysis, 9/2&25 Fencing

of airports, 24/22-23 of roads, 23/46

see also Security from dredging, 41/1&1 I foundations on, 17/27 for embankment dams, 18/30-31 for sewage treatment

percolating. 29/ I7 sand, 29/19 Fill

Filters

for sludge dewatering. 29/24

Finite differences in rock engineering, I0/26 Finite element analysis

in the stiffness method, 3/14-15 in rock engineering, 10/26 and Building Regulations Fire escape requirements. 21/24 spread. 2 I / 2 6 2 7 at airports, 24/22 compartmentation against. 2 1/2627 of concrete, 21/28 of steel. 21/29 water installations, 21/21 water supply for, 28/4

of concrete, reinforced/prestressed I2/6. of timber, 16/6

in demolition. 43/10

in power houses, and roof material, 27/10 hydology. 301 I3

protection

resistance

12/12. 12/28, 12/32-33. 21/28. 21/29 risk

Fisher-Tippett type I external distribution in Flexibility method in structure analysis, 3 / 6 1 I

for beam analysis, 3/8-9 coefficients, 3 / 7 4

sign convention. 3/8 for frame analysis, 3/9-10 and stitTness method, 3/1 I for truss analysis. 3/10

Flip buckets for water energy dissipation, Floats for current tracking, 31/21 Flooding 22/25 and drainage, 30/12-13 economic issues, 30/13 flow calculation. 30/13-14 frequency statistics, 30/13 and reservoir practice, 28/15 storage, in road drainage. 23/28 walls, 30121

Floors, 21/35

for basement foundations. 17/10 concrete. 21/35, 37/25-26 finishes, 21/30 of power houses, 27/1 I profiled steel decking, 13/18-19 timber, 16/3-4

Flow, see Hydrodynamics Flow nets, 9/27-29

surface hardeners, 37/26

construction, 9/28 hydraulic problem for. 9/29

Fluidization of soil and slope instability, 9/27 Fluidized bed treatment of sewage, 29/19 Flumes

(8)

Flumes, continued

Venturi, 5/19

Fluvioglacial deposits, 8/2 1-22 Foam grouts, 9/41

F o d and Environmental Protection Act 1985, Formwork, 35/6-13 and dredging, 41/1 I for columns, 35/1 I concrete finish, 3518 design considerations, 35/8 loadings, 3517-8 philosophy of, 35/9-10 purpose, 3 5 / 6 7 release agents, 35/8-9 slipforming

for offshore structures, 44/1 I for paving, 37/24-25 vertical, 35/12-13, 37/2425 for soffits, 35/11-12

ties, 35/6 for walls, 35/10

bearing capacity and site investigation, 11/10 for chimneys, power station. 27/24 concrete, mhss sections, 37/27 for cooling towers. 27/20-21 deep, 17/9-18 basement design, 17/10-13 caissons, 17/13-17 definitions. 17/9-10 shaft foundations, 17/17-18 loading. 1 7 / 3 4 procedure. I7/3 in rock, 10/31

and settlement, differential, I7/4 durability, and material. 17/29-30 for electricity power house, 27/10 on fill, 17/27

for machinery, 17/26-27 turbo-generators, 17/27. 27/14 and mining subsidence. 17/27-28 for nuclear reactors. 27/25-26 for offshore concrete structures, 44/12 permeable for open channels. 22/10 for power houses. 27/10

retaining walls, 17/24-26 in rock, blasting of, l0/33 setting out for. 34/6-7 shallow. 1 7 / 4 9 Foundations, 21/42, 21/44 design, 17/1-31 bearing pressures. 17/5 definitions, 17/4 depth, 17/4-5 design, structural, 17/7-9 ground treatment beneath, 17/9 and loading eccentric, I7/7 types of, 17/5-7

and soil mechanics, 9/7-17 bearing capacity. 9/6-9 definitions, 9/7 failure, 9/7 settlement. 9/9-17 temporary, 3 9 / 6 7

for transmission towers, 27/33-34

see al.so Piled foundations Frames

analysis

plastic, portal frame. 3/29-30 rigid, 3/9-10

concrete reinforced/prestressed. 12/14 in high-rise buildings, and bending, 21/39 height limitations, 21/34

hydraulic, for trench support. 40/13, 40/14 moment distribution without sway, 3/17-18 for pitched roof, 3/30-31

skeletal structures, 21/42

steel, erecting, 34/7 .stresses/strains in, 2/29

see also Timber Freezing

. for groundwater exclusion, 9/40 for rock support, 10/34 as tunnelling aid, 32/15

Freczing/thawing attack of concrete. 4/ 14 Frequency, definition, 3/23

Frost susceptibility, and site investigation, I1/11-12

see also Freezing; Freezing/thawing atlack

of concrete; Periglacial soils Froude number, 2213

Fuels

for electricity supply, 27/3 installations at airports. 24/22 Fungal resistance, of timber, I6/5

Gabions, 22/15. 30/19

'Galloping' of transmission lines, 19/4 Galvanic corrosion of aluminium, 14/10 Gas-shielded arc welding, 3813 Gases

biogas, 29/25

in confined spaces, 40/25 for diving, 421-

and site investigation, 11/12 from sludge, 29/23 air demand, 22/32

Gates, in hydraulic structures. 22/28-29 Gaussian distribution. 1/30

Geodimeters, 6/10

Geology and engineering, 8/1-34 alluvial soils classification, 8/26-27 deposition, 8/28 erosion cycle, 8/24-25 river, 8/24 field identification. 8/10 igenous rocks, 8/6-9 metamorphic rocks, 8/9-10 properties, 8/10 sedimentary rocks, 8 / 5 4 classification/description, 8/5-10 definitions, 8/3 deformations engineering aspects, 8/15-16 folds. 8/14-15 joints. 8/10, 8/12 desert soils, 8/20 glacial soils, 8/20-23

humid tropical residual soils, 8/17, periglacial soils, 8/23-24 rock weathering, 8/17 faults, 8/12-14 geomorphological environments, 8/17-24 8/19-20 geomorphological processes. 8/16 information sources, 8/30-32 maps, 8/28-30 general. 8/28-29 in site investigation, 11/16 special, 8/29-30 plate tectonics, 8/4 for reservoirs. 28/13

slratigraphy, principles of, 8/3-4 for water pumping, 28/10-l I

coordinate. 1/13-20 Geometry

axes, change of. 1/14 conic sections, 1/17-20 lengths of curves, 1/15-16 plane areas, 1/16-17 polar coordinates. 1/14-15 Index17 three-dimensional analytical, 1/20-22

distance between two points, 1/21 equations, 1/21-22 sign convention. 1120-21 Geomorphology environments, 8/17-24 desert soils, 8/20 glacial soils, 8/20-23

humid tropical residual soils, 8/17, periglacial soils, 8/23-24 rock weathering, 8/17

8/ I 9-20

processes, 8/16

Geophysical methods, in ground investigation. 11/17

Geotextiles, 9/42 durability. 4/24

in railway embankments, 25/4 for river reinforcement, 30/19 for roads, 23/25-26 box, 20/24-27. 20129-31

with cantilevers, 20/27 design, I3/2 1-22 with diaphragms, 20/25-27 multiple single cell, 20129-31 single cell, 20/24-25 gantry. 13/23 open section, 20/21-22

multiple web, 20/27-29 plate, design, I3/20-21 in temporary works, 35/6 welding, 38/8-9

box, 38/8-9 plate. 38/8 Glacial soils, 8/20-23

see also Periglacial soils Glass reinforcement for cement. 21/28 cladding, 37/31 for PVC pipes, 2 8 / 5 4 Glazing, 21/30 of power house, 27/1 I Glued-laminated timber assemblies. 16/7 stress grading, 16/6 and structural design, 16/7 Gluing of plastics/rubbers, 4/21 Grab dredgers, 4 1 / 6 5 Grabs in demolition, 43/7 Gradation, geomorphological, 8/16 Gradients of roads, 23/15 Grading, setting out for, 34/5-6 Grand Dixence dam. 18/5. 18/14 Grants, 2 I / I I

Granular soils Girders

foundation'settlement in, 9/15-16 particle size distribution, 9/30 Grass for slope stabilization, 9/27 Gravity, in tidal forces, 31/3 Gravity concrete dams, 18/13-14 Great circle, definition. I / I I Greathead shield tunnelling, 32/4 Greensand, Lower, for water pumping, Grid levelling, for excavation quantity Grits, Carboniferous, for water pumping. Ground improvement, 9/37-44 arch, 18/23-24 28/I&l I determination, 6/ 19-20 28/l I anchors, 9/42 deep, 9/42-43 geotextiles for,. 9/42 groundwater exclusion, 9/39-40 grouting, 9/40-41

(9)

Index/8

Ground improvement. continued

reinforced earth. 9/41-42 shallow compaction. 9/43 stabilization. 9/43-44 see also Drainage Ground investigation, 1 1 / 6 1 5

contamination hazards. 1 1 / 4 5 COSI. I

I/S

intensity of. I I/5

main investigation. 11/8-14 contaminated site. 11/12 dala interpretation/report, 11/12. 11/14 depth, I1/10-1 I lateral extent, 11/9-10 problem conditions, I I / I 1-12 COnIrdCtS, 11/26

types Of. I1/8-9 methods, 11/16-26 engineering properties. 11/17-20 over water. I 1/20 SlrdtigrdphiCal. 11/16-17 objectives. I1/4 personnel, 11/26 preliminary, 1 1 / 6 8

desk study, I1/7-8 objectives, I1/7 reconnaissance, I 1/8

review during construction. 11/14 for roads. 23/23

stages in, I 1 / 5 6

Groundwater control/exclusion, 9/39-40, 40/10

Grouting

for dam cut-off, 18/32 for foundations. shallow, 17/9 for ground improvement, 9/40-41 Guttman process, 9/41 of rockbolts. 10/34 in tunnelling, 32/14-15 underwater. 42/9 of aggregate, 37/18, 37/19 in clamps. 44/16 Groynes, 31/28, 31/30

Gumbel distribution in hydrology, 30/13 Gunite. see Shotcrete

Guttman grouting process, 9/41

Halcrow lining of tunnels. 32/10

Hankinson relationship for timber strength. I6/7

Harbours

models, 5/27, 31/18

navigation requirements, 26/6-7 siting/design, 26/3

wave resonance in, 31/12 see also Ports

Hardboard, tempered, I6/8 Hardness

of plastics/rubbers. 4/20 of rock, testing, 10/8, 10/11-12 Harmonic analysis of open girders, 20/28 Hazen's law in soil permeability, 9/4 Health and safety, in demolition, 43/9-10 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

see also Safety

on temporary works, 3513 on trenching, 40115-16

on working in confined spaces, 40/25 Heathrow airport terminal, 24/12 Heave on excavation in clay soils, 9/9 Height measurement, see Levels High-rise buildings, 21/37-42

combined systems. 2 1 / 3 9 4 construction, 21/35-37 frames in, 21/39

ground level open space. 21/42 horizontal load resistance. 2 1/37-38 masonry for. 15/13-14

movement. 21/40. 21/42 selling out for, 34/8-9 shear walls/cores. 21/39 administration, 2 3 / 3 4 communications, 23/45 concrete construction, 37/20-25 Highways. 23/1-64 conventional, 37/2 1-24 slipform. 37/24-25 in developing countries, 23/57-61 drainage. 23/26-30 earthworks. 23/21-28 alignment/slopes, 23/23-24 compaction, 23/25 geotextiles. 23/25-26 materials. 23/24-25 preliminary work. 23/21, 23/23 testing, 23/25 environmenlal appraisal. 23/10-12 history. 23/10 noise, 23/11-12 urban. 2311 I vibrjition/sound, 23/J0-I I fencing. 23/46 geometry. 23/ 12-2 I alignment, 23/12. 23/14-15 carriageway layout, 23/15-16 interchangesljunctions. 23/16. 23/20-2 I and speed, 23/12 width/capacity, 23/12 lighting, 23/44 maintenance. 23/5 1-57 assessment of need, 23/56 non-structural, 23/56-57 requirementslstandards. 23/5 1-56 winter. 23/56 block paving. 23/43-44 design advice, 23130-31 flexible/Rexible composite, 23/3 1-32, for industrial use. 23/26, 23/42-43 for light use, 23/36

rigid, 23/36 finalizing procedures, 23/6-7 objectives, 23/4 preliminary assessment/consultation, 2 3 / 4 4 report/recommendations, 23/6 Sldff, 23/56. 23/57 pavement/surPacings capping/sub-base, 23/3 I 23/36 scheme preparation, 2 3 / 6 7 signslmarkings, 23/44-45 specifications/materials testing, 23/48 traffic appraisal, 23/7-10 economic evaluation. 23/10 forecasts. 23/8-10 models, 2 3 / 7 4 preliminary, 23/7 capacity improvement. 23/49-50 hierarchy, 23/49 restrictions, 23/51 route guidance, 23/50-51 traffic management/assessment, 23/49 user facilities. 23/46. 23/48 urban, 23/49-51 Highways Act 1980, 23/3 Hire of plant the market. 36/9-10 philosophy, 36/8 rate calculation, 36/8-9 YS. buy, 36/9 Hoardings, 4 3 / 6 5

Hoists for concrete, 37/1 I

Hollow box foundations, see Raft foundations Home lighting. 21/20 Hopper loading. 1915 Hospital lighting, 21/19-20 Hydrants, 2817 in fire protection 28/6 Hydraulic structures. 22/1-34 cavitation. 22/24. 22/32 channels. open, 22/3-15 concepts, 2 2 / 3 4 control structures, 22/7-10 energy dissipation, 22/10. 22/12-14 flumes, 22/7 foundations. permeable. 22/10 scour/erosion. 22/14-15 transitions, 2 2 / 4 5 weirs, 2211-7 air problems. 22/20 drop shafts, 22/lX-20 exits. 22/18 flow routing. 22/18 head loss. 22/16 transitions/bends. 22/17-18 tunnels in rock, 22/16-17

enclosed flow (conduits/tunnels), 22/16-20

gates, 22/28-29 reservoir outlets, 22/25-26 inlakes. 22/25-26 screens, 22/26 vortices, 22/26 spillways, 22120-25 bellmouth/closed conduit. 22/22-23 chutes. 22/24-25 energy dissipation, 22/25 outlets. low-level, 22/21-22 purposes, 22/20-21 siphon. 22/23-24 types, 22/21 weirs. 22/21 valves. 22/29-32. 2 8 / 7 4 see a1.w Sewers

Hydraulic tools for divers, 4219

Hydraulics. see Hydraulic structures; Hydro- Hydro-electric power, 27/27

Hydrodynamics, 5/7-27 Bernoulli's theorem. 5/8 channels, flow in. 5/15-19

critical depth, 5/17 energy, S / I7 horizontal bed. 5/18-19 hydraulic jump, 5/19 non-uniform flow, 5/17-18 resistance, 5/ I7 of sewage, 2 9 / 6 5

shape for maximum flow, 5/16-17 velocity distribution. 5/17 Venturi flume, 5/19 dimensional analysis. 5/2>7 models, 51267 energy, 5 / 7 4 jet impact. 5/23-24

dynamics; Hydrostatics; Rivers; Water

cubical block, 5/23-24 stonelsand stability. 5/24 vanes, 5/23 orifices, 5/19-20 pipes, flow in and bends, 511 I and contractions, 5/1 I deterioration of pipes, 5/10 and enlargements, 5/10-1 I friction calculation, 5/9-10 measurement. 5/14-15 multiple pipes, 5/13-14 non-circular section, 518-9

(10)

lndexl9 Landsat. 7/18-20, 7/26-27

Landscape Advisory Committee for roads, ' 23/5

Landscape in building projects. 21/9-10 Laser level, 6/14-15

Laterites, 8/17

Latrines, intermediate technology. 29/25 Lattice towers and masts, 13/17 Laybys, 23/48

Layers

in grading, 34/5 in trenching, 34/6 in tunnelling. 34/9. 34/10

Leaching requirement for irrigation, 3 O / M Lead risk in demolition, 43/9

Legislation

on dams, 18/36

on highways. 23/3

on pipelines, 40/3 and temporary works, 35/3

see also Planning consent grid, 6/19-20 trigonometrical, 6/20-2 I Levels, 6/12-15 automatic, 6/14 collimation error. 6/15 dumpy, 6/13 laser, 6/14-15 principle, 6/13

quick-set, in setting out. 34/3 tilting, 6/13

Licensing in plant operation. 36/15 Lifts in buildings, 21/22

Lighting

Levelling in vertical control, 6/18-19

of airports. 24/15 on chimneys, warning, 27/24 of interiors, 21/17-20 artificial, 21/19 daylight, 2 1/17-19 types of building, 21/19-20 of roads, 23/44

Lightning protection on chimneys, 27/24 Lime

for grouting under foundations, 17/9 for soil stabilization, 9/43

landforms, 8/24 for water pumping, 28/1 I

Limit states of structures, 21/32 aluminium, 14/10-1 I concrete, structural. 12/7-9 masonry, ISl4-5 steel, 13/25-26 temporary works, 35/3 Limestone

Liners, plastic, durability, 4/24 Linescanner. thermal infra-red. 7/16 LiqueFaction of soil and slope stability, 9/27 Liquefied petroleum gas in caverns, 32/19 Liquid limit determination, 9/30 Lloyd-Davies method

for runoff estimation, 23/26 for sewer design, 2 9 / 3 4 Llyn Brianne Dam. 18/1 I

Load classification groups/number for pavements, 24/ 19-2 I Loadings. 19/1-16 assessment. 19/3 bins. 19/5 bridges, 20/31-32 railway, 19/8-9 road. 19/5-8 Building Regulations, 21/26 of culverts for cooling water. 27/18 earthquake effects, 19/14-15

on excavations. 35/16-17 H,ydrodynamics. pipes. flow in, continued

nozzles. 5/13 parallel pipes, 5/12 problems, graphs for, 5/11-12 siphons, 5/12-13 streamline/turbulent. 5/8 and valves. 5/1 I water hammer, 5/15 in water pipes, 28/6 sediment transport, 5/24 vortices, 5/24-5 waves. 5/25

weirs and notches, 5120-23 shapes, 5120-21 submerged, 5/21 time of discharge, 5/21-23

Hydrofracturing for rock stress measurement, 10/36 Hydrogeology. 10/4-5 maps, 8/30 Hydrographic surveys for dredging, 41/12 in site investigations, 11/14 Hydrographs. 30/14 Hydrostatics, 5/5-7 buoyancy 5/7 force on an area. 5/5-7 as conic section, 1/17 properties, 1/19 Hyperbolas Ice

and arctic offshore design, 44/12 loading on pylons. 27/3 I

roads on, to offshore structures, 44/13 Igneous rocks. 8 / 6 9

classification, 8/8 composition, 8 / 6 4 physical properties, 8/8-9 Image ratioing for enhancement. 7/26 Inclinometers for rock monitoring, 10/35 Indentation testing of rock, 10/1 I Industry

building light, 21/20

effluent and sewage treatment. 29/12 pavements, 23/36. 23/4243 water consumption, 28/3-4 Inertia. moments of, 2/12-14

Influence lines in structural analysis. 3/19-22 for beams, 3/19-20

computers for, 3/22

Maxwell's reciprocal theorem in. 3/21 for model analysis, 3/21-2

Mueller-Breslau's principle in, 3/21 for statically indeterminate structures, for trusses. plane. 3/20

Infra-red scanning. 7/16-17 Insect resistance of timber. 16/6 Insulation

3/20-21

termite resistant construction. 16/10 of power house walls, 27/1 I

sound, 21/20 thermal. 21/17 of roofs. 21/31 for demolition, 43/3 in plant operation, 36/15-16 Integration. 1/23-27 of fractions. 1/26-27 by parts. 1/25-26 by substitution. 1/24 successive, 1/23-24 by transformation, 1/24-25 Insurance

Intermediate t&hnology. in sewage disposal. 29/25-26

International Commission on Large Dams International Union of Railways (UIC)

Ion exchange of sewage effluent, 29/21 Iron

(ICOLD). 18/36

loading recommendations, I9/8, 19/9

cast, water pipes, 28/5 maritime use, 31/25 pipes, for sewers, 28/6 for steel, 13/4

lrribarren equation for sea forces, 31/17 Irrigation, 30/3-9

canals

control structures, 22/8 design, 30/9

crop water requirements, 30/3-4 efficiency, 30/4-5 methods, 30/6-9 sprinkler, 30/7-9 sub-irrigation. 30/9 surface, 30/6-7 trickle, 30/9 rainfall, effective. 30/5 salinity/leaching requirement. 30/5 with sewage emuent. 29/20 soil moisture. 30/3

as arctic offshore structures, 44/12 construction by dredging. 41/1 I Islands ltaipu Dam. 18/20-22 Jack-up rigs, 44/3 Jacking of pipes, 40/20

with slurry shields, 40/19 with steerable borers, 40/19-20 in tunnels, 40/22-23 for design, 10/15 stress measurement, 10/36 for rock testing

Janbu's method for slope analysis. 9/25 Janssen's theory for bin loading. 19/5 Jetties. 26/9-10

Johnson parabola for column strength, Jointing. 8/10. 8/12 in concrete. 37/17 2/27-28 formwork for, 35/9 in pipelines, 40/3 reinforced. 12/19-20 roads. 37/23 igneous, 8/9

and mechanical properties, lO/20-23 of rock

Joosten grouting process, 9/41 Jump. hydraulic. in channel Row. 5/19,

22/3-2 I

in stilling basins, 22/10, 22/12

Karst cycle of erosion, 8/24

Kinematic envelope, and railway clearances, Kozeny's formula in soil permeability, 9/4

25/22

Lacey regime formulae, 30/14-15 Lagoons for sewage treatment, 29/20 Lame constants. 2/7

Lamellar pigments for steel, 4/26 Lamellar tearing in welded steel. 38/10 Lamination of steel plate, 38/10

see cr1.w Glued-laminated timber Land information systems (LIS). 6/28 Landform maps, 8/30

(11)

Index11 0 Loadings, eonfinued on falsework, 35/13 on formwork, 3 5 / 7 4 on masonry walls, 15/8-10 occupancy loads, 19/3-5 from paper storage, 21/32 of pipes in trenches, 40/5-10 on power houses, 27/8-9 resistance of buildings horizontal, 21/35 vertical, 21/34-35 in rock, monitoring, 10/36 of scaffolding steel, 35/4

see olso under Wind

Local Authorities in road planning, 23/7 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and

water supply, 28/3

Location-time diagram. in project planning, 33/ I0

Locks, maritime, 26/15 Logarithms. 1/4 Lomes, for concrete. 37/1 I Lorry-mounted cranes, 37/12-13

Los Angeles test of rock abrasion, 10/8, 10/1 Lugeon test. for embankment dams, 18/32-3 Lunes. definition. I / I I

Macadam. 23/31

Machinery, foundations for, 17/26-27 Magma

and rock composition. 8/6-7 and rock form, 8/8-9

Magnesium in aluminium alloy, 1 4 / 6 7 Maintained load (ML) pile lest, 17/24 Management of projectsjcontracts, 33/1-18 appraisal. 33/11-13 evaluation, 33/12-I 3 risk/uncertainty, 33/12 cashflow, 33/7-8 commercial considerations. 3 3 / 6 7 cost estimating, 3YlO-l I

requirements. 33/10-1 I techniques. 33/1 I

measurement/valuation. 33/15-16 bills of quantities, 33/15-16 changes to quantitieslwork. 33/l method related charges. 33/16 pricing/tendering policy, 33/6 decision making/control. 33/5 of design/construction. 33/5 objectives. 33/5 project stages. 33/3, 33/5 safety. 33/6 planning. 33/8-10 compiling, 33/8 programming, 33/10 requirements of, 33/8 resource scheduling, 33/8. 33/10 C O l l t r d C t S , 33/14-15 organization. 3 3 / 3 4 problems, 33/3 projects, 33/16-18

guidelines for management. 3/17-18 Manganese in aluminium alloy. 14/7 Manning equation/formula

for canal design, 30/9 for pipe friction, 5/9-10 Mapping. topographic. with aerial

photogrammetry. 7/11-12 flight planning, 7/11-12 triangulation, 7/12 general, 8/28-29 geological, 8/28-30 Ordnance Survey, 23/4 Maps in site investigation. 11/16 special, 8/29-30

MARCH for road maintenance, 23/56 Marine structures, see Coastal/maritime Marston method for pipe loading, 40/5 Masonry, load bearing. 15/1-17, 21/29

engineering applications, 15/13-17 boundary walls, 15/14 bridges, 15/16-17 high-rise buildings. 15/13-14 low-rise buildings, 15/14 retaining walls, 15/14-16 cement for, 4/4 codes of practice. 1 5 / 3 4 durability in foundations, 17/30 history and recent revival. 15/3 limit state principles, 1 5 / 6 5 material properties, I5/3 reinforced durability. 15/13 performance, 15/12-13 uses, 15/13 YS. prestressed. 15/12-13 stability, dimensional, 15/13 unreinforced, I5/1-I I

accidektal forces, I5/1 I failure in compression. 15/5-7 loading, 15/8-10

slenderness, I5/8 stability/robustness. I5/lO-l I

Mass movements. periglacial, 8/23 Masts, 13/17

Materials. information sources, 4/3 Plastics/rubbers; Steel demolition, 43/8

see d s o Brickwork; Concrete; Masonry; Mathematics 1/1-27

see o h Statistics Matrix algebra, 1/27

Maxwell's reciprocal theorem. 3/21 Mean. arithmetic. 1/29 Meanders. river, 8/25 Median, 1/29 Megget Dam. 18/9-1 I Meicende Dam. 18/20 Membrane structures. 21/42 Metamorphic rocks, 8/9-10 Meteorology

and airport location, 24/5

data recording and sea conditions, 31/23

see oLo Rainfall

for currents. maritime. 3 1/21 for pipe flow, 5/14-15 Microstrainers for sewage. 29/20 Microtunnelling, 40/1620 Meters convergent/expansive techniques, 40/17. ,0/19 design, 40/16 drilling, directional. 40/20 jacking with borers. 40/19-20 with slurry slides, 40/19 moling. impact, 40/20 ramming. 40/20

site investigation for. 40/1617. 40/21 MlDAS for urban traffic management, 23/49 Millscale on steel. removal of. 4/24

Mining subsidence, foundations and. 17/27-28 Minitunnel lining system. h0/22

Mixers for concrete, 37/5-7 Models

in coastal engineering. 31/17-19 in ground investigation. 11/19-20 in hydrodynamic analysis, 5/2627

ships. 5/26

in rock engineering design, 10/25-26, 10/27 in structural analysis, 3/21-22

terrain digital, 7/12-13 in traffic appraisal. 2 3 / 7 4

Modular optoelectronic multispectral scanner Moh's scale of hardness. 10/1 1-12

Mohr's circle (MOMS). 7/20

for rock. 10/19

for shear strength of soil, 9/4 of stress, 2/5

in stress/strain measurement, 2/1 I drainage, 30/12

impact. 40/20 Moling

Moment distribution method in structural analysis. 3/16-19

field end moments, 3/ 16-1 7 with sway, 3/18

without sway, 3/17-18

Monel metal for maritime use, 31/26 Monitoring of deformation. 6/2O-26

computation processes. 6/23-26 deformation analysis, 6/26 network precision, 6/24-25 network reliability. 6/25-26 monitoring points, 6/23 reference points. 6/21-23 of rock movement. 10/35 Monocomparators. 7 / 7 4

Monte Carlo simuhlion in project evaluation, 33/ I3

Moon. and tides, 31/3 Moraine, 8/21

Morgenstern and Price's method for slope Mortars

analysis. 9/25-27 for concrete joints. 37/17 resin. 4/24

6/27

MOSS surveying/engineering design system. for road layout. 23/16

Motor Vehicles Regulations. 36/15 Motorways

service areas. 23/46. 23/48 telephones/signals. 23/45

.see olso Highways of buildings. 21/34 in masonry, IS/ I3 in timber, 16/4 traffic COUIlIS. 19/6 Movement high-rise, 21/40, 21/42

Mueller-Breslau's principle in indeterminate Multi-storey buildings

water supply. 21/21

see ulso High-rise buildings structure analysis. 3/21

Mussel growth in cooling water culverts. 27/19 Nailed timber joints, 16/9

National Motorway Communications Systems (NMCS). 23/45

Navier equations in elastic analysis. 2/9 Needle valves, 22/30

Network analysis in project planning. 33/10 Networks. computers for. 1/37

Neves Dam, 18/27-29

New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). Nixon regime formulae. 30/15

Noise

from airportspaircraft. 24/3 barriers on roads. 23/46 from bucket dredgers. 41/3 control in buildings. 21/20

(12)

Index/ll Noise. conrinucd

from demolition, 43/10

in road scheme appraisal. 2311 1-12 Non-Newtonian fluids, 5 / 3 4 Notches, see Weirs and notches Nozzles and pipe flow, 5/13 .Nuclear reactors, 27/24-27

buildings for, 27/26-27 foundations, 27/25-26 pressure vessel, 27/25

Numerical methods in rock engineering design, 10/26

Oedometer test. 9/34 Offices

floor loading from filing,,21/32 lighting. 21/19 analysis. 44/14 arctic, 44/12-13 codes/regulations. 44/14-15 construction stages, 44/6-10 fabrication, 4 4 / 6 4 factors affecting. 44/10 hook-up/commissioning. 44/9- 10 installation, 44/9 launching, 44/8-9 transporration. 44/9 Offshore construction. 44/1-17 lacilities, 44/13-14 inspection. 44/ 15-1 6 organization/management, 44/ I 5 protection, cathodic. 44/16 removal, 44/16-17 repairlmaintenance. 441 14- I6 structures, 4 4 / 3 4 concrete. 44/10-12 fixed, 44/3 floating, 44/3. 44/6 jack-up rigs. 44/3 steel, 13/17-18

work schedule and costs. 44/14

see also Coastal/maritime engineering; Diving

Oil

resistance of plastics/rubbers, 4/ 19 storage in caverns, 32/19 Oolites for water pumping, 28/10

Optical distance measurement (ODM), 6/8-10 subtense bar, 6/9-10

tacheometry, 6/8-9

Ordnance Datum/bench marks. 6/19 Ordnance Survey

digital mapping, 6/26-27 maps, 23/4

Organic soils, and site investigation, I I / I I Orifices, hydrodynamics of, 5/19-20

rounded, 5/20 sharp-edged. 5/19 submerged, 5/20 time of dishcarge, 5/20 Orthophoto systems, 7/1 I

OSCADY for uban traffic management. 23/49 Oscillations, bridge, and subjective reaction,

20/36-37 Osmosis, reverse

for desalination. 28/19 of sewage effluent, 29/21 Oxidation ponds, 29/19 Oxygen demand of sewage, 29/1 I Ozonation of sewage effluent, 29/20 Ozone resistance of plastics/rubbers, 4/19 Pad foundations, 1 7 / 5 4 definition, 17/4 design, structural 1 7 / 7 4 Painting of aluminium, 14/10 of steel. 4/24. 4/26

sec u1.so Corrosion protection Pallets for cargoes. 26/4 Parabola

as conic section. 1/17 properties. 1/17-18

Parallax in photogrammetry, 714 Parallel axis theorem. 2/12 Parking in urban areas. 23/51 Particle size distribution, laboratory

determination. 9/30 Partitions. interior, 21/31 Pavements

see also Car parks

aircraft. 24/16-21 composite, 24/18 construction. 24/16 design. UK. 24/19-21 flexible. 24/ I8 function/requirements. 24/16 overlays. 24/18-19 rigid, 24/16-18 in port areas, 26/15-16 for roads. 23/30-44 block paving. 23/43-44 cappinglsub-base. 23/31 design advice. 2Y30-31 in devloping countries. 23/58-59 flexible/flexible composite. 23/3 1-32. industrial use. 23/36. 23/42-43 light use design, 23/36 rigid. 23/36

23/36

Pedestrians facilities for. 23/51 and road junctions, 23/21 in ground investigation, 11/17 split barrel sampler for. 9/34

standard. for settlement in granular soils, Penman method for evapotranspiration, 30/3 Periglacial soils. 8/23-24

Permafrost, 8/23

Permanent International Association of Penetration tests

9/15-16

and site investigation. I I / I I

Navigation Congresses (PIANC), 41/13

report on disposal. 41/42

Permanent International Association of Road Permeability

Congresses (PIARC), 23/4 estimation for drainage, 9/37 rock testing. for design, IOj13 of soils, 9 / 4 5

Perry-Robertson formula for column strength. 2/28

Personnel

for plant maintenance. 36/14 for steel erecting. 39/9 of sewage, 29/1&15

in water treatment. 28/20. 28/21 pH control

Photoelastic stress measurements, 211 I Photogrammetry. 7/3-14

aerial, 7/1 1-13

digital terrain models, 7/12-13 monitoring deformation, 7/13 topographic mapping, 7/1I-I 2 laboratory applications, 7/14 monitoring of deformation. 7/13-14 slope/rock stability, 7/14 tunnel profiling, 7/14 close-range, 7/13-14 instrumentation. 7/5-1 I cameras. 7/5-7 single-photograph, 7 / 7 4 stereoscopic. 7/8-1 I principles, 7/3-5 afld~ylicdl. 7/4-5 geometry of a photograph, 7 / 3 4 stereoscopy/parallax. 7/4 for rock movement monitoring, 10135

see a1.so Remote sensing Photography, underwater, 4219

see ulso Photogrammetry; Remote sensing

PICADY for urban traffic management. 23/49 Piers for ship berthing. 26/9

Pieve di Cadore Dam, 18/24. 18/25-26 Piezometers in rock drillholes. 10/35 Pigments for concrete, 4/8 Piled foundations. 17/18-24 anchoring. 17/23 definitions, 17/10 displacement, 17/18 caps, 17/23-24 concrete. precastlprestressed. 17/19-21 drivenlcast-in-place. 17/18, 17/22 steel, 17/21 timber. 17/19 in fill, 17/27 ground beams. 17/24 raking piles, 17/23 replacement. 17/18-19 auger-injected. 17/23 concrete for. 17/23 percussion bored. 17/23 rotary bored, 17/22-23 testing. 17/24 bored contiguous. 17/26 for breakwaters, 31/33 capacity determination groups of piles. 9/35 single piles, 9/35-36 on clay, 9/36-31 in channels, open, 22/10

displacement. durability of. 17/29-30 for excavation support. 17/12. 35/16, 35/18

frames, 40/13,40/14 for groundwater exclusion, 9/40 for maritime use. 31/25 for offshore structures, 44/9 for revetments. 30/19

on rock. 9/35

on sand/gravel. deep, 9/35-36 setting-out for. 34/8 in temporary works, 35/6 in water. forces on, 31/15

see a1.so Bulkheads. anchored costs. 40/29

Pileslpiling

for groundwater exclusion, 9/40

Pipelines appraisal. 40/29-30 construction, 40/30-3 1 joints, 40/3 maritime outfall. 31/34

sea-bed, forces on, 3 I / I5

materials. 4013 railway crossing. 25/2 I

rehabilitation. 40/25-29 for road drainage. 23/30 routing. 40/3

working in confined spaces, 40/23-25

see ulso Microtunnelling; Trenches

see also under Tunnelling Pipelines Act, 1967, 23/3 Pipes