Fire Technology and Arson
Fire Technology and Arson InvestigationInvestigation 3 State of matter 3 State of matter Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas
4 General Categories Of Heat Energy 4 General Categories Of Heat Energy
Chemical Heat Energy Chemical Heat Energy Electrical Heat Energy Electrical Heat Energy Mechanical Heat Energy Mechanical Heat Energy Nuclear Heat Energy Nuclear Heat Energy Backdraft
Backdraft - a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed- a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all available oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is all available oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available, typically because a door or
made available, typically because a door or window has beenwindow has been opened.
opened. Boiling Point
Boiling Point - The temperature of a substance where the- The temperature of a substance where the rate of
rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation.evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation. British Thermal Unit
British Thermal Unit - (BTU) The amount of heat needed to- (BTU) The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. Calorie
Calorie - The amount of heat needed to raise the- The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram
temperature of one gram of water one degree of water one degree Centigrade.Centigrade. Centigrade
Centigrade - (Celcius) On the Centigrade scale, zero is the- (Celcius) On the Centigrade scale, zero is the melting point of ice; 100
melting point of ice; 100 degrees is the boiling point of degrees is the boiling point of water.water. Chemical Heat Energy
Chemical Heat Energy
Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the
by the combustion (oxidation) process.combustion (oxidation) process.
Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing compou
decomposing compounds. nds. These compounThese compounds may beds may be unstable and release their heat very quickly or
unstable and release their heat very quickly or they maythey may detonate.
detonate.
Heat of Solution - The heat released by
Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture ofthe mixture of matter in a liqu
matter in a liquid. id. Some acids, wSome acids, when dissolved, gihen dissolved, give offve off sufficient heat to pose exposure problems to nearby sufficient heat to pose exposure problems to nearby combustibles.
combustibles.
Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance without the
substance without the addition of addition of external heat. external heat. SpontaneousSpontaneous heating occurs most frequently where sufficient air is not heating occurs most frequently where sufficient air is not present to dissipate the
present to dissipate the heat produced. heat produced. The speed The speed of aof a heating reaction doubles with each 180 F (80 C) temperature heating reaction doubles with each 180 F (80 C) temperature increase.
increase.
Classification of Fires Classification of Fires
Class A Fire
Class A Fire - Fires involving - Fires involving ordinary combustibleordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.
plastics.
Class B Fires
Class B Fires - Fires involving flammable liquids, - Fires involving flammable liquids, greases and gases.
greases and gases. Class C Fires
Class C Fires - F - F ires involving energized electricalires involving energized electrical equipment.
equipment.
Class D Fires
Class D Fires - F - F ires involving combustible metals,ires involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium
such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium andand
potassium. potassium.
Class K Fires
Class K Fires - Class K is - Class K is a new classification of fire asa new classification of fire as of 1998 and involves fires
of 1998 and involves fires in combustible cooking fuels suchin combustible cooking fuels such as vegetable or animal fats.
as vegetable or animal fats. Combustion
Combustion - is the self-sustaining process of rapid - is the self-sustaining process of rapid
oxidation of a fuel being reduced by an oxidizing agent along oxidation of a fuel being reduced by an oxidizing agent along with the evolution of heat and light.
with the evolution of heat and light. Dry Chemicals and Halons
Dry Chemicals and Halons - method of - method of fire extinguishmenfire extinguishment,t, interrupt the flame producing chemical
interrupt the flame producing chemical reaction, resulting inreaction, resulting in rapid
rapid extinguishmeextinguishment.nt. Electrical Heat Energy Electrical Heat Energy
Dielectric Heating
Dielectric Heating - The heating that results from the - The heating that results from the action of either pulsating
action of either pulsating direct current, or direct current, or alternating currentalternating current at high frequency on a non-conductive material.
at high frequency on a non-conductive material. Heat from Arcing
Heat from Arcing - Heat released either as a high- - Heat released either as a high-temperature arc or as molten material from the conductor. temperature arc or as molten material from the conductor.
Heat Generated by Lightning
Heat Generated by Lightning - The heat generated - The heat generated by the discharged of thousands of volts
by the discharged of thousands of volts from either earth tofrom either earth to cloud, cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground.
cloud, cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground. Induction Heating
Induction Heating - The - The heating of materialsheating of materials resulting from an
resulting from an alternating current flow causing a alternating current flow causing a magneticmagnetic field influence.
field influence.
Leakage Current Heating
Leakage Current Heating - The heat resulting from - The heat resulting from imperfect or imprope
imperfect or improperly insulated electrly insulated electrical materials. rical materials. This isThis is particularly evident where the insulation is required to handle particularly evident where the insulation is required to handle high voltage or loads
high voltage or loads near maximum capacity.near maximum capacity. Resistance Heating
Resistance Heating - The heat generated by passing - The heat generated by passing an electrical force through a conductor such as a wire or an an electrical force through a conductor such as a wire or an appliance.
appliance.
Static Electricity Heating
Static Electricity Heating - Heat released as an arc - Heat released as an arc between opposit
between oppositely charged surfacesely charged surfaces. . Static electricitStatic electricity can bey can be generated by the contact and separation
generated by the contact and separation of charged surfacesof charged surfaces or by fluids flowing through pipes.
or by fluids flowing through pipes.
Endothermic Heat
Endothermic Heat ReactionReaction - A chemical reaction where a- A chemical reaction where a substance absorbs heat energy.
substance absorbs heat energy. Exothermic Heat Reaction
Exothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a - A chemical reaction where a substance gives off heat energy.
substance gives off heat energy. Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32 degrees is the - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32 degrees is the melting point of ice; 212
melting point of ice; 212 degrees is the boiling point of degrees is the boiling point of water.water. Fire point
Fire point - The temperature at which a liquid fuel will- The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce vapors sufficient to support combustion once produce vapors sufficient to support combustion once ignited.
ignited. The fire point The fire point is usually a is usually a few degrees above thefew degrees above the flash point.
flash point. Fire Triangle
Fire Triangle - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat Fire National Training Institute
Fire National Training Institute - (FNTI) the Institution for- (FNTI) the Institution for training on human resource development of all personnel of training on human resource development of all personnel of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP).
the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP). Flame
Flammable or Explosive Limit - The percentage of a substance in air that will burn once it is ignited. Most substances have an upper (too rich) and a lower (too lean) flammable limit.
Flashover - an instance of a fire spreading very rapidly across a gap because of intense heat. Occurs when a room or other area becomes heated to the point where flames flash over the entire surface or area.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface. At this temperature, the ignited vapors will flash, but will not continue to burn.
Fuel - is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. Material such as coal, gas, or o il that is burned to produce heat or power.
Fuel Removal - method of fire extinguishment, fire is effectively extinguished by removing the fuel source. This may be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of the fire or allow the fire to burn until all fuel is consumed.
Glowing Combustion - A condensed phased combustion. Heat - the quality of being hot; high temperature. A form of energy arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.
Heating - is transfer of energy, from a hotter body to a colder one, other than by work or transfer of matter.
Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion (oxidation) process.
Heat Transfer
Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle. Heat may be
conducted from one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies or by an intervening heat-conducting medium.
Convection - is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid.
Radiation - Electromagnetic waves that directly transport energy through space.
Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion independent of the heating source.
Heat - The form of energy that raises temperature. Heat is measured by the amount of work it does.
Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from
decomposing compounds. These compounds may be unstable and release their heat very quickly or they may detonate. Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter in a liquid. Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose exposure problems to nearby combustibles.
Mechanical Heat Energy
Frictional Heat - The heat generated by the movement between two objects in contact with each other.
Friction Sparks - The heat generated in the form of sparks from solid objects striking each other. Most often at least one of the objects is metal.
Heat of Compression - The heat generated by the forced reduction of a gaseous volume. Diesel engines ignite fuel vapor without a spark plug by the use of this principle. Nuclear Fission and Fusion - The heat generated by either the splitting or combining of atoms.
Oxidation - The complex chemical reaction of organic material with oxygen or other oxidizing agents in the formation of more stable compounds.
Oxidizing Agents - are those materials that yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical
reaction.
Oxygen Dilution - is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to the fire area.
Phases of Fire
Incipient Phase (Growth Stage)
Free-Burning Phase (Fully Developed Stage) Smoldering Phase (Decay Stage)
Products of Combustion Fire gases
Flame Heat Smoke
Pyrolysis (also known as thermalde composition) - is defined as the chemical decomposition of matter through the action of heat.
RA 6975 - created the BFP.
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) - administers and enforces the fire code of the Philippines. The Fire Bureau shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and, if
necessary, file the proper complaints with the city or provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case.
Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Director.
Deputy Chief for Administration of the Fire Bureau - 2nd
highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent. Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau - the 3rd highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau - 4th
highest officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent. Directors of the Directorates in the respective national headquarters office - rank is Senior Superintendent.
shall establish, operate and maintain their respective regional offices in each of the administrative regions of
the country. Rank is Senior Superintendent. - He/She shall be respectively assisted by the following officers with the rank of superintendent:
Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff.
Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection - The assistant heads of the Department's regional offices – rank is Senior Superintendent.
District Fire Marshall - the heads of the NCR district offices - r ank is Senior Superintendent.
Provincial Fire Marshall - the heads of the provincial offices - r ank is Superintendent.
District Fire Marshall - heads of the district offices – rank is Chief Inspector.
Chief of Municipal/City Fire Station - (also called City/ Municipal Fire Marshall) - the heads of the municipal or city stations - rank is Senior Inspector.
Fire Station - at least one in every provincial capital, city and municipality.
LGU - (Local Government Unit) - shall provide the site of the Fire Station.
RA 9263 - this Act shall be known as the "Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004.
The BFP is headed by a Chief to be assisted by 2 deputy chief, 1 for administration and 1 for operation, all appointed by the President upon recommendation of DILG Secretary from among qualified officers with at least the rank of Senior Superintendent in the service.
In no case shall any officer who has retired or is retirable within six (6) months from his/her compulsory retirement age be appointed as Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the Jail Bureau.
The Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years. The President may extend such tour of duty in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress. RA 9514 - this act shall be known as the fire code of the Philippines of 2008. An Act establishing a comprehensive fire code of the Philippines repealing PD 1185 and for other purposes.
Specific Gravity - the density of liquids in relation to water. Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance without the addition of external heat. Spontaneous heating occurs most frequently where sufficient air is not pr esent to dissipate the heat produced.
Temperature Reduction - method of extinguishing fire, cooling the fuel with water to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to burn.
Vapor Density - the density of a particular gas or vapor relative to that of hydrogen at the same pressure and temperature.
Definition of Terms Under RA 9514
Abatement - Any act that would r emove or neutralize a fire hazard.
Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for him.
Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set o ff explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance, materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose) as base.
Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire.
Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly used in commerce.
Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 C (100 F).
Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals. Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings. Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - The process of first r aising the temperature in separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance.
Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited will cause an
explosion.
Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current across a space between two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the
conducting vapor.
Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.
Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.
Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of combustion.
Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes. Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warm the occupants of the building or firefighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.
Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with
firefighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property.
Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of firefighting units.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited to built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion products and other warning system components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.
Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and
installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is evacuated. These
features are also designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or floor of origin and delay their spread to other parts of the building by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also mean to include the treatment of buildings components or contents with flame retardant chemicals.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.
Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.
Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials which are likely to cause fires or explosion.
Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for fire fighting. Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and connected.
Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite
spontaneously on contact with each other.
Industrial Baking and Drying - The industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of removing solvents or moisture from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated.
Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical system.
Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by v irtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.
Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound which releases oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system. Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.
Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion. Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type or burner where the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other provisions for the introduction of air at above normal atmosphere pressure into the same combustion chamber.
Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50) or more people congregate, gather, or assemble for any purpose.
Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of l and
unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use. Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.
Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.
Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.
Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.
Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to the outlets as needed.
Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building. Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the building.
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Fire Technology and Investigation
Fire - exothermic reaction involving the oxidation of some substance (fuel) resulting in the release of energy in the form of light and heat.
Fire Quadrangle 1. Fuel 2. Oxygen 3. Heat 4. Ignition energy Triangles of Fire 1. Fuel 2. Oxygen 3. Heat
Removal of any of these results in the suppression of the fire.
Some major products of combustion
1. water
2. carbon dioxide 3. carbon monoxide 4. oxides of sulfur
Definition of terms
1. Vapor Density - the density of the vapor relative to the density of air and is calculated by dividing the molecular weight of the gas by that of air.
2. Flash point - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor.
3. Fire point/flame point - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor in sufficient quantity such that if a source of ignition is introduced, the vapor will ignite and is usually a few degrees above the flash point
4. Ignition/auto-ignition temperature - the temperature at which a fuel will ignite on its own without any additional source ignition.
5. Thermal inertia - the ease at which a material can be ignited.
6. Heat release rate - is a measure of the amount of energy a specific type of fuel can contribute to the heat flux in a fire.
7. Heat transfer - the mechanism in which fire can spread from its origin to other sources of fuel.
Methods of heat transfer
1. Conductive/conduction heat transfer -heat is transferred by direct contact and the rate of transfer is dependent on factors such as the thermal conductivity of the material and the temperature difference between the cooler and warmer areas.
2. Convective/convection heat transfer -transfer of heat through physical movement of materials and occurs only in liquids and gases. Hot gases rise and spread heat to nearby ceilings and walls.
3. Radiative/radiation heat transfer - heat is transferred if the form of electromagnetic energy directly from one object to another. ex. infrared radiation from the sun.
8. Combustion - or burning - is the sequence of exothermic chemical reaction between fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The result of the heat can result in the form of either glowing or flame.
Glowing combustion - occurs when solid
fuels are not capable of producing sufficient quantities of gas during pyrolysis to sustain a flame. If access to the oxidant (air) is limited, glowing combustion may result.
Flaming combustion -commonly recognized
type of fire and occurs with gaseous fuel sources only. The color of the flame can give some indication of the composition of the fuel.
Spontaneous combustion - the ignition of
organic matter without apparent cause, typically through heat generated internally by rapid oxidation. A process whereby a material self-heats.
Explosive combustion - can occur when
vapors, dust of gases, premixed with appropriate amount of air are ignited.
Definition of Terms:
by fire.
Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility as well as the failure analysis of fire or explosion.
Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ig nition source together with proper air or oxygen.
Fire spread - the movement of fire from one place to another.
Flash fire - a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity such as the one that races over dust, over the surface of flammable liquids or through gases.
Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fir e area, including interior finish and trim expressed in heat units or the
equivalent weight in wood.
Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in contact with each other and a fire begins.
Rekindle - a return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment of a fire reigning at some time after being put out.
Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.
Definition of terms - (RA no.9514)
Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize fire hazard.
Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for him. Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material.
Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance, materials or compound having cellulose nitrate as base.
Combustible/Flammable or Inflammable -Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire. Combustible fiber - any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss,
excelsior, and other similar materials commonly used in commerce.
Combustible liquid - any liquid having a f lash point at or above 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain chemicals. Curtain board - a vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof
vent.
Cryogenic - descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.
Damper - a normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - the process of first raising the
temperature to separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce as nearly purified substance.
Duct system - a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.
Electrical arc - an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current across a space between two conductors or terminals due to the
incandescence of the conducting vapor.
Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.
Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.
Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion.
Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily o r because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.
Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building or the fighting element of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.
Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the
safeguarding of life and property.
Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operations of firefighting units.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - any device intended for the protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited to b uilt in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion products and other warning system components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, globes and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.
Fire Safety Constructions - refers to design and installations of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life, from smoke, fire, fumes or p anic before the building is evacuated.
Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.
Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.
Hazardous operation/process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion etc., or produces materials which are likely to cause fires or explosions.
Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for firefighting.
Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is connected.\.
Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite simultaneously on contact with each other.
Industrial Baking and Drying - the industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of
removing solvents or moisture from the same and, or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated.
Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical system. Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by vir tue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.
Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic
compound which release oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading - the use of one or more electrical
appliances or devices which draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system.
Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property. Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.
Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment -type or burner where the fuel is subjected to pressure
prior to discharge into the combustion chamber and /or which includes fans or other provisions for the
introduction of air above normal atmosphere pressure into the same combustion chamber.
Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people congregate, gather or
assemble for any purpose.
Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, dedicated for public use.
Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.
Refining - a process where impurities and, or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Self-Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.
Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.
Sprinkler System - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire. Standpipe System - a system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to the outlet as needed.
Vestibule - a passage hall or ante chamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or building.
Vertical Shaft - a enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor as well as from the base to the top of the building.
RA no.9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 (Dec. 19, 2008).
PD. 1185 - known as the fire code of the Philippines, was enacted into law 1977, repealed by RA no. 9514. RA no. 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004.
BFP Powers/Functions
1. Preventions and suppression of all destructive fires on
a. buildings b. houses
c. other structure d. forest
e. land transportation vehicles f. ships/vessels
g. petroleum industry installations h. plane crashes and similar incidents 2. Enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines 3. Investigate all causes of fire
note: Vessel/Ship must be docked at piers or
wharves or anchored in major seaport.
BFP Organization
Headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by a
Deputy Chief. It shall composed of a
Provincial, District, City and Municipal stations.
In large provinces, district offices may be
established to be headed by a district fire marshall.
In large cities and municipalities, district
offices may be established with subordinate fire stations headed by a district fire marshall.
There shall be at least one fire station in every
provincial, capital, city and municipality.
The local government unit shall provide the
site of the fire station.
BFP Key Positions
The Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is
Director.
The Deputy Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is
Chief Superintendent.
Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection
-rank is Senior Superintendent.
District Fire Marshall of NCR District Offices
-rank is Senior Superintendent.
Provincial Fire Marshall - rank is
Superintendent.
District Fire Marshall of Province - rank is Chief
Inspector.
Chief of City/Municipal Fire Station - rank is
Senior Inspector.
Key Positions - Qualifications
1. Municipal Fire Marshal - should have the rank of Senior Inspector.
a. Must have finished at least 2nd year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least 12 units in a masters degree program in public administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related discipline. b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training of career courses for such position as may be established by the fire bureau.
2. City Fire Marshal - should have the rank of Chief Inspector.
a. Must have finished at least 2nd year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least 24 units in a masters degree program in public administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines. b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training or career courses for such position as may be established by the fire bureau.
3. District Fire Marshal /Provincial Fire Marshal/ Assistant Regional Director for Administration/ Assistant Regional Director for Operations/
Chief of Directorial Staff - should have the rank of Superintendent.
a. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a Masters degree in public
administration, management, engineering,
public safety, criminology, or other related disciplines.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be established by the fire bureau.
4. District Fire marshal for the NCR /Regional Director for Fire Protection/Director of the Directorate of the National Headquarters Office -should have at least the rank of Senior
Superintendent.
a. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of masters degree in public administration, management, engineering, public safety,
criminology, or other related disciplines. b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary
training or career course for such position as may be established by the fire bureau.
5. Deputy Chief for Administration and
Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau -should have the rank of Chief superintendent. a. Must be a member of the Philippine Bar or must
be a holder of a masters degree in public administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines.
b. Must have satisfactory passed the necessary training or career courses as may be established by the fire bureau.
6. Chief of the Fi re Bureau - should have the rank of Director.
a. Must be a member of the Philippine Bar or a masters degree in public administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related discipline. b. Must satisfactory passed the necessary
the training or career courses for such position as may be established by the fire bureau.
Fire Technology and Investigation Reviewer 1
1. Combustion or burning in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light,heat and smoke.
A. Flame B. Heat C. Fire D. Smoke
2. A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something on fire.
A. Flame B. Heat C. Fire D. Smoke
3. An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.
A. Conflagration B. Burning
C. Fire
D. Combustion
4. Means on fire or very hot or bright. A. Flame
B. Burning C. Fire
D. Combustion
5. The rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen involving the production of heat and light.
B. Burning C. Fire
D. Combustion
6. The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.
A. Flame B. Heat C. Fire D. Smoke
7. The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible.
A. Flame B. Heat C. Light D. Smoke
8. Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other being solid,liquid and gas.
A. Flame B. Plasma C. Light D. Smoke
9. The lowest temperature which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air.
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature C. Fire point
D. Boiling point
10. Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for at least five seconds after ignition by an open flame.
A. Flash point
B. Ignition temperature C. Fire point
D. Boiling point
Remember the following:
1. Fire - Combustion or burning in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light,heat and smoke. 2. Flame - A hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something on fire.
3. Conflagration - An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.
4. Burning - Means on fire or very hot or bright. 5. Combustion - The rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen involving the production of heat and light.
6. Heat - The quality of being hot or high temperature at which fuel will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.
7. Light - The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible.
8. Plasma - Is one of the 4 fundamental states of matter, the other being solid, liquid and gas.
9. Flash point - The lowest temperature which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air.
10.Fire point - Is the temperature at which fuel will continue to burn
for at least five seconds after ignition by an open flame.
Fire Technology and Investigation Reviewer 2
1. The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or co nsume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system
A. self-closing door B. jumper
C. overloading D. oxidizing material
2. An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from the floor to floor, as well as for the base to the top of the building is called
A. sprinkle evidence B. vertical shaft C. flash point
D. standpipe system
3. A wall designated to prevent the spread of fire having a fire r esistance rating of not less than four hours with sufficient structural stability to remain standing even if construction on either side collapses under the fire conditions.
A. Wood rack B. Fire wall C. Post wall D. Fire trap
4. Any act that would remove or naturalized a fire hazard
A. Allotment B. Combustion C. Distillation D. Abatement
5. The ____ shall be conducted as a pre-requisite to grant permits and/or license by local governments or other government agencies.
A. Fire safety inspection B. Fire protection assembly C. Fire alerting system D. Fire service
6. An instance that may cause fires from the heat accumulated from the rolling, sliding or friction in machinery or between two hard surfaces, at least one of which is usually a metal is called.
A. static electricity
B. overheating of machine C. friction heat
D. heat from arching
7. Method of heat transfer by direct contact A. nuclear fission
B. conduction C. convection D. Radiation
8. Instrument used to open and close a fire hydrant A. hydrant key
B. kilowatts C. key board D. bunch of key
thermal interactions. A. Fire
B. Smoke C. Heat D. Ember
10.The transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids.
A. Convection B. Radiation C. Conduction
D. None of the above
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