MARC
• Machine-Readable Cataloging
• Standard used for the representation and communication of
bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form (MARBI, 1996).
• A MARC record involves three elements: the record structure, the
content designation, and the data content of the record.
• The structure of MARC records is an implementation of national and
international standards, e.g., Information Interchange Format (ANSI Z39.2) and Format for Information Exchange (ISO 2709).
• Content designation, the codes and conventions established to identify
explicitly and characterize further the data elements within a record and to support the manipulation of those data, is defined in the MARC 21 formats. • The content of most data elements is defined by standards outside the
formats, e.g., Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Library of Congress Subject
Headings, National Library of Medicine Classification. The content of other
data elements, e.g., coded data section 9 below), is defined in the MARC 21 formats.
• Bibliographic Data – for encoding data elements needed to describe, retrieve, and control various forms of bibliographic material.
• Holdings Data – for encoding data elements pertinent to holdings and location data for all forms of material
• Authority Data - for encoding data elements that identify or control the
content and content designation of those portions of a bibliographic record that may be subject to authority control.
• Classification Data - for encoding data elements related to classification numbers and the captions associated with them. Classification records are used for the maintenance and development of classification schemes.
• Community Information - for records containing information about events, programs, services, etc. so that this information can be integrated into the same public access catalogs as data in other record types.
1. Leader – the first field in a MARC record fixed at 24 characters
which provides information for processing the record, data, type, base address of data and encoding level.
2. Directory – a computer-generated index to locations of the variable
control and data fields within a record.
3. Variable fields – contain the actual data of the record in the form of
variable control fields and variable data fields
.
• The data in a MARC record is organized into fields, each identified by a three-character tag.
• Variable fields are grouped into blocks according to the first character of the tag, which identifies the function of the data within a record, e.g., main entry, added entry, subject entry. The type of information in the field, e.g., personal name, corporate name, or title, is identified by the remainder of the tag.
• 00X – Control Fields
• 01X-09X – Numbers and Code Fields • 1XX – Main Entry Fields
• 20X-24X – Title and Title-Related Fields • 25X-28X – Edition, Imprint, Etc. Fields • 3XX – Physical Description, Etc. Fields • 4XX – Series Statement Fields
• 5XX – Note Fields
• 6XX – Subject Access Fields • 70X-75X – Added Entry Fields • 76X-78X – Linking Entry Fields
• 80X-83X – Series Added Entry Fields
• 841-88X – Holdings, Location, Alternate Graphics, Etc. Fields
Summary of tags for MARC 21 Format for
Bibliographic Data
• The 00X fields in the MARC 21 formats are variable control fields. • Variable control fields consist of data and a field terminator. They
contain neither indicators nor subfield codes.
• Variable control fields contain either a single data element or a series of fixed-length data elements identified by relative character position.
• All fields except 00X are variable data fields.
• Four levels of content designation are provided for variable data fields in ANSI Z39.2:
1. A three-character tag, stored in the directory entry.
2. Indicators stored at the beginning of each variable data field, the number of
indicators being reflected in Leader/10 (Indicator count).
3. Subfield codes preceding each data element, the length of the code being
reflected in Leader/11 (Subfield code count).
4. A field terminator following the last data element in the field.
245 10 $aAdams and Victor’s principles of neurology /$cAllan H. Ropper, Martin A. Samuels, Joshua P. Klein.
Selected MARC bibliographic data
tags, indicators, and subfield
codes
• 020 – International Standard Book Number • 022 – International Standard Serial Number • 040 – Cataloging Source
• 050 – Library of Congress Call Number
• 082 – Dewey Decimal Classification Number
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – International Standard Book Number • $c – Terms of availability
• $q – Qualifying information
• Ex.: 020 ##$a0914378260$qpbk.$qv. 1$c$5.00
• First indicator – Level of international interest
• # - No level specified
• 0 – Continuing resource of international interest
• 1 – Continuing resource not of international interest
• Second indicator – undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – International Standard Serial Number
• Ex.: 022 ##$a0376-4583
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Original cataloging agency • $b – Language of cataloging • $c – Transcribing agency • $d – Modifying agency • $e – Description conventions • Ex.: 040 ##$aDLC$cDLC$erda
040 – Cataloging Source
• First indicator: • # - No information provided • 0 – Item is in LC • 1 – Item is not in LC • Second indicator: • 0 – Assigned by LC
• 4 – Assigned by agency other than LC
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Classification number • $b – Item number
• Ex.: 050 00$aHF5549.5.R44$bM35
• First indicator: Type of edition
• 0 – Full edition
• 1 – Abridged edition
• Second indicator: Source of classification number
• # - No information provided • 0 – Assigned by LC
• 4 – Assigned by agency other than LC
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Classification number • $b – Item number
• $2 – Edition number
• Ex.: 082 00$a888/.0108$222
• 100 – Main Entry – Personal Name • 110 – Main Entry – Corporate Name • 111 – Main Entry – Meeting Name
• First Indicator: Type of personal name entry element
• 0 – Forename • 1 – Surname • 3 – Family name
• Second indicator: undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – Personal name • $b – Numeration
• $c – Titles and words associated with a name • $d – Dates associated with a name
• Ex.: 100 0#$aJohn$bII Comnenus,$cEmperor of the East,$d1088-1143.
• First indicator: Type of corporate name entry element
• 0 – Inverted name • 1 – Jurisdiction name • 2 – Name in direct order
• Second indicator: undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element • $b – Subordinate unit
• Ex.: 110 2#$aInternational Labour Organisation.$bEuropean Regional Conference
• First indicator: Type of meeting name entry element
• 0 – Inverted name • 1 – Jurisdiction name • 2 – Name in direct order
• Second indicator: undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – Meeting name or jurisdiction name as entry element • $c – Location of meeting
• $d – Date of meeting
• $n – Number of part/section/meeting
• Ex.: 111 2#$aInternational Symposium on Quality Control (1974- )$n(3rd :$d1978 :$cTokyo, Japan)
• 245 – Title statement
• 246 – Varying form of title
• First indicator: Title added entry
• 0 – No added entry • 1 – Added entry
• Second indicator: Nonfiling characters
• 0 – No nonfiling characters
• 1-9 – Number of nonfiling characters
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Title
• $b – Remainder of title
• $c – Statement of responsibility • $h – Medium
• Ex.: 245 10$aOn call$h[electronic resource] :$bprinciples & protocols /$cShane A. Marshall, John Ruedy.
• First indicator: Note/added entry controller
• 0 – Note, no added entry • 1 – Note, added entry
• 2 – No note, no added entry • 3 – No note, added entry
• Second indicator: Type of title
• # - No type specified • 1 – Parallel title
• 4 – Cover title • 8 – Spine title
• Ex.: 246 31$aLes Miserables
• 250 – Edition Statement
• 260 – Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint)
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Edition statement
• $b – Remainder of edition statement
• Ex.: 250 ##$a4th ed. /$brevised by J.G. Le Mesurier and E. McIntosh, Repr. with corrections.
• First indicator: Sequence of publishing statements
• # - Not applicable / No information provided / Earliest available publisher • 2 – Intervening publisher
• 3 – Current/latest publisher
• Second indicator: undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – Place of publication, distribution, etc. • $b – Name of publisher, distributor, etc. • $c – Date of publication, distribution, etc.
• Ex.: 260 ##$aNew York, N.Y. :$bElsevier,$c1984.
264 – Production, Publication, Distribution,
Manufacture, and Copyright Notice
• First indicator: Sequence of publishing statements
• # - Not applicable / No information provided / Earliest available publisher • 2 – Intervening publisher
• 3 – Current/latest publisher
• Second indicator: Function of entity • 0 – Production
• 1 – Publication • 2 – Distribution • 3 – Manufacture
• 4 – Copyright notice date • Subfield codes:
• $a – Place of production, publication, distribution, manufacture • $b – Name of production, publication, distribution, manufacture
• $c – Date of production, publication, distribution, manufacture, or copyright notice • Ex.: 264 #1$a[Place of publication not identified] :$bERA Publishers,$c2014.
• 300 – Physical description • 336 – Content Type
• 337 – Media Type • 338 – Carrier Type
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Extent
• $b – Other physical details • $c – Dimensions
• $e – Accompanying material
• Ex.: 300 ##$a271 p. :$bill. ;$c21 cm. +$e1 atlas (37 p., 19 leaves : col. maps ; 37 cm.)
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Content type term • $2 – Source
• Ex.: 336 ##$aperformed music$2rdacontent
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Media type term • $2 – Source
• Ex.: 337 ##$aunmediated$2rdamedia
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Carrier type term • $2 – Source
• Ex.: 338 ##$avolume$2rdacarrier
• 440 – Series Title (Obsolete since 2008) • 490 – Series Statement
• First indicator: Series tracing policy
• 0 – Series not traced • 1 – Series traced
• Second indicator: undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – Series statement
• $v – Volume/sequential designation
• $x – International Standard Serial Number
• Ex.: 490 1#$aMémoire du BRGM,$x0071-8246 ;$vno 123
• 500 – General Note
• 504 – Bibliography, etc. Note • 505 – Formatted Contents Note • 520 – Summary, etc.
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – General note
• Ex.: 500 ##$aIncludes index.
• Undefined indicators • Subfield codes:
• $a – Bibliography, etc. Note • $b – Number of references
• Ex.: 504 ##$aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 235-248) and index.
• First indicator: Display content controller
• 0 – Contents
• 1 – Incomplete contents • 2 – Partial contents
• Second indicator: Level of content designation
• # - Basic
• 0 – Enhanced
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Formatted contents note • $r – Statement of responsibility • $t – Title
• Ex.: 505 00$tQuark models /$rJ. Rosner --$tIntroduction to gauge theories of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions /$rC. Quigg --$tDeep inelastic
leptognnucleon scattering /$rD.H. Perkins --$tJet phenomena /$rM. Jacob --$tAn accelerator design study /$rR.R.Wilson --$tLectures in accelerator theory /$rM. Month.
• First indicator:
• # - Summary • 0 – Subject • 1 – Review
• 2 – Scope and content • 3 – Abstract
• 4 – Content advice
• Second indicator: undefined • Subfield codes:
• $a – Summary
• Ex.: 520 ##$aAn illustrated collection of nursery rhymes set to music.
• 600 – Subject Added Entry – Personal Name • 610 – Subject Added Entry – Corporate Name • 650 – Subject Added Entry – Topical Term
• 653 – Index Term – Uncontrolled
• First indicator: Level of subject • # - No information provided • 0 – No level specified
• 1 – Primary • 2 – Secondary
• Second indicator: Thesaurus
• 0 – Library of Congress Subject Headings • 2 – Medical Subject Headings
• 4 – Source not specified • Subfield codes:
• $a – Topical term or geographic name entry element • $v – Form subdivision
• $x – General subdivision
• $y – Chronological subdivision • $z – Geographic subdivision
• Ex.: 650 #0$aRacetracks (Horse-racing)$zUnited States$xHistory.
• First indicator: Level of index term
• # - No information provided • 0 – No level specified
• 1 – Primary • 2 – Secondary
• Second indicator: Type of term or name
• # - No information provided • 0 – Topical term • 1 – Personal name • 2 – Corporate name • 3 – Meeting name • 4 – Chronological term • 5 – Geographic name • 6 – Genre/form term • Subfield codes: • $a – Uncontrolled term • Ex.: 653 #0$aShabu
• 700 – Added Entry – Personal Name • 710 – Added Entry – Corporate Name
• First Indicator: Type of personal name entry element
• 0 – Forename • 1 – Surname • 3 – Family name
• Second indicator: Type of added entry
• # - No information provided • 2 – Analytical entry
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Personal name • $b – Numeration
• $c – Titles and words associated with a name • $d – Dates associated with a name
• Ex.: 700 1#$aLundeberg, Helen,$d1908-.
• First indicator: Type of corporate name entry element
• 0 – Inverted name • 1 – Jurisdiction name • 2 – Name in direct order
• Second indicator: Type of added entry
• # - No information provided • 2 – Analytical entry
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element • $b – Subordinate unit
• Ex.: 710 2#$aIndian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
• 800 – Series Added Entry – Personal Name • 810 – Series Added Entry – Corporate Name • 811 – Series Added Entry – Meeting Name • 830 – Series Added Entry – Uniform Title
• First indicator: undefined
• Second indicator: Nonfiling characters
• 0-9 - Number of nonfiling characters
• Subfield codes:
• $a – Uniform title
• $v – Volume/sequential designation
• $x – International Standard Serial Number
• Ex.: 830 #0$aBibliographies of modern authors (San Bernardino, Calif.) ;$vno. 27.
References:
• Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of
Congress (1996). The MARC 21 formats: Background and principles. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/marc/96principl.html
• Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress (2016). MARC standards. Retrieved from
