Solute and Solvent

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• A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution.

• The most common solvent in everyday life is water.

• Most other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals. These are called organic solvents.

• Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind.

5. Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds — they have to be inert. Solvents can also be used to extract soluble

compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water.

6. Solvents are usually clear and colorless liquids and many have a characteristic odor.

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a

a suspensionsuspension is a heterogenous mixture in which is a heterogenous mixture in which the particles of at least one component are larger the particles of at least one component are larger

Common examples

• _Mud_{or muddy water, is where}_soil_,_clay_{, or}

silt particles are suspended in water.

• _Flour_{suspended in water}

• Paint

• _{Chalk powder suspended in water.}

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Flour suspended in water (appears light blue because

blue light is scattered off the flour particles to a

greater extent than red light)

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The

solubility

_solubility

of a solute is the

_{of a solute is the}

maximum quantity of solute that can

dissolve in a certain quantity of

solvent or quantity of solution at a

specified temperature.

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The main factors that have

an effect on dissolving are:

• The nature of the solute _{The nature of the solute}

-properties

• The nature of solvent_{The nature of solvent}. –type of . –type of solvent

solvent

• Temperature_Temperature - the hotter the _{- the hotter the}

solvent

• Volume of solvent- larger has more _{Volume of solvent- larger has more}

empty space

• _{Size of solute -powder}_{Size of solute -powder}

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Concentration is the measure of how much of

a given substance there is mixed with another

substance.

1. Concentrated solution- one must add

more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent

2. Dilute solution- one must add more

solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

3. Saturated solution - additional maximum

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Concentration of Solution

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Organic Solvent

• Common uses for organic solvents _{Common uses for organic solvents}

are in

are in dry cleaningdry cleaning (e.g. (e.g. tetrachloroethylene

tetrachloroethylene), as ), as

paint thinners

paint thinners (e.g. (e.g. toluenetoluene, ,

turpentine

turpentine), as nail polish removers _{), as nail polish removers}

and glue solvents (

and glue solvents (acetoneacetone, , methyl acetate

methyl acetate, , ethyl acetateethyl acetate), in ), in

spot removers (e.g.

spot removers (e.g. hexanehexane, , petrol ether

petrol ether), in ), in detergentsdetergents (citrus (citrus

terpenes

terpenes), in _{), in}perfumes_perfumes (₍ethanol_ethanol), and _{), and}

in

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Acid and Alkali

• 2 classes of acids_{2 classes of acids}

• _{Inorganic acids- hydrochloric acid,}_{Inorganic acids- hydrochloric acid,}

sulphuric acids and nitric acids

• _{Organic acids- citric acids (lemon),}_{Organic acids- citric acids (lemon),}

formic acids (ant and bees). Malic

acids (apple), tartaric acids (grape)

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PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

BLUE TO RED CONTAIN pH < 7 SOUR ACIDS

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Properties of alkalis

Blue To red corrosive soapy Ph > 7 BITTER ALKALIS