Learn Hindi Through English Medium by Ratnakar Narale

(1)

LEARN HINDI

Through English Medium

with my new scientific method

A>gaRejaI k’ maaZyama sae ih>dI saIiSayae

_

angrez& ke ma@dhyam se hind& s&khiye

HINDI LEVEL I

A PRIMER

Ratnakar Narale

ï

PUSTAK BHARATI Books India paustak BaartaI

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INDEX

AnauÛmaiNaka

Lesson 1 The Hindi Alphabet 1

Lesson 2 Common Hind& Consonants 2

Lesson 3 Speaking Hindi Characters 3

Lesson 4 Writing Hind& Consonants 4

Lesson 5 Writing Hind& Vowels 7

Lesson 6 Writing Hind& Vowel Signs 8

Lesson 7 Writing Hind& Compound Consonants 11

Lesson 8 Writing Special Characters 14

Lesson 9 Introduction to Sandhi 16

Lesson 10 Introduction to Hind& Numerals 17

Lesson 11 Making your own Hind& sentences 19

The Pictorial Dictionary 24

Brain Surgery of the Hindi Grammar 48

Lesson 12 Relational Postpositions 51

Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs 76

Lesson 14 Conjunctions and Expressions 80

Lesson 15 General Knowledge 84

Lesson 16 General Dialogues 86

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1

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 1

pahLaa paa#

THE HINDI ALPHABET

Hind& Vowels :

A Aa } }| q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE A> A:

a a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au m[ h<

.

Hind& Consonants :

k‘ Sa` ga` za` G` k kh g gh n[

ca` C‘ ja` Ja` Øa` c{, ch c{h, chh j jh, z n~

@` #` D` $` Na` t> t>h d< d<h n<

ta` Ya` d` Za` na` t th d dh n

pa` f‘ ba` Ba` ma` p ph, f b bh m

ya` r` La` va` y r l v, w

oa` Pa` sa` h` s{, sh s< s h

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2

LESSON 2

dUsara paa#

COMMON HINDI CONSONANTS

k Sa ga za G

ka kha ga gha n[a (nga)

ca C ja Ja Øa

cha Chha ja jha, za n~a

@ # D $ Na

t>a t>ha d<a d<ha n<a

ta Ya d Za na

ta tha da dha na

pa f ba Ba ma

pa pha, fa ba bha ma

ya r La va

ya ra la va, wa

oa Pa sa h

s{a, sha s<a sa ha Special Compounds

xa, %a, Xa

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3

LESSON 3

SPEAKING HINDI CHARACTERS

Alphabet Hind& Sounds like, as in Alphabet Hind& Sounds like, as in

a (A) a in America t> (@‘) t in cut>

a@ (Aa) a in ca@r t>h (#‘) th in t> with breath i

(}) I in India d< (D‘) d in red & (}|) ee in peel d<h ($‘) dh in adhere u

(q) u in put n< (Na`) n in band u@ (Q) oo in moon

r< (/) ri in ring t (ta`) t in (soft t) e (]) a in bake th (Ya`) th in thunder ai (]e) a in actor d (d`) th in other o (Aae) o in go dh (Za`) dh in buddha au (AaE) ou in count n (na`) n in men

k (k‘) k in milk p (pa`) p in cup kh (Sa`) kh in khyber ph,f (f‘) ph, f in photo

g (ga`) g in god b (ba`) b in rub gh (za`) gh in ghost bh (Ba`) bh in abhore n[ (G‘) n in bring m (ma`) m in mug

c{, c

(ca`) ch in chum y (ya`) y in yes c{h, chh (C‘) chh c{ with breath r (r`) r in rub j (ja`) j in jug l (l`, La`) l in love jh, z (Ja`) dgeh in hedgehop v,w (va`) v, w in rave n~ (Øa`) n in hinge s{, sh (oa`) sh in shut s< (Pa`) sh in should s (sa`) s in sun

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4

LESSON 4

caaEYaa paa#

READING AND WRITING SIMPLE HINDI CONSONANTS (4.1) va va, ba ba, k ka

va ba k

va ba ka

vima@n

(airplane)

bara@t

(wedding procession)

kela@

(banana)

EXERCISE 1 : (on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. ka ba ka 2. ba va ka 3. va ba ka 4. kaba, baka --- ---- -- --- --- -- -- -- --- --- --- 5. kba, bak 6. kk, vaba 7. vaba, vak 8. kk, bava --- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- ---

9. k, ba, va, ba 10. kk, kba, kva 11. baba, bak, vava 12. kbava, kvaba, vabak, bakva --- --- --- ---

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---5

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I (4.2) pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha

pa Pa f

pa s<a pha, fa

ped<

(plant)

s<at>akon<a

(hexagon)

fat>fat>&

(m. bike)

EXERCISE 2 : (only on what we learned so far)

Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

1. kapa, ka 2. pas<a, kas<a 3. pha, ba, ka, s<a pa, pava 4. bakabaka, kabakaba 5. pava, paf 6. kpa, kba 7. kPa, paPa, kf 8. vaf, vaba, pafba

(4.3) ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha, Na n<a

ta na ga

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6

ma Ba Na

ma bha n<a

ma@Ü-ba@p

(mama-papa)

bha@rat

(India)

ba@n<a

(arrow)

1. k, ba, va, ba 2. kk, kba, kva 3. baba, bak 4. vava, vak, vaba 5. kbava, kvaba 6. vabak, bakva 7. ma, na, ta 8. tata, tana 9. kk, vaba 10. gabana, Bava, magana, vatana, vana, vamana, naga, naBa, nava, namana, taba, bana, manana 10. Pa, pa, f , ma, Ba, na, ta, vatana, Bagata, gamana, manana, pavana_

(4.4) ca cha, ja ja, Øa n~a, La la

ca ja Øa La

cha ja n~a la

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7

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I EXERCISE 4 : (only on what we learned so far)

(A) 1. kpa, camaca, 2. tana mana gagana 3. Bagata, patana, manana 4. Bava, gaNa, gaNak, 5. naLa, Lagana, 6. paLak, bana, paga, gama 7. jaLa, caLa, macaLa 8. kNa, kLa, paLa 9. maLa, mata, tama NOTE : Character n~ (Øa`) is rarely used in Hind&. It is mostly used in Sanskrit language.

(4.5) za gha, Za dha, C chha

za Za C

gha dha c{ha

ghar

(house)

dhan

(wealth)

chhipkali

(lizard)

1. ja, ca, Øa 2. La, ja, ca 3. k, La 4. gaNak, jaLaja 5. jaLa, caLa

6. LaBa, maLa 7. ca, ja, Øa, La, r, sa, Sa, oa 8. caLa, jaLa, jaja 8. rsa, oar, rSa, saca 9. saja, fLa 10. kmaLa, sarLa 11. oakLa, frk, parSa, Barta, camana 12. Lagana, vajana, tana mana 13. kNa, saba saca 14. barf, capaLa 15. magaja, jaLa, SaLa, nar, par, sama 16. camak, caLa, caSa 17. jaja, CmaCma 18. CLa, jaga, zar, zanazana 19. Zana, kba, vaZa 20. oama, frk

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8

(4.6) r ra, sa sa, Sa kha, oa s{a

r sa Sa oa

ra sa kha s{a

rupaya@

(Rupee)

s&d&

(CD)

khat

(letter)

sha@d&

(marriage)

(4.7) ya ya, Ya tha

ya Ya

y a tha

yagya

(yajn~a)

tha@l&

(plate)

(B) 1. zar, Laja, mata, yaxa, yaXa, rYa, Zana 2. zana, yama,kLa, kLa, var, vaoa, kr, sama, narma 3. Zana, saba, sah, jaya, 4. Baya, oayana, caLana, rNa, frk, sarLa 5. zar, caLa, Zar, mata, rmaNa, jaLa

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9

(4.8) t>a @, t>ha #, d<ha $, da d, d<a D, n[a D, jha Ja, ha h

@ # $ d

t>a t>ha d<ha da

t>ama@t>ar

(tomato)

thappa@

(stamp)

d<hakna@

(lid)

dil

(heart)

D G Ja h

d<a n[a jha ha

d<or

(rope)

jha@d<u

(broom)

ha@th&

(elephant)

1. @ # $ $ñ d 2. D Dñ G Ja 3. Ja h Ja 4. dLa @ba $La bana 5. DbaLa Df Dr 6. dhna, kdma 7. barf, ma# 8. h#, mata 9. vana ta@, bargad 10. saba, hma, gama

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10

Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I (4.9) xa ks<a, %a tra, Xa gya (jn~a)

xa %a Xa

ks<a tra jn~a

(4.10) Anuswa@ra, C}andrabind& and the Visarga - A> m[, Aã m[, A: h<

A>

am

[

A:

ah<

pa>

pam[

paã

pam[

pa:

pah<

EXERCISE 8 : Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

1. A> A: 2. käbaLa ba>dr va>oa pa>kja 3. Ba>ga na>bar Ana>ta kä# 4. ma>tar d>D r>ga 5. sa>ga sa>oaya h>sa La>ca 6. A>tar svata: 7. ca>dna käpa pata>ga Sa>dk Sa>jar ma>jana kägana sa: 8. ga>Zak #>Dk D>#La $>ga tar>ga oa>Sa sa>caya C: 9. A>ba ja>gaLa ma>ca A>bar La>dna 10. ja>par ba>par A>dr C>d ba>d va>dna ma>d sa>za_

ã

Ü

Dñ

d<a

$ñ

d<ha

EXAMPLES :

(A) kãpakãpaI, khaã, kaãpanaa, Saaãsanaa, SaaãsaI, gaaãva, caaãd, caaãdI, caaãdnaI, Caã@naa, Caãva, jaãcanaa, jahaã, jaaãza, jaaãca, jaaãcanaa, Jaaãknaa, JaaãkI, JaaãJar, Jaaãsaa, @aãka, @aãga, @aãganaa, #aãva, #ãsanaa, Daã@, Daã@naa, DaãvaaãDael, Daãsa, $aãcaa, tahaã, taaãgaa, taaãi%ak, taaãbaa, dãtauLaa, daãta, daãva, Zaãsanaa, Zaãsaanaa, ZaaãZaLaI, Zaaãya, Zaaãsanaa, naaãZanaa, paãvaaDña, paaãca, paaãcajanya, paaãcavaaã, fãd, fãda, fãsanaa, fãsaanaa, fã@naa, faãdnaa, faãsanaa, faãsaI, baã@vaara, baã@anaa, baaãknaa, baaãka, baaãga, baaãJa, baaã@naa, baaãZanaa, baaãsa, baaãsaurI, baaãh, Baaãjaa, Baãvar, BaaãDñar, Baaãita, Baaãpanaa, maãDranaa, maUãC, maUãDnaa, maUãDnaa, maUãdnaa, maaã, maaãga, maaãganaa, yahaã, rãganaa, rãgaa}|, raãgaa, raãDñ, raãZanaa, Laaãzanaa, vahaã, saaãvaLaa, saaãsa, haã, haãk, hãsanaa, hãsamauSa, hãsaI, haãknaa, haãDñI, haãfnaa_

(B) ADñnaa, ADñanaa, AnaaDñI, AaDña, Aa$ñta, qDñnaa, kDñk, k$ña}|, k$ñI, kIDña, ÛIDña, SaDña, gaDñbaDñ, gaU$ñ, zaaeDña, caaEDña, CaeDñnaa, jaaeDñnaa, JaDñnaa, @ukDña, @e$ña, $a$ñsa, taDñpanaa, taDñpaanaa, taaeDñnaa, YaaeDña, daEDñnaa, ZaDñknaa, naaDñI, paDñnaa, paIDña, faDñnaa, favaDña, baDña, ba$ñ}|, ba$ñnaa, ba$ñanaa, ba$ñava, baU$ña, BaaDña,

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11

BaãDñar, BaIDñ, BaIDñnaa, maUãDñnaa, maUãDñI, maU$ñ, maaeDñ, maaeDñnaa, rI$ñ, laDñnaa, laDña}|, saDñnaa, saaãDñ_

LESSON 5

paaãcavaaã paa#

PRACTICING THE HINDI VOWELS (5.1) A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au } i, }| &

A

a

Aa

a@

Aae

o

AaE

au

}

i

}|

&

EXERCISE 9 : Write the following words in Hind& :

(A) 1. Aa, Aae, AaE, Aapa 2. Aa, A, AaE, Aana 3. Aae, AaE, Aae@ 4. Aba, AaãSa, Axa 5. Aaer, AaEr, AaE>Zaa 6. AaeJaLa, Aaema, AXa 7. Aza, Aagama, AaErsa, Aama, Aasa, Aah, Aaja, AaErta, A>bar, Aja:, A>oa:, Aaeza: 8. }, }|, }|Sa 9. }, }, }| 3. }|, }|, } 10. }|Sa, k}|, na}|, }Zar, na}|, kta}|_ (B) idhar (}Zar), aurat (AaErta), ma& (ma}|), aur (AaEr), an[k (A>k), &ndhanam[ (}|>Zana>), om (Aaema`),

aman c{aman (Amana camana), anda@j (A>daja), kaila@s (k“Laasa), chauk& (caaEkI)

(5.2) q u, Q u@, / r<; ] e, ]e ai; w ru, W ru@

q Q / ] ]e w W

u u@ r< e ai ru ru@

EXERCISE 10 : Read and write :

1. q, Q, / 2. qZar, q}| 3. qmar, Qpar 4. qgama, Qna 5. Qã@, q# 6. qtar, }Zar 7. ], ]e, / 8. ga], na] 9. ]ena, qCLa, qBar 10. ]k, }|Sa, ]enak, }|>Zana, Ata:, A>jana, Aae>kar, Wpa, taw_

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12

LESSON 6

C#vaaã paa#

WRITING HINDI VOWEL SIGNS

Vowels A Aa } }| q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE Signs a i I u U \ e E ae aE Sound a a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au aa ee oo ri

a i I u U \ e E ae aE

a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au

paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pae paE paae paaE

pa@ pi p& pu pu@ pr< pe pai po pau

EXERCISE 7 : Read and write the Hind& words :

jaItanaa, ijatanaa, ma\ta, ica>taa, jaUtaa, kÖC, vaEsaa, AaE>Zaa, idyaa, dIyaa, baekarI, saUSaa, sauSaI, Baed, maE>, iBaxaa, XaanaI, sau>drtaa, kaeka kaeLaa, mahanataa, sauSa du:Sa, caUha, Xaanayaaega, mahaBaartaIya, AmarIkna, }>iDyana, naILa, paaEraiNak_

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13

CHART OF ALPHABET WITH VOWEL SIGNS

A Aa } }| q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE A> A: - a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au am[ ah<

k ka ik kI Sa Saa iSa SaI ga gaa iga gaI za zaa iza zaI ca caa ica caI cau C Ca iC CI ja jaa Ja Jaa @ @a i@ @I # #a i# #I D Da iD DI $ $a i$ $I Na Naa iNa NaI Nau ta taa ita taI Ya Yaa iYa YaI d da id dI Za Zaa na naa pa paa f fa if fI ba baa iba baI bau Ba Baa ma maa ya yaa r ra ir rI La Laa va vaa oa oaa ioa oaI Pa Paa sa saa h ha ih hI kÖ k” × k’ k“ kae kaE k ä k: Sau SaU Sa\ Sae SaE Saae SaaE Sa> Sa: gau gaU ga\ gae gaE gaae gaaE ga > ga: zau zaU za\ zae zaE zaae zaaE za > za: caU ca\ cae caE caae caaE ca> ca: Cu CU C\ Ce CE Cae CaE C> C: ija jaI jau jaU ja\ jae jaE jaae jaaE ja> ja: iJa JaI Jau JaU Ja\ Jae JaE Jaae JaaE Ja> Ja: @u @U @½ @e @E @ae @aE @> @: #u #U #½ #e #E #ae #aE #> #: Du DU D½ De DE Dae DaE D> D: $u $U $½ $e $E $ae $aE $> $: NaU Na\ Nae NaE Naae NaaE Na> Na: tau taU ta\ tae taE taae taaE ta> ta: Yau YaU Ya\ Yae YaE Yaae YaaE Ya> Ya: du dU ± de dE dae daE d> d: iZa ZaI Zau ZaU Za\ Zae ZaE Zaae ZaaE Za> Za: ina naI nau naU na\ nae naE naae naaE na> na: ipa paI pau paU pa\ pae paE paae paaE pa> pa: fÖ f” f\ f’ f“ fae faE fä f: baU ba\ bae baE baae baaE ba> ba: iBa BaI Bau BaU Ba\ Bae BaE Baae BaaE Ba> Ba: ima maI mau maU ma\ mae maE maae maaE ma> ma: iya yaI yau yaU ya\ yae yaE yaae yaaE ya> ya: w W ¿ re rE rae raE r> r: iLa LaI Lau LaU La\ Lae LaE Laae LaaE La> La: iva vaI vau vaU va\ vae vaE vaae vaaE va> va: oau oaU oa\ oae oaE oaae oaaE oa> oa: iPa PaI Pau PaU Pa\ Pae PaE Paae PaaE Pa> Pa: isa saI sau saU sa\ sae saE saae saaE sa> sa: hu hU Ê he hE hae haE h> h:

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14

THIS EXERCISE IS ONLY FOR READING AND WRITING HINDI WORDS READ the Hind& words and WRITE them for practice

(help is given in the brackets)

maE>

(

maiÜ

-

I), hma (

ham

-

we), Aapa (

a@p

-

you), taU (

tu@

-

you) tauma (

tum

-

you), vah (

vah

-

he, she), vae (

ve

-

they), hmae> (

hameÜ

-

to us), Aapakae (

a@p

ko

-

to you), qsakae (

us ko

-

to him, to her), qnakae (

un ko

-

to them), maE>nae

(

maiÜ ne

-

I), Aapanae (

a@p ne

-

you), taUnae (

tu@ ne

-

you), taumanae (

tum ne

-

you), qsanae (

us ne

-

he, she), mauJae (

mujhe

-

to me), Aapasae (

a@p se

-

from

you), mauJasae (

mujh se

-

from me), tauJasae (

tujh se

-

from you) taumasae (

tum se

-

from you), qsasae (

us se

-

from him, her), qnasae (

un se

-

from them), maere

paasa (

mere pa@s

-

with me), maere iLayae (

mere liye

-

for me), Aapak’ iLayae (

a@pke

liye

-

for you), hmaare iLayae (

hama@re liye

-

for us), qnak’ iLayae (

unke liye

-

for them), maera (

mera@

-

my), maerI (

mer&

-

my), maere (

mere

-

our), hmaara

(

hama@ra@

-

my), hmaarI (

hama@r&

-

my), hmaare (

hama@e

-

my), taera (

tera@

-

your), taerI (

ter&

-

your), taere (

tere

-

your), Aapaka (

a@p ka@

-

your), AapakI

(

a@p k&

- your), Aapak’ (

a@p ke

- your), mauJamae> (

mujhmeÜ

- in me), taeremae> (

tere

meÜ

-

in you), tauJamae> (

tujhmeÜ

-

in you), Aapamae> (

a@p meÜ

-

in you), qsamae>

(

us meÜ

-

in him, her), qnamae> (

un meÜ

-

in them), mauJa par (

mujh par

-

on

me), taere par (

tere par

-

on you), tauma par (

tum par

-

on you), tauJa par (

tujh

par

-

on you), Aapa par (

a@p par

-

on you), qsa par (

us par

-

on him, her),

qna par

(

un par

-

on them)_ maE> hUã (

maiÜ hu@Ü

-

I am), taU hE (

tu@ haiÜ

-

You

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15

LESSON 7

saatavaaã paa#

COMPOUNDING THE CONSONANTS

(Compare the following chart with the one given on page 1)

Hind& Half-Characters :

K (k‘) S (Sa`) g (ga`) z (za`) G`

k kh g gh n[

c (ca`) C‘ j (ja`) J (Ja`) Ø (Øa`)

c{, ch c{h, chh j jh n~

@` #` D` $` N (Na`)

t> t>h d< d<h n<

t (ta`) Y (Ya`) d` Z (Za`) n (na`)

t th d dh n

p (pa`) Ý (f‘) b (ba`) B (Ba`) m (ma`)

p ph,f b bh m

y (ya`) r` L (La`) v (va`)

y r l v,w

o (oa`) P (Pa`) s (sa`) h`

s{, sha s< s h

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16

USE OF THE HALF CHARACTERS TO MAKE

HINDI COMPOUND LETTERS AND WORDS

*Character k (k‘, K ) : paKka (

pakka@

strong), KLaba (

klab

club), KLaasa (

kla@s

class),

Kyaae>

(

kyoÜ

why?), Kyaa (

kya@

what?), vaaKya (

va@kya

sentence) vaKta (

vakta

time),

rKta

(

rakta

blood), wiKmaNaI (

Rukmin<&

)

*Character kh (Sa`, S ) : SyaaLa (

khya@l

attention), saaESya (

saukhya

happiness),

Svaaba

(

khwa@b

dream), Svaaihoa (

khwa@hish

desire), Syaaita (

khya@ti

fame)

*Character g (ga`, g ) : gLaasa (

gla@s

glass), dugZa (

dugdha

milk), Aigna (

agni

fire),

Baagya

(

bha@gya

fortune), gvaaLaa (

gwa@la@

milkman), gyaarh (

gya@raha

eleven)

*Character gh (za`, z ) : ivaμ ivazna ivaza`na (

vighna

obstacle), ×tazna ×taza`na

(

kr<taghna

obliged), LazvaaoaI Laza`vaaoaI (

laghva@sh&

moderate eater)

*Character ch (ca‘, c ) : baccaa (

bachcha@

kid), saccaa (

sachcha@

true), Acyauta

(

Achyuta

Krishn<a), vaacya (

va@cya

utterance), AcCa (

achha@

good), kccaa

(

kaccha@

raw)

*Character j (ja‘, j ) : rajya (

ra@jya

kingdom), sajja (

sajja

ready), qjjvaLa

(

ujjawal

bright), jyaaeita (

jyoti

brilliance), jvaaLaa (

jwa@la@

flame)

*Character t> (@‘‘) : Cu£I Cu@`@I (

chhut<t>&

holiday), ima£I, ima@`@I (

mit>t>&

soil) Sa£a

Sa@`@a

(

khat>t>a@

sour), pa@`#a (

pat>t>ha@

pupil), mau@‘#I (

mut>t>h&

fist)

*Character d< (D‘) : Sa¥a SaD`Da (

khad<d<a@

pit), h¥I hD`DI (

had<d<&

bone), q¥yana

qD`Dyana

(

ud<d<ayan

flying)

*Character n< (Na`, N ) : paaNDva (

Pa@n<d<ava

), kN# (

kan<t>ha

throat), kN@k

(

kan<t>aka

thorn), DNDa (

d<an<d<a@

stick), PaNmaasa (

s<an<ma@sa

six months), BaNDarI

(

bhan>d>a@r&

storekeeper), ANDa (

an<d<a@

egg)

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17

*Character t (ta`, t ) : satkar (

satka@ra

honour), rtnaakr (

Ratna@kar

), Aatmaa (

‡tma@

soul), satya (

satya

truth), tyaaga (

tya@g

sacrifice), %aasa (

tra@s

trouble), tvara

(

tvara@

rush), saTva, sata`tva, sata`ta`va (

sattava

truth), mahtva, mahTva (

mahatva,

mahattva

greatness)

*Character th (Ya`, Y ) : taYya (

tathya

truth), paYya (

pathya

diet)

*Character dh (Za`, Z ) : baaZya (

ba@dhya

binding), AZvar (

adhvara

lower lip),

dZma

(

dadhma

to blow), maZya (

madhya

centre), Zyaana (

dhya@na

meditation),

Zvaina

(

dhvani

soundon)

*Character n (na`, n ) : Aanand (

‡nanda

joy), ja²ta (

jannat

heaven), A² (

anna

food), janma (

janma

birth), Anya (

anya

other), Zanyavaad (

dhanyava@d

thanks),

iBa²

(

bhinna

different), }ntajaar (

intaja@ra

wait), AnZaera (

andhera@

darkness)

*Character p (pa`, p ) : samaaipta (

sama@pti

end), pyaar (

pya@r

love), svapna (

svapna

dream), tapta (

tapta

heated), pLava (

plava

bird)

*Character ph, f (f‘, Ý ) : ÝLaavar (

fla@war

flower), ÝLaask (

fla@sk

), ÝLaae (

flo

flow), rÝtaar (

rafta@r

speed), hÝtaa (

hafta@

week)

*Character b (ba`, b ) : Zabbaa (

dhabba@

spot), bLaU (

blu@

blue), oabd (

shabda

sound), byaU@I (beauty), byaah (

bya@ha

wedding), sabjaI (

sabj&

vegetable)

*Character bh (Ba`, B ) : AByaasa (

abhya@s

study), saBya (

sabhya

gentle), LaBya

(

labhya

available)

*Character m (ma ‘, m ) : Ammaa (

amma@

mother), sampada (

sampada@

wealth),

samyak‘

(

samyak

proper), sammaana (

samma@na

honour), maumba}| (

mumba&,

Bombay), AmLa (

amla

sour), saamya (

sa@mya

similarity), sambanZa (

sambandha

relationship)

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18

LESSON 8

Aa#vaaã paa#

SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS

(1) Character d (d` ) forms following commonly used SEVEN compound letters : (i). d + ga = dga writen as : d` + ga = d`ga = § Bagava§Itaa

(ii) d + da = dda written as : d‘ + d = d`d = ª qªeoa (iii) d + dha = ddha written as d` + Za = d`Za = & bau&

(v) d + bha = dbha written as : d` + Ba = d`Ba = ® OaRIma®gava§Itaa (v) d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya` = d`ya = ^ iva^a

(vi) d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma` = d`ma ¯ pa¯ (vii) d + va = dva written as : d` + va` = d`va = V Var

(2) Characters ra and r (r, r` ) form following TWO types of compounds :

(A) WHEN FULL CONSONANT ra (r) comes after a half consonant character, it is written as a slant line attached to that (half) consonant. (Note : Even though that half consonant apprars to be written as a full consonant, it is actually a half consonant) :

(i) k (half) + ra (full) = kra ( k‘ + r = k‘r = Û) caÛ (ii) g + ra = gra ( ga` + r = ga`r = gaR) AgaR (iii) t + ra = tra ( ta` + r = ta`r = %a) paiva%a (iv) d + ra = dra ( d` + r = dR) dRva (v) sh + ra =shra ( oa` + r = Ã) OaRI

(vi) t> or d<+ ra= tra, d<ra (@` + r = @¼) @¼k (truck), raP@¼ (ra@s<t<ra nation), Za\taraP@¼ (Dhr<tara@s<t>ra) (vii) s + ra = sra (sa` + r = sa`r = Ä) sahÄ

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19

(B) WHEN HALF CONSONANT r ( r` ) comes before any full consonant character, the r (r` ) is written as ( | ) over that full consonant.

(viii) r + k ( – ) r` + k = k–_ Ak– (arka extract), svaga| (svarga heaven), AGAIN REMEMBER :

(i) The slant line character ( R ) represents the full r (ra), it does not represent half r` (r) eg\ paR = pa` + r paRkaoa

(ii) The curved line character ( | ) represents half r` (r), it does not represent full r (ra) eg\ pa| = r` + pa sapa|

(3) Character h` forms following three types of very common compound letters : (i) h + ma = hma (h‘ + ma = M)

(ii) h + ya = hya (h‘ + ya = H), baaH (bahya outer) (iii) h + r> = hr> (h‘ + / = Ê) Êdya (hr>day heart)

THE SPECIAL LETTER

kta

F

(4) Character k : character k + ta = kta. kta can be written as k‘ + ta = Kta_ but there is a special character for this combo which is written as k‘ + ta = Kta = F

eg\ rF (rakta blood), BaiF BaiKta (bhakti devotion), vaFa vaKtaa (vakta@ speaker), mauF mauKta (mukta free), vaF vaKta (vakta time), pa>iF pa>iKta (pan[kti line) ...etc