1344.pdf

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h w

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h

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f

ozonation on the

f

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at

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f

c

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a

l h y d

r ate an

d

c

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d b y

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b

s e

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n at

io n

an

d

c

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ora

m i

n at

io n

.

C hl

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l h y d

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d

s to

b

e

f

or

m

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d fr

o

m

c

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nation

w h i l

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e

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s

f

or

m

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d p ri m

a

ri l y f

ro

m

c

h lo

r a

m i

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Ra

w

w

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d

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d

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h

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b i

c o r_ga n

ic

e xtr a cts

w

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d f

r o

m

f i

v e

ut

i l i

t

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n

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te

d Sta

te s to

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i d

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d iv

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_{y i}

n t

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a

l

a n

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q

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d

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f

or

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at

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at

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b

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a n

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t

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p

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_{o n} , o

f

r a

w w

aters a n

d m

o

d

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l w

aters

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are

d f

r o

m

t

h

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d

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ic

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ate

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a

l

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aters

w

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_p

o st- _c

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d p

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nat

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d d it

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d

o s e_, total o r

g

an

ic

car

b

o n

(

T O C

)

co n c e ntr at

i

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l

i

n or

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i

c c ar

b

on

(

T I C

)

c o n c entration _, o zo n at

io n

_p

H

,

b

ro

m i d

e

i

o n c o n c e ntrat

i

on , an

d

a

m m

o n

ia c o n c e

ntrat

io n

w

ere va

ri

e

d i

n _t

h

e

m

o

d

e

l

wate r s

in o

r

d

e r to

m

e a s ure t

h

e

in

f l

u e n c e

o

f

the s e

_p

ara

m

eter s o n c

h lo

r a

l h y d

r ate a n

d

c

_y

ano

_g

e n c

h lo

ri d

e

f

o r

m

ation.

Pre-_{o z o n a}t

i

_{o n e n}

h

_{a n c e}

d

_c

h l

_{o r a}

l h y d

_{r a}t_e

f

_{o r}

m

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ti

_{o n}

f

_{r o}

m p

_ost

-c

h l

o

ri

n a

ti

o n

i

n a

l l

c a s e s_, an

d

the e xte nt o

f

th is

i

n cre a s e

w

a s

d

e

_p

e n

d

e nt u

_p

o n the s o u r c e o

f

o r

_g

a n

ic

c ar

b

on .

P

re -

_f

or

m

e

d m

on o c

h l

ora

m i

ne

di d

n ot

_p

r o

d

u c e a

_{p p}

rec

i

a

b l

e a

m

ou nts o

f

c

h l

o r a

l

h y d

rate.

O

z on a

ti

on

p H

a n

d

T I

C

c o n centr a

ti

o n were s

i g

n

i fi

c a nt

f

a ctors

in

d

eter

m in

i

n

g

c

h l

o r a

l

h y d

r ate

_{y i}

e

l d

s

f

r o

m

_p

o _st-_c

hl

o r

i

na

ti

on

,

w i

t

h

c

h l

or a

l

h y d

r ate c onc entr a

ti

o n

d

e cre a s

in

_{g w i}

th in c r e asin

_g

oz on a

ti

o n

_p

H

or

i

ncre a s

i

n

_{g T I C}

c onc e ntr a

ti

o n.

C h l

o r a

l h y d

rate co n c e n _tr a

ti

o n

f

r o

m p

r e-_ozona

_ti

_on

/ p

ost-_c

_hl

_o

ri

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n}

_{d i d}

_{n ot} c or re

l

ate

w

e

l l w i

t

h

a ceta

l d

e

h y d

e c on_{c e}ntra

ti

o n re su

l ti

n

_{g f}

r o

_{m p}

re-_{o z o n a}

_ti

_{o n}

,

i m p l y i

n

g

t

h

at a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e

i

s not a

_{p ri}

nc

i p

a

l p

r_{e c u}rs or _{to c}

hl

ora

_{l h y d}

r ate

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n.

Pre-_ozo

na

ti

on en

h

an ce

d

c

_y

ano

_g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

ro

m

_p

o st -c

h l

ora

m i

n a

ti

o n .

A

s w

i

t

h

c

h l

o ra

l h y d

rate

, t

h

e

d

e

g

r ee o

f

t

he

i

n cr e a s e

d

e

p

e n

d

e

d

o n t

h

e s our c e o

f

or

_g

a n

ic

c ar

b

o n.

C y

a n o

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m p

o st

-_c

_{h l}

_o

ra

m in a

ti

o n

w

a s a

l

s o

i m p

a cte

d

b y

o z o n a

ti

o n

_{p H}

an

d

T I

C

c onc en_tr a

ti

o n _,

w i

t

h

c

_y

a no

_g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e c o n c en _tiia

ti

on s

d

e cr ea s

in

_{g w i}

t

h i

ncr e a sin

_g

ozo n a

ti

o n

_{p H}

o r

in

c r e a s

i

n

_{g T I C}

c o n c e ntr a

ti

o n.

T h

e extent o

f

c

_y

ano

_g

en c

hl

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m

c

h l

or a

m i

n a

ti

o n

w i

t

_{h p}

r e¬

f

or

m

e

d m

ono c

h lo

r a

m i

ne c o r r e

l

ate

d

sti

-on

_{g l y w i}

_{th t}

_h

e c onc e nti^

ti

on o

f f

o r

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e r e su

l ti

n

_{g f}

ro

_{m p}

re-_ozona

ti

_on

.

T h i

s su

g g

e sts that

f

or

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e

, a

k

n o

w

n ox

i d

a

ti

o n

b y

¬

p

ro

d

uct o

f

ozone as

w

e

l l

a s c

hl

o

ri

ne,

m

a

y b

e a

p

r

in

c

i p

a

l p

rec ur s or to c

y

an o

g

e n c

h lo

ri d

e

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n .

A C

K

N O

W

L

E

D G

M

E

N T S

I w

ou

l d l i k

e to _t

_{ha n}

_{k D}

r . P

hi l ip C

.

Si

n

g

er

f

o r

h i

s

g

u

i d

a n c e t

h

e s e

p

ast thre e

y

e ars.

I

t

w

a s a

p

r

i

v

i l

e

g

e to

b

e

h i

s stu

d

ent, an

d I w i l l

a

l w

a

y

s

b

e

g

r ate

f

u

l f

or

w h

at

h

e

h

a s tau

_{g h}

t

m

e.

I w

ou

l d

a

l

s o

l i k

e to t

h

a n

k D

r .

Sin

g

er

f

o r

h i

s s u

p p

ort o

f m y w

o r

k w i

t

h

Wa

ter

Pa

rtne r s, an

d f

or a

l l

o

w i

n

g m

e to ta

k

e so

m

uc

h

ti me o

f f i

n the su

m m

er to v

i

s

i

t our

p

r o

j

e cts

i

n

C

en _tra

l A m

e r

i

c a. F

i

n a

l l y

I

w

ou

l d l i k

e to t

h

an

k D

r .

Sin

g

e r

f

o r the c

ho c o

l

ate

b

ars

h

e

b

r

i

n

_g

s

b

a c

k f

ro

m E

u r o_pe e a c

h y

e a r ~ t

ha

t's

w h

_{y I} stu c

k

a r o u n

_d

_{s o}

l

on

_g

.

I w

o u

l d

a

l

s o

l i k

e to a c

k

n o

w l

e

d g

e

D

r.

F

r a n c

i

s

D i G i

a n o a n

d D

r.

D

o u

g l

a s

C

r_a

_{w f}

_or

_d

-_B

r o

w

n

f

o r s er v

in

_g

o n

m y d

e

f

en _{s e c o}

m m i

_{t te e}.

T ha n

k

s to

_{m y f}

e

l l

o

w

la

b m

ate s o n t

h is

_p

r o

_j

e ct,

G

retc

h

e n

C

o

w m

an ,

G

r e

g

H

a r r

in

_g

to n , L or

i H

arr

in

g

to n , an

d D

a n

S

c

h

e c

h

ter .

I

c ou

l d

n

'

t

h

a v e a ske

d

to

w

o r

k w i

t

h

a

fi

ner

_g

r ou

_p

o

f p

e o

_{p l}

e .

Y

o u

m

a

d

e th is

w

o r

k f

u n _, an

d

I

w i l l m i

s s

y

ou a

l l

.

T h

an

k

s a

l

s o to

D

r .

H

o

w

a r

d

We

i

n

b

er

g w h

o tau

g h

t

m

e ever

y

t

h i

n

g

I

k

no

w

a

b

out us

i

n

_g

a

_g

a s c

h

r o

m

ato

_g

r a

_{p h}

a n

d

c

_y

a n o

_g

e n c

h l

o r

i d

e a n a

l y

s

i

s.

Sp

e c

ia

l

t

h

an

k

s to

m y g

o o

d f

r

ie n

d

an

d

W

ater

P

artner _,

G

ar

_y

.

T h

an

k

s

f

or a

l l

y

ou r c oun s e

l i

n

_g

_,

_p

at

i

enc e,

b

a

d

j

o

k

e s, to n e

d

ea

f

ne s s, a n

d

tr

ip

s to

g

et c o

f f

e e s o

w

e c ou

l d

sta

_y

u

_p

a

l l

n

i g h

t wor

k i

n

_g

.

T

h

a n

k

s to

D

ave

f

or e nte rta

i

n

i

n

_{g m}

e an

d b

r

i

n

_{g i}

n

_{g m}

e n e

w

s a

b

o ut Pr

i

nc e s s

D i

w h

en_ever

_{I h}

_a

_d

_{to sta}

_y

u

_{p l}

ate ru n n

i

n

_g

c

_y

an o_ge n c

h lo

r

i d

e s a

m p l

e s.

T h

an

k

s to

m y b

e st

f

r

i

en

d i

n t

h

e

w h

o

l

e

w

o r

l d

,

Ji m

,

f

o r te a c

h i

n

g m

e

h

o

w

to

l

e ave

w

or

k b

e

h i

n

d

_, re

l

ax _, an

d h

ave a

h

o

m

e

b

r ew .

T h

an

k

s to on_{e o}

f m y f

av_{o r}

i

_te

_p

_{e o}

_{p l}

_e

,

D

r.

D

o n a

l d L

a u r

i

a

,

f

o r

m

a

k i

n

g m

e

f

e e

l

g

o o

d

a

b

out

_{m y}

s e

l f

an

d

a

l

wa

_y

s

b

e

i

n

_g

t

h

e r e to

_{g i}

v_e

m

_{e a}

_p

_{at o n t}

_h

_e

_b

_{a c}

_k

.

E

v e r

y

o n e n e e

d

s a

D

r .

L

aur

i

a.

T h

a n

k y

ou to

St

an _t

h

_e

Se

c u r

i

t

_{y G}

uar

_{d f}

o r

w

a

l k i

n

_{g m}

e sa

f

e

l y

to

m y

c ar

m

an

_y

t

i m

e s, an

d

to

C

a r o

l

an

d C

.L .

f

o r

h

an

d l i

n

g

a

l l m y b

ur e auc r at

i

c n

i g h

t

m

a r e s.

T h

an

k

s to

D

r .

R

o

b

e rt

A

r n o

l d

o

f

the

U

n

i

ve r sit

y

o

f A

r

i

z o n a

w h

o

h

a s

b

e e n u

p

o n o ne o

f m y p

e

d

esta

ls

f

o r

_y

e ar s a n

d h

_{a s} n e ver

l

et

m

e

d

o wn . I

w i l l

a

l w

a

y

s

b

e

g

r ate

f

u

l

f

or

_y

ou r ta

l k in

_{g m}

e o ut o

f b

e c o

m i

n

_g

a str uctu r_a

l

_en

_{g i}

n_{e e}r an

d i

n s

_{p i}

r

in

_{g m}

e to

_g

o to

g

r a

d

u ate s c

h

oo

l

. T

h

a n

k

s

f

o r

m

ak

i

n

g m

e

l

a u

_{g h}

a n

d f

o r s a

_{y i}

n

_g

_on_{c e}

_{w h}

_{e n}

_I

_{n e e}

_d

_e

_d

_to

h

e a r

i

t,

"

T ha n

k

s to

m

_y

M

o

m

a n

d D

a

d

fo r t

h

e c a r a n

d

fo r a c tu al l

_{y b}

el

i

ev in

_g

that I

c oul d be co

m

e a n a str o n a ut.

T h

a n

k

s to

V

a

i

sha

l i f

o r

m

a

k i

n

_g

o u r

h

o u s e

f

e e

l l i k

e

h

o

m

e.

I w i l l

m

i

s s

w

atc

h i

n

_{g D}

ave

L

et ter

m

a n a n

d d i

s c u ss

i

n

_g

ever

_y

t

hi

n

_g

u n

d

er the su n

w i

t

h y

o u .

F i

na

l l y

I

w

ou

l d l i k

e to s a

_y

that I

h

a v e

f

e

lt

v e r

_{y f}

o rtu nate to

b

e

d

o

i

n

_g

th is t

_{y p}

e

o

f

r e s e arc

h

.

I

'

m h

a

_{p p y}

to

l i

ve

i

n a

w

e a

l

t

_{h y}

c o untr

_{y w h}

e r e

w

e c an a

f f

or

d

to

b

e c o n c e r n e

d

w i

th d isin

f

e ctio n

_{b y}

-p

r o

d

u cts

i

n

w

ate r

w h i l

e

m

o st

_p

e o

_{p l}

e

in

the

w

o r

l d

a r e

l

a c

k i

n

_g

d i

s

in

f

e ctio n .

T A

B

L E O

F

C O N T E N T S

A B S

T R

A C

T

A C K

N

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E D G

M

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L I S T O F F I G U R E S

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C H A P T E R 1

:

I N T R O D U C T I O N

C H A

P T

E

R

2

: L

I T

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A

T

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R E R E

V

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2

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1

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M

ater

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2

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an

i

c

M

ater

i

a

l

2

.

3

H

a

l

o

g

e n ate

d D i

sin

f

e ct

i

o n

B y

-

_P

_ro

_d

_{u ct}

F

_or

m

_at

io n

2

.

4

M

e c

h

an

i

s

m

s o

f C h l

o r a

l H y d

rate a n

d

C y

a n o

_g

en

C h l

or

i d

e F or

m

ation

2

.4.

1

M

ec

h

an

i

sms o

f C h lo r

a

l H y d

rate For

m

at

io

n

2

.

4

.

2

M

e c

h

an

i

sms o

f C y

a n o

g

en

C h l

or

i d

e

F

o r

m

atio n

2

.

5

H

e a

l

t

h

E

f f

e cts o

f C h l

ora

l H y d

r ate a n

d C y

a n o

g

en

C h l

o r

i d

e

2

.

6

C

ontr o

l T

e c

h

n o

l

o

g i

e s

f

o r

D i

s

in

f

e ctio n

B y

-

P

_{r o}

d

_{u ct}

F

_{o r}

m

_at

i

_{o n}

2

.

6

.

1

O

zo n e

in

W

ater

T

re at

m

e nt

2

.

6

.

2

C h l

ora

m i

n e s

i

n

W

ate r

T

r e at

m

ent

2

.

7

I

m p

a ct o

f O

z one an

d

M

ono c

h l

o r a

m i

ne on

D i

s

i

n

f

e ct

io n

_{B y}

-

P

_ro

d

_{u ct}

F

_or

m

_at

i

_{o n}

P

a

_g

e

N

o.

i i

i l l

i

x

x

iv

XV

1

5

5

7

9

1 1

12

13

1

5

16

17

2 1

C H A

P T

E

R

3

:

M

A

T E R I

A I

5

A N D

M

E T

H O D S

2 8

3

.

1

G

e n e r a

l

Ex

p

e

ri m

e nta

l

Pro ce

d

ur e

2 8

3

.

1

.

1

B

u

l k

W

ater

S

tu

d y

2 8

3

.

1

.

2

M

o

d

e

l

W

ate r

S

tu

d i

es

2 9

3

.

1

.

2

.

1

B

a s e

l i

n e

S

tu

d y

2

9

3

.

1

.

2

.

2

Pa r a

m

et

ri

c

S

tu

d y

3 1

3

.

1

.

3

S

u

p p l

e

m

enta

l S

tu

d i

e s

33

3

.

1

.

3

.

1

Pr e

-

C h l

_o

ri

_nat

i

_on

/ C h l

_ora

m i

_{n at}

i

_{o n}

S

_tu

d y

33

3

.

1

.

3

.

2

K i

n et

i

c

S

tu

d y

3

4

3

.

1.

3

.

3

H

o

l d i

n

g

T

i m

e

S

tu

d y

36

3

.

2

G l

a s s

w

a r e

3 6

3

.

3

C

o

l l

e ct

i

o n o

f

Bu

l k

W

ater

37

3

.

4

X A D

-

₈

Extr a ct

i

o n

37

3

.

5

P

r e

p

a r at

i

o n o

f

M

o

d

e

l

W

ate r s

40

3

.

6

O

zo n at

i

o n

4

0

3

.

7

C h l

o

ri

n at

i

on an

d C h l

ora

m i

n at

i

on

4 1

3

.

8

C

o a

g

u

l

at

i

on

4

3

3

.

9

D i

s

i

n

f

e ct

i

o n

B y

-Pr o

d

u cts

A

na

l y

s e s

4 3

3

.

9

.

1

C h l

o r a

l H y d

r ate

4 4

3

.

9

.

1

C y

a n o

g

e n

C h l

o

ri d

e

4 8

3

.

10

M

e a s u r e

m

e nt o

f O

t

h

e r

P

ara

m

eters

5 2

3

.

11

Q

ua

l i

t

y A

s su ranc e

/

Q

ua

l i

t

y C

o ntro

l

5 2

3

.

1 1

.

1

A

na

l y

s e s o

f D i

s

i

n

f

e ct

io n

B

y

-_{Pr o}

_d

u cts

5 2

3

.

1 1

.

2

Ex

p

e r

i m

en ta

l R

e

p

e ata

b i l i

t

y

5 3

C H A

P T

E R 4

: R

E SU

L T

S A N D D I SC U S S

I

O N

5 5

4

.

1

Ra

w

W

ate r

Q

u a

l i

t

y

5 5

4

.

2

H

o

l d i

n

g T i m

e

S

tu

d y

5 6

4

.

3

K i

net

i

c

S

tu

d y

5 7

4

.

4

Bu

l k

W

ate r

S

tu

d y

6 1

4

.

4

.

1

O

zo n at

io

n

R

e su

l

ts

6

1

4.

4

.

2

C h l

ora

l

H

y d

r ate

P

ro

d

u ct

i

o n

6 2

4

.

4

.

3

C y

a n o

g

en

C h l

or

i d

e Pr o

d

uct

i

o n

65

4

.

4

.

4

C

o

m p

ar

i

s on

w i

t

h A l d

e

h y d

e

P

r o

d

uct

i

o n

i

n Bu

l k

W

ate r

S

tu

dy

68

4

.

5

M

o

d

e

l

W

ater

S

tu

d ie s

7 1

4

.

5

.

1

Ba s e

l i

ne

S

tu

d y

7 2

4

.

5

.

1

.

1

E f f

e ct o

f O

zone :

T O C R

at

io

on

C h l

ora

l H y d

rate

F

or

m

at

i

on

7 2

4

.

5

.

1

.

2

E

f f

e ct o

f O

z o n e :

T O C R

at

io

o n

C

_y

a n o

_g

e n

C h l

o r

i d

e

F

o r

m

at

i

o n

7

6

4

.

5

.

1

.

3

C

o

m p

ar

i

so n o

f

M

o

d

e

l

W

ate r

an

d

Bu

l k

W

ater

S

tu

d i

e s

8

0

4

.

5

.

2

Pa ra

m

et

ri

c

S

tu

d y

92

4

.

5

.

2

.

1

E

f f

e ct o

f

T ota

l O

r

g

a n

ic

C

ar

b

o n

9 3

4

.

5

.

2

.

2

E f f

e ct o

f O

zonat

i

on

p H

9 8

4

.

5

.

2

.

3

E

ff

e ct o

f

Tota

l

Inor

g

a n

i

c

C

a r

b

o n

10 4

4

.

5

.

2

.

4

E

f f

ect o

f B

r o

m i d

e Io n

C

onc e ntrat

i

o n

1 12

4.

5

.

2

.

5

A g g

r e

g

ate

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s o n

w i

t

h

A l d

e

h y d

e

R

e su

l

ts

in

B

a s e

l i

n e

S

tu

d y

12 0

4

.

5

.

3

Pr e

-

C h l

_o

ri

_{n at}

i

_{o n}

/ C h lo r a

m i

_{n a}t

i

_{o n}

S

t_u

d y

12 4

4

.

5

.

3

.

1

E

f f

e ct o

f P

r e

-

_{C h l}

o

ri

nat

i

on

/

C h lo r a

m

i

n at

i

o n o n

C h lo r a

l

H y d

r ate For

m

at

i

o n

12 6

4.

5

.

3

.

2

E

ff

ect o

f

Pre

-

_{C h l}

o

ri

nat

i

o n

/

C h l

or a

m i

nat

i

on on

C y

a n o

_g

e n

C h l

o

ri d

e

F

o r

m

at

i

on

12 6

4

.

6

I m p l i

c at

i

on s o

f

F

i

n

d i

n

g

s

f

or

W

ater T re at

m

ent Pra ct

ic e

13 5

C

H

A P T E R 5

:

C O

N

C L

U

SI O

N

S A N D R E C O

M

M

E N

D

A T I O

N

S

13 8

5

.

1

C

onc

l

u s

i

on s

13 8

5

.

2

R

e c o

m m

en

da

t

i

o n s

14 0

R E F E R

E N C

E

S

14 3

A

P P

E N D

I

X A

D i

sin

fe c

t

i

o n

B y

-

_P

ro

d

u cts

D

ata

15 1

L I S T O F F I

G

U R E S

F i g

u re

P

a

_g

e

N

o.

1

.

1

C h

e

m i

ca

l

structu r e s o

f

c

h l

o r a

l h y d

rate an

d

c

y

ano

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

3

2

.

1

S

u r

f

a c e

w

ater n atu ra

l

or

g

an

i

c

m

ate

ri

a

l i

n

ri

v ers o

f

t

h

e

U

n

i

te

d Sta

te s

6

3

.

1

Sc

h

e

m

at

i

c

D i

a

g

r a

m

o

f B

u

l k

Wa

ter

St

u

d y

30

3

.

2

Sc

h

e

m

at

i

c

D i

a

g

ra

m

o

f

Ba se

l i

ne

S

tu

d y

32

3

.

3

Sc

h

e

m

at

i

c

D i

a

g

r a

m

o

f

Pre -

_{C h l}

o

ri

nat

i

on

_{/ C h l}

o ra

m i

n at

i

o n

St

u

d y

3 5

3

.

4

Sc

h

e

m

at

ic

D i

a

g

ra

m

o

f X A D

-

₈

_E

xtr a ction

Sy

ste

m

3 8

3

.

5

Sa

m

p l

e

C h

r o

m

ato

g

r a

m f

o r

C hl

ora

l H y d

r ate

4 6

3

.

6

Sa

m p l

e

Ca

l i b

r at

i

on

C

u rve

f

or

C h l

o r a

l

H

y d

r ate

4 7

3

.

7

Sa

m p l

e

C h

r o

m

ato

g

r a

m f

or

C y

ano

g

e n

C h l

o

ri d

e

5 0

3

.

8

Sa

m p l

e

C

a

l i b

r at

i

on

C

u r ve

f

or

C y

ano

g

en

C h lo

ri d

e

5 1

4

.

1

E

f f

e ct o

f

c

h l

o

ri

ne c onta ct t

i m

e on c

h l

o r a

l h y d

rate

f

or

m

atio n

i

n K

i

net

i

c

St

u

d y w i

t

h

M

_y

rtle

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

59

4

.

2

E f f

e ct o

f

c

h lo r a

m i

ne c o nta ct t

i m

e o n c

y

ano

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

o r

m

at

io n

i

n

K i

n et

i

c

St

u

d y w i

t

h

M

_y

r tle

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

60

4

.

3

C h l

ora

l h yd

r ate

f

or

m

at

i

on r e s u

l

tin

g f

r o

m p

o st

-_c

_{h l}

_o

_ri

_{n atio}

n o

f b

u

l k w

ate r s

w i

th

oz o nations at

1

:

1 0

₃:T

0 C

r at

i

o

6 3

4

.

4

N

o r

m

a

l i

z e

d

c

h l

or a

l h y d

r ate

f

or

m

at

i

o n r es u

l

t

i

n

g f

ro

m p

o st -_c

h l

o r

in a

t

io

n o

f b

u

l k

w

ate r s

w i t h

ozonat

i

o n s at

1

:

1 0

₃:

T 0 C

ratio

6 4

4

.

5

C y

a n o

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

at

i

on r e su

l

t

i

n

g f

ro

m p

o st -_c

_{h l}

_o

ra

m i

n ation o

f b

u

l k w

ate r s

w i

t

h

ozonat

i

ons at

1:

1 0

3:T

0 C

rat

i

o

66

4

.

6

N

o r

m

a

l i

ze

d

c

y

a n o

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

at

i

o n r e su

l

t

in

g f

ro

m

p

o st

-_c

_{h lo r a}

_{m i}

_{n at}

_i

_{o n o}

_f

4

.

7

A l d

e

h y d

e

f

o r

m

at

i

on r esu

l ti

n

g f

r o

m p

re

-_ozona

ti

_{on o}

f b

_u

l k w

_aters at

1

:

1 O

_ji

T O C

ra

ti

o

^

ro

m S

c

h

e c

h

ter ,

19 9 3

)

6 9

4

.

8

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

c

h l

o

ra

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m p

r e

-ozo n a

ti

o n

/p

o st

-c

h l

or

i

n a

ti

o n an

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c o n c e nt

ra

ti

o n

d

u e to

_p

re

-ozo n a

ti

o n o

f b

u

l k w

ate r s at

1

:

1 0

3:

T 0 C

ra

ti

o

7 0

4.

9

E

f f

ect o

f O

zon e :T

O C

ra

ti

o o n c

h

lo r a

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e s ul

ti

n

g fr

o

m p

o st

-c

h

lo

ri

n a

ti

o n

i

n Basel

i

n e

S

tu

d y

7 3

4

.

10

E f f

e ct o

f O

zo n e :

T O C

r a

ti

o o n c

h l

or a

l h y d

rate

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e su

l

t

i

n

g fr

o

m p

o st

-c

h l

o

ri

n a

ti

o n

i

n

B

ase

l i

ne

S

tu

d y

7 4

4

.

1 1

E

f f

ect o

f O

z one :T

O C

ra

ti

o o n c

y

a n o

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

on res u

l

t

i

n

g fr

o

m p

o st

-c

h l

or a

m

i

na

ti

on

i

n Ba s e

l in

e

S

tu

d y

7 7

4

.

12

E f f

e ct o

f O

zone :T

O C

ra

ti

o on c

y

ano

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

o r

m

a

ti

on res u

l ti

n

g f

r o

m p

o st

-c

h l

o

ra

m i

na

ti

on

i

n Ba s e

l i

ne

S

tu

d y

7 8

4

.

1 3

a

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

n or

m

a

l i

z e

d

c

h l

ora

l h y d

ra

te

y i

e

l d

s r e s u

l

t

in

g f

ro

m

c

h l

or

i

n a

ti

o n

i

n

Bul

k

W

ater

S

tu

d y

an

d

Ba s e

l i

ne

S

tu

d y

8 1

4

.

13 b

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

no r

m

a

l i

ze

d

c

hl

or a

l

h y d

ra

te

y i

e

l d

s

in

Bu

l k

W

ater

S

tu

d y

an

d

Ba s e

l i

n e

S

tu

d y

r esu

l ti

n

_{g f}

ro

m

ozon a

ti

o n at

1

:

1 0

₃:T

O C

ra

ti

o an

d

p

o st-_c

h l

_or

in

_a

ti

_{o n}

81

4

.

14

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

nor

m

a

l i

ze

d

c

y

a n o

g

e n c

hl

o

ri d

e

y i

e

l d

s r e s u

l ti

n

g

fr

o

m

p

o st

-c

h l

o r a

m i

na

ti

o n

i

n

B

u

l k

W

ate r

S

tu

_{d y}

an

d

B

a s e

l i

n e

S

tu

_{d y w i}

t

h

o z o n a

ti

o n s at

1

:

1

0

₃:T

0 C

ra

ti

o

82

4.

15

E

f f

e ct o

f

ozone

d

ose o n a

l d

e

h y d

e

f

o r

m

a

ti

on r e s u

l

t

in

g f

ro

m p

r e

-_{oz o na}

ti

_{o n o}

f

H

a c

k

e n s a c

k m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

i

n t

h

e

B

a s e

l i

n e

S

tu

d y

₍

F

r o

m S

c

h

e c

h

te r,

19 9 3

)

8

4

4

.

16

E f f

e ct o

f

ozo n e

d

o s e on a

l d

e

h y d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l ti

n

g f

r o

m

p

r e

-_{ozo n a}

ti

_{o n o}

f

C

o

l

o

ra

d

o R

iv

er

m

o

d

e

l w

ater

i

n t

h

e Bas e

l in

e

S

tu

d y

(

F ro

m

S

c

h

e c

h

te r,

1993

)

85

4

.

17

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

h l

o r a

l h y d

r ate

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m p

r e -_o

zo n a

ti

o n

_{/ p}

o st-_c

_{h l}

_{o r}

_i

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n a n}

_d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c onc en_t

ra

_ti

on

_d

ue to

_p

re-_o

zona

ti

on o

f

M

_y

rt

l

e Be a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

i

n

Ba s e

l i

n e

S

tu

d y

_{8 6}

4

.

1 8

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

h l

ora

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on

f

r o

m p

re

-_ozona

ti

_{o n}

/p

_{o st}-_c

h l

_o

ri

_na

ti

_{o n a n}

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c on cent

ra

ti

on

d

ue to

_p

r e-_{ozo n a}

ti

_{on o}

f P

_a

l m B

_{e a c}

h

m

_o

_d

_e

_{l w}

_{ate r}

i

_n

4

.

19

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

h l

o r a

l h y d

r ate

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m p

r e

-o z -o n a

ti

o n

/p

o st-_c

h l

_o

ri

_na

ti

_{on a n}

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c o n c e nt

ra

ti

o n

d

u e to

_p

r e-_{ozo n a}

ti

_{o n o}

f

H

_{a c}

k

_{e n s a c}

k m

_o

d

_e

l w

_{ate r}

in

Ba s e

l i

n e

S

tu

d y

8 8

4

.

2 0

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

h l

o

ra

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on

f

r o

m p

r e

-ozona

ti

o n

/p

o st-_ch

l

_o

ri

_{n a}

ti

_{o n a n}

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e co n c e n_t

ra

ti

o n

d

u e to

_p

r e-_{o z o n a}

ti

_{o n o}

f C

_o

l

_o

ra

d

_{o R}

i

_{v e r}

m

_o

d

_e

l w

_{ate r}

i

n Ba s e

l i

ne

Sti

i

d y

89

4.

2 1

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

y

a n o

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m

p

re

-o z -o n a

ti

o n

/ p

o st -c

h l

o r a

m i

n a

ti

o n a n

d

f

o r

m

al

d

eh

y d

e c o n cent

ra

ti

on

d

ue to

_p

re-_{o z o n a}

ti

_{o n o}

f

H

a c

k

ens a c

k m

o

d

e

l w

ater

i

n

B

a s e

l i

ne

St

u

d y

9 0

4

.

2 2

C

o

m

p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

y

a n o

g

e n c

hl

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

ro

m

p

r e

-_ozona

ti

_{o n}

/ p

_{o st}

-c

h l

o r a

m i

n a

ti

o n a n

d f

o r

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e c o n c e ntra

ti

o n

d

u e to

_p

re-_o

z o na

ti

on o

f C

o

l

or a

d

o

R

i

ver

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

i

n Ba s e

l i

n e

St

u

dy

9 1

4.

2 3

E f f

e ct o

f

T

O C

o n c

h l

ora

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on re su

l ti

n

g f

ro

m p

o st

-_c

h l

_o

ri

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n}

in

P

ar a

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y w i

t

h

M

_y

rt

l

e Be a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

9 4

4

.

2 4

E f f

e ct o

f T O C

o n c

h l

o r a

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on r e s u

l

t

in

g fr

o

m

p

o st

-_c

_{h l}

_{o r}

_{in a}

_ti

_{o n}

in

P

a r a

m

etri c

St

u

_{d y w i}

t

h C

o

l

o

ra

d

o

R i

v e r

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

95

4

.

2 5

E f f

e ct o

f

T

O C

on c

y

ano

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l

tin

g f

r o

m p

o st

-_c

_{h l}

_{o r a}

_{m i}

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n}

i

n

P

a r a

m

e_t

ri

c

S

tu

d y w i

th Co

lo

ra

d

o R

i

ve r

m

o

d

e

l w

ater

9 6

4

.

2 6

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

c

h l

o ra

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on

f

r o

m p

r e

-ozona

ti

on

/ p

o st

-c

h l

or

i

n a

ti

on a n

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c onc ent

ra

ti

on

d

u e to

_p

re

-oz o na

ti

o n o

f

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

w h

en T

O C

c onc entra

ti

o n

w

a s v a

ri

e

d i

n t

h

e

P

a r a

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y

9 7

4

.

2 7

E

f f

e ct o

f

ozo n a

ti

on

p H

on c

h l

ora

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on re su

l

tin

g

f

r o

m

p

o st

-c

h l

o r

in a

ti

on

in

P

a r a

m

etri c

St

u

d y w i

t

h

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

9 9

4

.

2

8

E f f

e ct o

f

ozona

ti

o n

p H

o n c

h l

ora

l h y

dra

te

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l

tin

g

fr

o

m

p

o st

-c

h l

o

ri

n a

ti

o n

i

n Pa ra

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y w i

t

h C

o

l

o

ra

d

o R

i

v e r

m

o

d

e

l w

ater

10 0

4

.

2 9

E f f

e ct o

f

ozona

ti

o n

p H

o n c

y

ano

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l

t

in

g fr

o

m p

o st

-c

h l

ora

m i

na

ti

o n

i

n

P

a

ra

m

et

ri

c

Stu

_{d y w i}

t

h

M

y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l

wate r

10 1

4

.

3 0

E

f f

e ct o

f

ozona

ti

on

p H

on c

y

ano

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

on re su

l ti

n

g f

r o

m p

o st

-c

h l

o

ra

m i

n a

ti

on

i

n

P

a r a

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y w i

_t

h C

o

l

o

ra

d

o R

iv e r

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

10 3

4

.

3

1

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

h l

o r a

l h y d

ra

te

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n

fr

o

m p

r e

-ozo n a

ti

o n

/

_p

o st

-c

h l

o

ri

n a

ti

o n a n

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c once nt

ra

ti

on

d

u e to

_p

re

-oz o na

ti

on o

f

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

4.

3

2 Co

m

p

ari s o n of c

y

a n oge n ch lori de

fo r

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m

p

re

-_{oz o n a}

ti

_on

/ p

_{o st}

-ch

l

o r a

m i

na

ti

on a n

d f

o r

m

al

d

e

h y d

e co n c e nti a

ti

on

d

u e to

_p

re-_o

zo n a

ti

on o

f

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l

wate r

w h

e n o z o n a

ti

o n _p

H w

a s v a

ri

e

d i

n _t

h

e

P

a r a

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y

106

4

.

33

E ff

e ct o

f T I C

o n c

h l

o r a

l h y d

r ate

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l

tin

g f

r o

m

p

o st

-c

h l

o

ri

n a

ti

o n

i

n

P

a r a

m

et

ri

c

Stu

_{d y w i}

t

h

M

_y

r

ti

e

B

e a c

h

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

107

4

.

3 4

E

ff

e ct o

f

T I

C

on c

h l

ora

l h y d

r at e

f

or

m

a

ti

on re su

l

t

in

g f

ro

m p

ost

-c

h l

or

i

n a

ti

on

i

n

Pa r a

m

et

ri

c Stu

d y w i

_{t h C}olo r ado R

iv e r

m

o

d

el

w

ate r 1

0 8

4

.

3 5

E f f

e ct o

f

T I

C

o n c

y

an o

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

on re su

l ti

n

g f

ro

m

p

o st -_c

_{h l}

_o

ra

m i

n a

ti

o n

i

n

P

ara

m

etri c

St

u

d y w i

t

h

M

_{y rt l}

e Be a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

1 10

4

.

3 6

E f f

ect o

f

T I

C

o n c

y

ano

g

en c

hl

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e su

l

t

in

g f

ro

m p

ost

-c

h l

or

i

na

ti

o n

a n

_{d p}

o st

-c

h l

o r a

m in

a

ti

o n

i

n

P

a r a

m

et

ri

c

S

tu

d

_{y w i}

th Co

l

o r a

d

o

R i

v e r

m

o

d

e

l w

ater

1 1 1

4

.

3 7

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

c

h l

o r a

l h y d

rate

f

or

m

a

ti

o n

f

r o

m p

re

-ozona

ti

o n

/ p

o st

-c

hl

or

i

na

ti

on an

d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c onc entr a

ti

o n

d

ue to

_p

r e-_{ozo n a}

ti

_{o n o}

f

M

_y

rt

l

_e

B

_{e a c}

h m

_o

d

e

l

w _{ate r}

w h

en

T

I

C

c o n c en_tra

ti

on

w

a s v a

ri

e

d i

n _t

h

e Para

m

et

ri

c

S

tu

d y

1 1

3

4

.

3 8

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

y

an o

g

en c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

on

f

ro

m

p

re

- _ozona

ti

_on

/ p

_{o st}

-c

h l

o r a

m i

na

ti

o n a n

d f

or

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e c onc entr a

ti

on

d

ue to

_p

r e-_o

zo n a

ti

on o

f

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r w

h

e n

T I C

c o n c e ntr a

ti

o n

w

a s v a

ri

e

d i

n t

h

e

P

a r a

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y

1 14

4

.

3 9

E f f

e ct o

f b

r o

m i d

e

i

o n con centr a

ti

o n o n c

h l

o r a

l h y d

r ate

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e su

l ti

n

g f

r o

m

p

o st-_c

_{h l}

_o

_ri

na

ti

on

i

n

P

ara

m

ed

i

c

Stu

_{d y w i}

t

h

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

1 15

4

.

4 0

E f f

e ct o

f b

ro

m i d

e

i

o n c o n c e ntr a

ti

o n o n c

h l

o r a

l h y d

rate

f

o r

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l

tin

g f

ro

m

p

o st-_c

_{h l}

_o

_ri

_{n a}

ti

_{o n}

_i

_n

_P

_{a r a}

_m

_et

_ri

_c

_St

_u

d y w i

t

h C

o

l

ora

d

o

R i

v e r

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

1 17

4

. 4

1

E

f f

e ct o

f b

ro

m i d

e

i

o n c o n c e ntra

ti

o n o n c

y

a n o

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

or

m

a

ti

o n r e s u

l ti

n

g

f

ro

m

_p

o st-_c

_{h l}

_o

ri

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n a n}

d p

o st-_c

_{h l}

_{o r a}

_{m i}

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n}

_i

_n

_P

_a

ra

m

et

ri

c

St

u

_{d y w i}

t

h

M

_y

rt

l

e

B

e a c

h m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

1 1

8

4

.

4 2

E f f

ect o

f b

ro

m i d

e

i

o n c o n c e ntra

ti

o n o n c

y

a n o

g

e n c

h l

o

ri d

e

f

o r

m

a

ti

on r e s u

l ti

n

g

f

ro

m p

o st-_c

h l

_o

ri

_{n a}

ti

_{on a n}

d p

o st-_c

h l

_ora

_{m i}

_{n a}

_ti

_{o n}

_i

_n

_P

_ara

_m

_et

_ri

_c

_St

u

d y w i

t

h C

o

l

o r a

d

o

R

i

ver

m

o

d

e

l w

ater

1 19

4

.

4 3

C

o

m p

a

ri

s on o

f

c

h l

ora

l h y d

rate

f

or

m

a

ti

on

f

r o

m p

r e

-_ozona

_ti

_{o n}

/ p

o st-_c

h l

_o

_ri

_{n a}

ti

_{o n a n}

_d

a c eta

l d

e

h y d

e c o n c en _{tr a}

_ti

on

_d

u e to

_p

r e-_o

zo n a

ti

o n o

f

M

_y

rtle

B

e a c

h

m

o

d

e

l w

ate r

w h

en

B

r

-c on centra

ti

o n

w

a s va

ri

e

d i

n _t

_h

e

P

ar a

m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y

12 1

4.4

4

C

o

m

pa

ri

s o n o

f

c

y

a n oge n ch lori

d

e

f

o r

m

at

i

o n

f

r o

m

p

re

-oz o n a

ti

o n

/ p

o st -c

h l

ora

m i

na

ti

o n an

d f

o r

m

a

l d

e

h y d

e c onc ent

ra

ti

on

d

u e to

_p

re-_o

zon a

ti

o n o

f

M

_y

rtle

B

e a c

h

m

o

d

e

l w

ater w

h

e n

B

r- _{c o}

nc ent

ra

ti

o n

w

a s va

ri

e

d i

n the

Pa

ra m

et

ri

c

St

u

d y

12 2

4

.

4 5

C

o

m p

a

ri

s o n o

f

c

h l

o

ra

l h y d

ra

te

f

or

m

a

ti

on

f

ro

m p

o st

-c

h l

or

i

na

ti

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s stu

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f

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_{Sy m}

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9 7 5

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.

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n t

h

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, w

i

t

h

c o nce n tr at

i

o ns ran

g i

n

g f

r om

0

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0 1

to

5

u

g / L

(

K

e

i

t

h

,

19 7 6

)

.

A f

te r the

d is c o v e r

_y

o

f T H

M

s_, a s

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n

i f

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m

ou nt o

f

r esear ch

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n the

d

r

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n

k i

n

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l d

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d

on

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d

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c

h l

or

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nat

i

n

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l h

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d

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enate

d D

B Ps. T

h

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D

B Ps in clude the T

H

M

s_, the halo a c etic a c

i d

s

(

H A

A s

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, c

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l

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h

e