ChemDataBooklet.pdf

Chemistry data booklet

4019a Printed in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire

First published March 2007 Revised edition published September 2008

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1. Some relevant equations

1

2. Physical constants and unit conversions

1

3. The electromagnetic spectrum

1

4. Names of the elements

2

5. The periodic table

3

6. Melting points and boiling points of the elements

4

7. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the

5

elements

8. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

6

9. Covalent bond lengths

7

10. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K

7

11. Organic compounds—thermodynamic data

8

12. Enthalpies of combustion

9

13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values)

10

14. Standard electrode potentials

12

15. Strengths of organic acids and bases

13

16. Acid–base indicators

14

17. Infrared data

15

18.

1

_{H NMR data}

₁₆

19. 2-Amino acids

17

20. Structural formulas of some medicines and drugs

19

21. Structural formulas of some biological molecules

21

22. Structural formulas of some food chemistry molecules

22

23. References

24

Notes

1. Some relevant equations

0 10

log =

Ea

RT

k

Ae

k A

ln =– Ea +ln

RT

F IȜ

PV

nRT

_'

_G

Ö

_'

_H

Ö

_'

_{T S}

Ö

q

=

mc

ǻ

T

E=hf

2. Physical constants and unit conversions

Avogadro’s constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 _mol–1 Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K–1 _mol–1

Molar volume of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1.01 × 105 _{Pa = 2.24 × 10}–2 _m3 _mol–1 _{(= 22.4 dm}3 _mol–1₎ Planck’s constant (h) = 6.63 × 10–34 _{J s}

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg–1 _K–1 _{(= 4.18 J g}–1 _K–1₎ Ionic product constant for water (Kw) = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K 1 atm = 1.01 × 105 _Pa

1 dm3 _{= 1 litre = 1 × 10}–3 _m3 _{= 1 × 10}3 _cm3

3. The electromagnetic spectrum

10–16 ₁₀–14 ₁₀–12 ₁₀–10 ₁₀–8 ₁₀–6 ₁₀–4 ₁₀–2 ₁₀0 ₁₀2 ₁₀4 ₁₀6 ₁₀8

ȖUD\V X rays UV IR microwaves radio waves

wavelength / m Energy

V I B G Y O R

4. Names of the elements

Element Symbol Atomic

number Element Symbol numberAtomic

5. T

he pe

rio

di

c t

ab

le

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 1 _H 1.01

2 _{He 4.00}

2 3 _Li 6.94 4 _Be 9.01 5 _B 10.81 6 _C 12.01 7 _N 14.01 8 _O 16.00 9 _F 19.00

10 _{Ne 20.18}

3

11 _Na

22.99

12 _Mg

24.31

13 _{Al 26.92} 14 Si _28.09 15 P _30.97 16 S _32.06 17 _{Cl 35.45} 18 _{Ar 39.95}

4

19 K _39.10

20 _Ca

40.08

21 _Sc

44.96

22 Ti _47.90

23 V _50.94 24 _{Cr 52.00} 25 _{Mn 54.94} 26 _{Fe 55.85} 27 _{Co 58.93} 28 Ni _58.71

29 _{Cu 63.55} 30 _{Zn 65.38} 31 _{Ga 69.74} 32 _{Ge 72.59} 33 _{As 74.92} 34 _{Se 78.96} 35 _{Br 79.91} 36 _{Kr 83.80}

5 37 _Rb 85.47 38 _Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91

40 _{Zr 91.22} 41 _{Nb 92.91} 42 _{Mo 95.94} 43 _{Tc 98.91} 44 _Ru 101.07 45 _Rh 102.91 46 _Pd 106.42 47 _Ag 107.87 48 _Cd 112.41 49 In 114.82 50 _Sn 118.69 51 _Sb 121.75 52 _Te 127.60 53 I 126.90 54 _Xe 131.30 6 55 _Cs 132.91 56 _Ba 137.33 57 † La _138.91 72 _Hf 178.49 73 _Ta 180.95 74 W 183.85 75 _Re 186.21 76 _Os 190.23 77 Ir 192.22 78 Pt 195.09 79 _Au 196.97 80 _Hg 200.59 81 Tl 204.37 82 _Pb 207.19 83 Bi 208.98

84 _{Po 210} 85 _At 209.99 86 _Rn 222.02 7 87 _Fr 223.02 88 _Ra 226.03 89 ‡ Ac _227.03

104 Rf 260 105 Db _262.1

1

106 Sg _266.12 107 Bh _264.12 108 Hs _269.13 109 Mt _268.13

† 58 _Ce 140.12 59 _Pr 140.91 60 _Nd 144.24 61 _Pm 144.91 62 _Sm 150.35 63 _Eu 151.96 64 _Gd 157.25 65 _Tb 158.93 66 _Dy 162.50 67 _Ho 164.93 68 _Er 167.26 69 _Tm 168.93 70 _Yb 173.04 71 _Lu 174.97 ‡ 90 _Th 232.04 91 _Pa 231.04 92 U 238.03 93 _Np 239.05 94 _Pu 239.05 95 _Am 243.06 96 _Cm 247.07 97 _Bk 247.07 98 _Cf 252.08 99 _Es 254.09

100 _{Fm 253.09} 101 _{Md 257.10} 102 No _255.09 103 Lr 257

Atomic number Element

Relative atomic

6. M

el

tin

g po

in

ts a

nd bo

ili

ng po

in

ts o

f t

he e

le

m

en

ts

14 H 20 1 _He 4

454 Li ₁₆₁₅ 1551 Be 3243 2573 B 2823 3925 C 5100 63 N 77 55 O 90 53 F 85 25 _Ne 27

371 Na 1156 922 Mg 1380 933 Al ₂₇₄₀ 1683 Si 2628 317 P 553 392 S 718 172 Cl 238 84 _Ar 87

336 K ₁₀₃₃

11

12

Ca 1757 1814 Sc 3104 1933 Ti 3560 2163 V 3653 2130 Cr 2943 1517 Mn 2235 1808 Fe 3023 1768 Co 3143 1728 Ni 3003 1356 Cu 2840 693 Zn 1180 303 Ga 2676 1210 Ge 3103 1090 As 886 490 Se 958 266 Br 332 116 Kr 121

312 Rb 959 1042 Sr 1657 1795 Y 361

1

2125 Zr 4650 2740 Nb 5015 2883 Mo 5833 2445 Tc 5150 2583 Ru 4173 2239 Rh 4000 1827 Pd 3243 1235 Ag 2485 594 Cd 1038 429 In ₂₃₅₃ 505 Sn ₂₅₄₃ 904 Sb ₂₀₂₃ 723 Te ₁₂₆₃ 387 I 457 161 Xe 166

302 Cs 942 998 Ba ₁₉₁₃ 1194 La 3730 2500 Hf 4875 3269 Ta 5700 3683 W 5933 3453 Re 5900 2973 Os 5570 2683 Ir 4403 2045 Pt 4100 1337 Au 3353 234 Hg 630 577 Tl ₁₇₃₀ 601 Pb 2013 544 Bi ₁₈₃₃ 527 Po ₁₂₃₅ 575 At 610 202 Rn 211

300 Fr 950 973 Ra 1413 1323 Ac 3473

Melting point / K

Element

7. F

irs

t i

on

iz

at

io

n e

ne

rg

y, e

le

ct

ro

n a

ff

in

it

y a

nd e

le

ct

ro

ne

ga

tiv

it

y o

f t

he e

le

m

en

ts

1312 –73

H 2.2

2372

He

520 –60

Li 1.0

900

Be 1.6

801 –27

B 2.0

1086 –122

C 2.6

1402

N 3.0

1314 –141

+798

O 3.4

1681 –328

F 4.0

2081

Ne

496 –53

Na 0.9

738

Mg 1.3

578 –42

Al 1.6

789 –134

Si 1.9

1012 –72

P 2.2

1000 –200

+640 _S

2.6

1251 –349

Cl 3.2

1521

Ar

419 –48

K 0.8

590 –2

Ca 1.0

631 –18

Sc 1.4

658 –8

Ti 1.5

650 –51

V 1.6

653 –64

Cr 1.7

717

Mn 1.6

759 –15

Fe 1.8

758 –64

Co 1.9

737 –1

12

Ni 1.9

746 –1

19

Cu 1.9

906

Zn 1.7

579 –41

Ga 1.8

762 –1

19

Ge 2.0

947 –79

As 2.2

941 –195

Se 2.6

1140 –325

Br 3.0

1351

Kr

403 47

Rb 0.8

550 –5

Sr 1.0

616 -30

Y 1.2

660 –41

Zr 1.3 664 –86

Nb 1.6 685 –72

Mo 2.2

702 –53

Tc 2.1

71

1 –101 Ru 2.2

720 –1

10

Rh 2.3

805 –54

Pd 2.2

731 –126

Ag 1.9

868

Cd 1.7

558 –29

In 1.8

709 –107

Sn 2.0

834 –101

Sb 2.1

869 –190

Te 2.1

1008 –295

I _2.7

1170

Xe

376 –46

Cs 0.8

503 –14

Ba 0.9

538 –45

La 1.1

680

Hf 1.3 761 –31

Ta 1.5

770 –79

W 1.7

760 –14

Re 1.9

840 –106

Os 2.2

880 –151

Ir 2.2

870 – 205

Pt 2.2

890 –223

Au 2.4

1007

Hg 1.9

589 –19

Tl 1.8

716 –35

Pb 1.8

703 –91

Bi 1.9

812 –183

Po 2.0 –270 At 2.2

1037

Rn

393 –44

Fr 0.7

509 –10

Ra 0.9

499 –34

Ac 1.1 )LUVW LRQL]DWLRQ HQHU J\ (OHFWU RQ DI¿QLW\ N-PRO –1 kJ mol –1 2

nd EA

/ kJ mol

–1

Element

8. A

to

m

ic a

nd i

on

ic r

ad

ii o

f t

he e

le

m

en

ts

30 H 154 (1– ) He

152 Li _{68 (1+)}

1 12 Be 30 (2+) 88 B 16 (3+) 77 C 260 (4–) 70 N 171 (3–) 66 O 146 (2–) 64 F 133 (1–) Ne 186 Na 98 (1+) 160 Mg 65 (2+) 143 Al 45 (3+) 1 17 Si

42 (4+) 271 (4–)

1 10 P 212 (3–) 104 S 190 (2–) 99 Cl 181 (1–) Ar 231 K 133 (1+) 197 Ca 94 (2+)

160 Sc _{81 (3+)} 146 Ti

90 (2+) 68 (4+)

131 V _{88 (2+)}

125 Cr _{63 (3+)} 129 Mn

80 (2+) 60 (4+)

126 Fe 76 (2+) 64 (3+)

125 Co 74 (2+) 63 (3+)

124 Ni 72 (2+) 128 Cu

96 (1+) 69 (2+) 133 Zn 74 (2+) 141 Ga 62 (3+) 122 Ge 53 (4+) 272 (4–) 121 As 222 (3–) 1 17 Se 202 (2–) 1 14 Br 196 (1–) Kr

244 Rb _{148 (1+)}

215 Sr 110 (2+) 180 Y 93 (3+)

157 Zr _{80 (4+)}

141

Nb

72 (3+) 64 (5+) 136 Mo _{68 (4+)} 135 Tc _{65 (4+) 37 (7+)}

133 Ru _{68 (3+) 62 (4+)} 134 Rh _{67 (3+) 60 (4+)} 138 Pd _{86 (2+) 62 (4+)}

144 Ag 126 (1+) 149 Cd 97 (2+) 166 In 81 (3+) 162 Sn 112 (2+) 71 (4+)

141 Sb 245 (3–) 137 Te 222 (2–) 133 I 219 (1–) Xe 262 Cs 167 (1+) 217 Ba 134 (2+)

188 La _{115 (3+)}

157

Hf

76 (4+)

143 Ta _{64 (5+) 72 (6+)}

137 W 66 (4+) 42 (6+) 137 Re _{63 (4+) 38 (7+)} 134 Os _{63 (4+) 39 (8+)}

135

Ir

68 (3+) 63 (4+)

138 Pt _{80 (2+) 63 (4+)}

144 Au 137 (1+) 85 (3+)

152 Hg 127 (1+) 110 (2+)

171 Tl

150 (1+) 93 (3+)

175 Pb 120 (2+) 84 (4+) 170 Bi 120 (3+) 76 (5+) 140 Po

94 (4+) 67 (6+)

140 At

62 (7+) Rn 270 Fr 180 (1+) 220 Ra 148 (2+) 188 Ac 112 (3+) Atomic

radius / –1210

m

Element

Ionic radius / –12 10

9. Covalent bond lengths

Bond Bond length / nm Bond Bond length / nm

H–H C–C C=C C{C

C C (in benzene) Si–Si

N–N N=N N{N P–P O–O O=O S–S S=S F–F Cl–Cl Br–Br I–I 0.074 0.154 0.134 0.120 0.140 0.235 0.145 0.120 0.110 0.221 0.148 0.121 0.205 0.189 0.142 0.199 0.228 0.267 C–H Si–H N–H P–H O–H S–H F–H Cl–H Br–H I–H C–O C=O C–N C=N C{N C–F C–Cl C–Br C–I Si–O 0.108 0.148 0.101 0.144 0.096 0.134 0.092 0.127 0.141 0.161 0.143 0.120 0.147 0.130 0.116 0.138 0.177 0.194 0.214 0.161

10. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K

Bond ǻH / kJ mol–1 _{Bond ǻH / kJ mol}–1

H–H C–C C=C C{C

C C (benzene) Si–Si

11. Organic compounds—thermodynamic data

Substance Formula State

'

H

f

Ö /

kJ mol–1

'

G

f

Ö / kJ mol–1

S

Ö / J K–1 _mol–1

12

. E

nt

ha

lp

ie

s o

f c

om

bu

st

io

n

T he v al ue s o f t he m ol ar e nt ha lp y o f c om bu st io n c ( ) H ' in t he f ol lo w in g t ab le r ef er t

o a t

em pe ra tu re o f 2

98 K a

nd a p

re ss ur e o f 1 .0 1 × 1 0

5 P

a ( 1 a tm ). Su b st a n c e Fo rm u la St a te c

H

'

/ k J m o l –1 Su b st a n c e Fo rm u la St a te c

H

'

/ k J m o l –1

hydrogen sulfur carbon (graphite) carbon monoxide methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane octane cyclohexane ethene buta-1,3-diene ethyne benzene methylbenzene naphthalene chloroethane bromoethane iodoethane (chloromethyl)benzene trichloromethane methanol ethanol H2 S C CO CH

4 C2 H6 C3 H8 C4 H10 C5 H12 C6 H14 C8 H18 C6 H12 C2 H4 C4 H6 C2 H2 C6 H6 C6 H5 CH 3 C10 H8 C2 H5 Cl C2 H5 Br C2 H5 I C6 H5 CH 2 Cl CHCl 3 CH 3 OH C2 H5 OH

g s s g g g g g l l l l g g g l l s g l l l l l l

–286 –297 –394 –283 –890 _{–1560 –2219 –2877 –3509 –4163 –5470 –3920 –141}

1

–2541 –1301 –3267 –3910 –5156 –1413 –1425 –1467 –3709 –474 –726 –1367 propan-1-ol butan-1-ol cyclohexanol phenol ethoxyethane methanal ethanal benzaldehyde propanone pentan-3-one phenylethanone methanoic acid ethanoic acid benzoic acid ethanedioic acid ethyl ethanoate ethanamide methylamine ethylamine phenylamine nitrobenzene urea glucose sucrose C3 H7 OH C4 H9 OH C6 H11 OH C6 H5 OH (C2 H5 )2 O HCHO CH 3 CHO C6 H5 CHO (CH 3 )2 CO (C2 H5 )2 CO CH 3 COC 6 H5 HCOOH CH 3 COOH C6 H5 COOH (COOH) 2 CH 3 COOC 2 H5 CH 3 CONH 2 CH 3 NH 2 C2 H5 NH 2 C6 H5 NH 2 C6 H5 NO 2 CO(NH 2 )2 C6 H12 O6 C12 H22 O11

1 1 s s l g g l l l l l l s s l s g g l l s s s

13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and

theoretical values)

The lattice enthalpy values

(

'

H

_latticeÖ

)

given relate to the endothermic process for a solid crystal breaking into gaseous ions.

For example, for an alkali metal halide: 0;Vĺ0+_{(g) + X}–_(g)

Experimental values

The data in these two tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.

Alkali metal halides

lattice

'HÖ _{/ kJ mol}–1

F Cl Br I

Li Na K Rb Cs

1049 930 829 795 759

864 790 720 695 670

820 754 691 668 647

764 705 650 632 613

Other

substances 'Hlattice Ö

/ kJ mol–1

Other substances 'Hlattice

Ö _{/ kJ mol}–1

CaF2 BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2 MgO CaO SrO BaO

2651 3033 2540 2271 2170 2069 3791 3401 3223 3054

CuCl2 AgF AgCl AgBr AgI

Theoretical values

These two tables contain lattice enthalpies calculated from electrostatic principles on the basis of a purely ionic model for the crystal.

Alkali metal halides

lattice

'HÖ / kJ mol–1

F Cl Br I

Li Na K Rb Cs

1030 910 808 774 744

834 769 701 680 657

788 732 671 651 632

730 682 632 617 600

Other

substances 'Hlattice

Ö _{/ kJ mol}–1

Other substances 'Hlattice Ö

/ kJ mol–1

CaF2 MgO CaO SrO BaO

2640 3795 3414 3217 3029

AgF AgCl AgBr AgI

14. Standard electrode potentials

Oxidized species Reduced species

_E

Ö _{/ V}

Li+_{(aq) + e}– _{Li(s) –3.04}

K+_{(aq) + e}– _{K(s) –2.93}

Ca2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Ca(s) –2.87}

Na+_{(aq) + e}– _{Na(s) –2.71}

Mg2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Mg(s) –2.37} Al3+_{(aq) + 3e}– _{Al(s) –1.66} Mn2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Mn(s) –1.19} H2O(l) + e– ½H2(g) + OH–(aq) –0.83 Zn2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Zn(s) –0.76} Fe2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Fe(s) –0.45} Ni2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Ni(s) –0.26} Sn2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Sn(s) –0.14} Pb2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Pb(s) –0.13}

H+_{(aq) + e}– _½H

2(g) 0.00

Cu2+_{(aq) + e}– _Cu+_{(aq) +0.15} SO42–_{(aq) + 4H}+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17} Cu2+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{Cu(s) +0.34}

½O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e– 2OH–(aq) +0.40

Cu+_{(aq) + e}– _{Cu(s) +0.52}

½I2(s) + e– _I–_{(aq) +0.54} Fe3+_{(aq) + e}– _Fe2+_{(aq) +0.77}

Ag+_{(aq) + e}– _{Ag(s) +0.80}

½Br2(l) + e– Br–(aq) +1.07

½O2(g) + 2H+_{(aq) + 2e}– _{H2O(l) +1.23} Cr2O72–_{(aq) + 14H}+_{(aq) + 6e}– _2Cr3+_{(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33}

½Cl2(g) + e– Cl–(aq) +1.36 MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51

15. Strengths of organic acids and bases

The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pKa values, where pKa = –log10Ka.

The dissociation constant Ka values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K. Base strengths are given in terms of pKb values.

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic ethanoic propanoic butanoic

2-methylpropanoic pentanoic

2,2-dimethylpropanoic benzoic

phenylethanoic

HCOOH

CH3COOH

CH3CH2COOH

CH3(CH2)2COOH

(CH3)2CHCOOH

CH3(CH2)3COOH

(CH3)3CCOOH

C6H5COOH

C6H5CH2COOH

3.75 4.76 4.87 4.83 4.84 4.83 5.03 4.20 4.31

Halogenated carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

chloroethanoic dichloroethanoic trichloroethanoic

ÀXRURHWKDQRLF

bromoethanoic iodoethanoic

CH2ClCOOH

CHCl2COOH

CCl3COOH

CH2FCOOH

CH2BrCOOH

CH2ICOOH

2.87 1.35 0.66 2.59 2.90 3.18

Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol 2-nitrophenol 3-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol 2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4,6-trinitrophenol

C6H5OH

O2NC6H4OH

O2NC6H4OH

O2NC6H4OH

(O2N)2C6H3OH

(O2N)3C6H2OH

Alcohols

Name Formula pKa

methanol ethanol

CH3OH

C2H5OH

15.5

1

5.5

Amines

Name Formula pKb

ammonia methylamine ethylamine dimethylamine trimethylamine diethylamine triethylamine phenylamine

NH3

CH3NH2

CH3CH2NH2

(CH3)2NH

(CH3)3N

(C2H5)2NH

(C2H5)3N

C6H5NH2

4.75 3.34 3.35 3.27 4.20 3.16 3.25 9.13

16. Acid–base indicators

Indicator pKa pH range Colour change

Acid Alkali

methyl orange bromophenol blue bromocresol green methyl red

bromothymol blue phenol red

phenolphthalein

3.46 4.10 4.90 5.00 7.30 8.00 9.50

3.2–4.4 3.0–4.6 3.8–5.4 4.8–6.0 6.0–7.6 6.6–8.0 8.2–10.0

red yellow yellow red yellow yellow colourless

17. Infrared data

Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.

Bond Organic molecules Wavenumber / cm–1

C–I

C–Br

C–Cl

C–F

C–O

C=C

C=O

C{C

O–H

C–H

O–H

N–H

iodoalkanes

bromoalkanes

chloroalkanes

ÀXRURDONDQHV

alcohols, esters, ethers

alkenes

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters

alkynes

hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

hydrogen bonding in alcohols and phenols

primary amines

490–620

500–600

600–800

1000–1400

1050–1410

1610–1680

1700–1750

2100–2260

2500–3300

2850–3100

3200–3600

18.

H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shift values (G) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0. R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.

These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.

Type of proton Chemical shift / ppm

CH3 0.9–1.0

CH₂ R _1.3–1.4

CHR2 1.4–1.6

C O

RO CH₂ 2.0–2.5

C

R CH₂

O

2.2–2.7

CH₃ 2.5–3.5

C C H 1.8–3.1

CH₂ Hal _3.5–4.4

O CH₂

R _3.3–3.7

C O

R O CH₂ 3.8–4.1

C O

R O H 9.0–13.0

R O H 4.0–12.0

HC CH_{2 4.5–6.0}

OH 4.0–12.0

H 6.9–9.0

C O

H

19. 2-Amino acids

Common name Symbol Structural formula pH of isoelectric _point

alanine Ala H2N CH

CH3

COOH

6.0

arginine Arg

H₂N CH

CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH C NH

NH2 COOH

10.8

asparagine Asn

H2N CH CH₂

COOH C O

NH₂ 5.4

aspartic acid Asp H2N CH CH2

COOH

COOH 2.8

cysteine Cys H2N CH

CH2

COOH

SH 5.1

glutamic acid Glu H2N CH CH2

COOH

CH2 COOH 3.2

glutamine Gln

H₂N CH CH₂

COOH CH₂ C

O

NH₂ 5.7

glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH 6.0

histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

N N

COOH

H

7.6

isoleucine Ile

H₂N CH

CH

H3C

COOH

CH2 CH3 6.0

leucine Leu

H2N CH

CH₂

CH

H3C CH3

COOH

6.0

lysine Lys

H2N CH CH₂

COOH

Common name Symbol Structural formula pH of isoelectric _point

methionine Met

H₂N CH

CH₂ CH2 S CH3

COOH H₂N CH

CH₂ CH₂ S CH₃ COOH

5.7

phenylalanine Phe

H₂N CH

CH₂

COOH

5.5

proline Pro HN

COOH

6.3

serine Ser H2N CH

CH₂

COOH

OH 5.7

threonine Thr H2N CH

CH

COOH

H3C OH 5.6

tryptophan Trp

H₂N CH

CH₂

N

COOH

H

5.9

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH₂

OH

COOH

5.7

valine Val H2N CH

CH

COOH

CH3

20. Structural formulas of some medicines

and drugs

C OH O

O C

H3C O

OH

N

H C O

CH₃ H3C C COOH

H H₂C C

CH3

H CH₃

aspirin paracetamol (acetaminophen) ibuprofen

O OH

OH N

H₂

C CH₂

H3C

O OH

O N

H₂

C CH₂

H3C

CH3

O O

O N

H₂

C CH₂

H3C

C

C CH3

O

CH₃

O

morphine codeine diamorphine (heroin)

CH2 CH CH3

NH2

HO

HO CH

OH

CH2

N

CH3

H

N

N N

N O

O H3C

CH3

CH3

amphetamine epinephrine (adrenaline) caffeine

N

N

CH3 N

O

S _CH

3

CH3

C

HO O

H N C R

O

N N

H3C _O

Cl

nicotine penicillin

N

N O

O₂N

H

nitrazepam (Mogadon®₎

N

N

H N

N O

H₂N

CH₂ O

CH2 H₂C

OH

N H

indole

acyclovir

N

O O

H₃C O O

CH3

NH N

CH₃

C N

O

CH2

H₃C

CH₂

H₃C

cocaine lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

F3C

O CH2

CH₂ NH2+

CH₃

Cl_

fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac®₎

CH₃

O

OH

H3C CH3

CH2 CH₂

CH2 CH₂

CH3

N O

O

NH O

O

thalidomide

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

_

N H P

O O

O H

CH₂ CH₂

N+

H

H3C CH3 H3CO

H3CO

OCH3

CH2

CH2

NH2

mescaline

Pt Cl

Cl

NH3

NH₃

cisplatin

21. Structural formulas of some biological molecules

O

O

CH₂OH

HO

H OH H

H

OH H

O

CH₂OH

H

H OHH

OH H

OH H

H

O

O

CH₂OH

H

H OH H

HO

OH H

O

CH_{2 H}

CH2OH

H

OH H HO H HO

lactose sucrose

CH₃

CH₃ CH3 CH

CH C

CH₃

CH CH CH C

CH₃

CH CH2 OH

retinol (vitamin A)

O O

OH

OH HC

CH2

HO HO

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

HO

CH₃

CH3 H C H₃C CH₂

CH2 CH₂

CH CH3

CH₃

cholesterol

HC CH

CH3 H C H₃C CH₂

CH2 CH₂

CH CH₃

CH₃

CH₂

HO

vitamin D

HO

CH3 OH

O

CH3 C

CH3

H₃C O

O

CH3 OH

CH3

HO

HO CH

OH

CH2

N H

CH3

O I

I

I

I

HO CH₂ CH C OH

O

NH2

epinephrine (adrenaline) thyroxine

N HC

N C

C C

N CH N NH₂

H

N C

N C

C C

N CH N O

H H2N

H

N C

N CH CH C NH₂

O H

adenine guanine cytosine

N C

N CH

CH C O

O H H

N C

N CH C C O

O H

H CH₃

uracil thymine

22. Structural formulas of some food chemistry

molecules

Natural pigments

Anthocyanins

O

R

OH

R O

OH

O glucose

O

R

OH

R HO

OH

O glucose

+

Carotenes

CH₃ CH

CH C

CH3

CH CH CH C

CH3

CH CH CH CH C

CH₃ CH

CH CH C

CH₃ CH

CH H3C

H₃C CH₃

CH3 H3C

ĮFDURWHQH

CH₃ CH

CH C

CH3

CH CH CH C

CH3

CH CH CH CH C

CH3 CH

CH CH C

CH3 CH

CH H3C

H₃C CH₃

CH3 H3C

ȕFDURWHQH

Porphyrins

N HC

N CH N N

Fe

CH₃

H3C C H H₂C

H3C

H₂C CH2 OH O

CH3 CH₂ H₂C

HO _O

CH H₂C

N HC

N CH N N

Mg R HC CH2

H₃C

H3C H

H₂C H

CH₂ C

O O

C₂₀H₃₉

CH2 CH₃

H C

O O

CH3 O

R=CH3(Chlorophyll a) R=CHO (Chlorophyll b)

CH3

heme B chlorophyll

Preservatives

OH

O CH3

C CH₃

CH3 CH3

OH C CH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

OH

CH3

C C

CH₃ CH3

H₃C H3C

CH3

CH3

2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA)

3-tert -butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA)

Fatty acids

Fatty acid Formula

Octanoic acid CH3(CH2)6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH2)10COOH Stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH2)7&+ő&+&+2)7COOH Linoleic acid CH3(CH2)4&+ő&+&+2)2(CH2)6COOH Linolenic acid CH3CH2&+ő&+&+2)3(CH2)6COOH

23. References

The data in tables 4–16 can be found in the following three sources.

Lide, DR. 2008. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, USA. CRC Press. Copyright 2008 by CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. David R Lide. Reproduced by permission from Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, a division of Informa plc.

NVON. 2007. Binas. English Edition. Groningen, The Netherlands. Wolters–Noordhoff.

Royal Society of Chemistry. 2002. Royal Society of Chemistry Electronic Data Book CD-Rom. London, UK. Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

For tables 17 and 18, in addition to the sources above, the data were informed by the following. Aylward, G and Findlay, T. 2002. SI Chemical Data. 5th Edition. Queensland, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.

Clugston, M and Flemming, R. 2000. Advanced Chemistry. Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press.