© 2018 IJSRST | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology
dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= ,oa mldh lkekftd O;oLFkk
Lusgk
'kks/kPNk=k
laLd`r foHkkx
bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru ds bfrgkl esa dkSfVY; ,d ,slk uke gS] ftlds O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo nksuksa esa foy{k.krk gSA dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= dbZ lUnHkksZa esa nq:g gkss gq, Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk] lkekftd O;oLFkk] U;k; O;oLFkk] iz'kklu vkSj jktuhfr ij fy[kh xbZ ,d mRd`"V d`fr gSA bls jktuhfr'kkL=] lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL= ,oa fof/k'kkL= dk fo'odks"k Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA dkSfVy; ds fcuk Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u viw.kZ ,oa v/kwjk le>k tk;sxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr ds yxHkx lHkh fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~;Øeksa esa dkSfVY; ds jktuhfrd o lkekftd fopkjksa dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA
dkSfVY; dk ukedj.k] tUefrfFk vkSj tUeLFkku rhuksa gh fookn ds fo"k; jgs gSaA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL= ds izFke vuqoknd ia0 'kkek'kkL=h us dkSfVY; uke dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA dkSfVY; uke dh izkekf.kdrk dks fl) djus ds fy, ia0 'kkek'kkL=h us fo".kq iqjk.k esa dgk gS&
rkUunku~ dkSVY;ks czkã.kLleq)jf";frA
dkSfVY; dh d`fr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh dbZ fo}kuksa esa dkQh erHksn ik;k tkrk gSA dkSfVY; dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ d`fr ^vFkZ'kkL=* dh ppkZ loZ= feyrh fdUrq vU; jpukvksa ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fo'ks"k mYys[k ugha feyrkA ;|fi ^/kkrqdkSfVY;k*] ^jktuhfr* uked jpukvksa ds lkFk dkSfVY; dk uke tksM+k x;k gSA dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= Hkh jkt'kkL= ds :i esa fy;k x;k gksxk D;ksafd dkSfVY; us dgk gS&
euq";k.kka o`fÙkjFkZ%A
vFkkZr~ euq";ksa dh thfodk dks vFkZ dgrs gSaA iqu% vFkZ'kkL= dh O;k[;k djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk gS fd&
rL;k i`fFkO;k ykHkikyuksik;% 'kkL=eFkZ'kkL=fefrA
vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk 'kkL= dguk mi;qDr ugha gksxkA okLro esa ;g vFkZO;oLFkk] jktO;oLFkk] fof/k O;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk vkSj /keZ O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr 'kkL= gSA
pk.kD; fojfpr vFkZ'kkL= laLd`r esa jktuhfr fo"k; ij ,d foy{k.k xzUFk gSA vkpk;Z dkSfVY; dk egkO;fDrÙo ,d ikjaxr jktuhfrK ds :i esa ekS;Z lkezkT; ds foiqy ;'k ds lkFk ,dizk.k gksdj] ,d vksj rks Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd bfrgkl esa viuh dhfrZ dFkk dks vej cuk, j[kk nwljh vksj viuh vrqyuh;] vn~Hkqr d`fr ds dkj.k laLd`r lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa vius fo"k; dk ,dek= fo}ku gksus dk xkSjo mUgsa izkIr gSA bu vk/kkjHkwr [kwfc;ksa ds dkj.k gh vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ds uke&egkRE; dh dFkk,a iqjk.kksa ls ysdj dkO; ukVd vkSj dks"k&xzUFkksa esa loZ= ifjO;kIr gSaA
pk.kD; dk tUe bZlk iwoZ 375&251 iatkc izkUr esa vuqekfur gSA ;s ikVfyiq= fuoklh FksA jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk fo'kn ,oa vrqyuh; o.kZu izLrqr djus okyh vej xzUFk vFkZ'kkL= ds iz.ksrk vkpk;Z fu%lUnsg :i ls pk.kD; FksA pk.kD; ds f'k"; dkeand us vius ^uhfrlkj* uked xzUFk esa fy[kk gS fd fo".kqxqIr pk.kD; us vius cqf) cy ls vFkZ'kkL= :ih egksnf/k ls eFkdj uhfr'kkL= :ih ve`r fudkykA ;g xzUFk dsoy jktuhfr gh ugha vfirq vFkZuhfr] d`f"k] lektuhfr tSls izeq[k fo"k;ksa ij mRd`"V ,oa loZlEer uhfr fl)kUr izLrqr djrk gSA1
vkpk;Z pk.kD; us vius xzUFk vFkZ'kkL= esa jkT; dh jktuhfrd uhfrd ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dks rks muds vFkZ'kkL= us lekt dh] lkekftd uhfr ij Hkh vius vn~Hkqr fopkj O;Dr fd,A ekuo O;ogkj ij muds fopkj brus Li"V ,oa lVhV Fks fd muesa ns'kdky ek= dh =qfV u O;kIr gksrs gq, os orZeku ekuo foKku ds fy, vfrizklafxd gSA ;fn orZeku lkekftd ifjizs{; esa muds fopkjksa dks rkfdZdrk ls izLrqr fd;k tk, rks Hkh muds dqN fopkjksa dks NksM+dj ¼tks ifjfLFkfr ,oa ns'kdky ls izHkkfor Fks½ orZeku lekt ds ewY;ksa dh dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjs gSaA ;g eq[;r% lw= 'kSyh esa fy[kk gqvk gS vkSj laLd`r ds lw= lkfgR; ds dky vkSj ijEijk esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g 'kkL= foLrkj ls jfgr] le>us vkSj xzg.k esa ljy dkSfVY; }kjk mu 'kCnksa esa jpk x;k ftudk vFkZ lqfuf'pr gks pqdk gSA2 lekt uhfr lEcU/kh fuEufyf[kr
dqN fopkj bl rF; dks iw.kZr;k fl) djrs gSaA
o.kZ O;oLFkk
izkphu xzUFkksa dk vuq'khyu djus ij gesa rRdkfyd tu leqnk; rhu izeq[k o.kksa esa foHkDr fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS {k=] czkãu~] fo'kA3 tulewg dk ;g f=fo/k oxZ Hksn tc rd Je foHkktu dh n`f"V ls bZekunkj
dj yhA ogh dkSfVY; us o.kkZJe O;oLFkk ls e;kZfnr lekt dks lq[kdj vkSj eqfDrnk;h crk;kA ;g e;kZfnr o.kZO;oLFkk vius&vius /keZ esa crk;h x;h gSA
o.kZO;oLFkk dk mn~ns'; O;fDr dks lkekftd fgr psruk dh vksj ys tkrk gS] tcfd vkJe O;oLFkk mldks O;fDrxr mUu;u dh vksj vkdf"kZr djrh gS] ftlls fd ri ,oa R;kx }kjk og dyq"kksa dks u"V dj Lo;a dks bl ;ksX; cukrk gS ftlls og lekt ds vH;qn; esa mi;ksxh fl) gksA
o.kkZJe O;oLFkk dh blh e;kZnk dks dkSfVY; us viuk;k gS vkSj blh dY;k.ke; Lo:i dks mUgksaus j[kk gSA
fookg O;oLFkk
pk.kD; us vFkZ'kkL= ds vf/kdj.k r`rh; esa fookg lEcU/kksa ,oa fookg ds izdkjksa dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gSA fookg ds iwoZ ds O;ogkj ls ysdj lq[ke; nkEiR; fuokZg dh mRre ppkZ izLrqr dh gSA pk.kD; us Hkh izkphu xzUFkksa esa mfYyf[kr fookg ds vkB izdkj dks Lohdkj fd;k gS&/keZ fookg] czkã fookg] iztkiR; fookg] vk"kZ fookg] nSo fookg] xkU/koZ fookg] vlqj fookg] jk{kl fookgA izFke ikap izdkj dks pk.kD; us loZekU; ,oa vkn'kZ fookg dh laKk nh gSA4
fookg O;oLFkk ,oa fookg lEcU/k ds fo"k; o.kZu dks pk.kD; us vR;Ur lw{erk ls izLrqr fd;kA mUgksaus L=h ,oa iq#"k nksuksa ds lalxZ ,oa nksuksa ds futh fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj ,oa muds lEcU/kksa ds y?kq ls y?kq rF;ksa dks Li"V dj vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ fopkj izLrqr fd, gSaA
nk; Hkkx&mÙkjkf/kdkj ds lkekU; fu;e
pk.kD; us jktuhfr ls ysdj jkT;ra= dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ifjokj ds leLr uhfr;ksa ,oa mlds lqn`<+ fuokZg ds fu;e izLrqr fd,A
mÙkjkf/kdkj fdlh Hkh jkT; ,oa ifjokj dk egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; gksrk gSA vr% pk.kD; us vius dkS'ky dh ys[kuh ls bl i{k dks Li"V :i ls izdkf'kr fd;kA mfpr mRrjkf/kdkjh dkSu gks] fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dSlk fu.kZ; gks] cgqiq=ksa esa mÙkjkf/kdkj fdls fn;k tk, tSls vusd y?kq fdUrq egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa ij pk.kD; us vius cgqewY; fopkj izLrqr fd,A
okLrq'kkL=&x`g fuekZ.k dk egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj
fdlh Hkh jkT; dk egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj LrEHk jkT; dh mRre HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] lalk/kuksa dk mRre izdkj ls iz;ksx] nqxZ ,oa jkLrksa dk mRre izcU/k ,oa bR;kfn gksrk gSA mlh izdkj ifjokj dk egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj LrEHk lqfu;ksftr izdkj ls x`g fuekZ.k dk;Z gksrk gSA vkpk;Z pk.kD; us bl lEcU/k esa ppkZ djrs gq, x`g fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ okLrqdyk lEcU/kh fopkj izLrqr fd,A5 tks /kkfeZd ,oa oSKkfud nksuksa gh vk/kkj ij
fdlh Hkh jkT; ds lekt ds fodkl esa ogk¡ dh O;kikj O;oLFkk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA blh rF; dks /;ku esa j[kdj vkpk;Z pk.kD; us egRoiw.kZ ,oa ykHknk;d okf.kfT;d uhfr;ksa dk fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA6
Ø;&foØ; ls ysdj _.k ysus nsus ,oa vU; y?kq ijUrq egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dk lekos'k vius xzUFk esa izLrqr fd;k gSA7
L=h leqnk; o muds vf/kdkj
lekt esa fL=;ksa ds LFkku ij mudh Hkwfedk ,oa muds vf/kdkjksa dh pk.kD; us foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gSA pk.kD; us L=h O;ogkj dh mÙke ppkZ dh gSA pk.kD; dk dFku Fkk fd&fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh mUufr ds fy, iq#"k oxZ ds lkFk&lkFk fL=;ksa dh Hkh mUufr ,oa mudh Hkwfedk dks lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d gSA
pk.kD; L=h o iq#"k ds leku vf/kdkjksa ds i{k/kj Fks muds bUgha vn~Hkqr fopkjksa ds dkj.k ekS;Z lkezkT; dks Lo.kZ;qx ds :i esa ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA8
ukxfjd ds dk;Z
jkT; ;k lekt dh mUufr esa lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ rRo ml jkT; ;k lekt ds ukxfjd gksrs gSaA ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc ukxfjd vius dk;Z ,oa nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg mfpr <ax ls djasaA bl rF; dh egRoiw.kZ vko';drk dks le>rs gq, vkpk;Z pk.kD; us ukxfjd ds dk;ksZa dk nkf;Roiw.kZ o.kZu fd;k gS&
vfXuizrhdkja p xzh"esa e/;e;ksj gUu'pprqHkkZx;ks%A
v"VHkkxksf·un.M%A cfgjf/kJ;.ka ok dq;Z%A9
fo|kFkhZ ,oa f'k{kk
vkpk;Z pk.kD; ds dky esa f'k{kk viuh izxfr ij Fkh] ftldk izHkko muds xzUFk vFkZ'kkL= esa Li"V :i ls n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA10
vkpk;Z pk.kD; Lo;a gh r{kf'kyk11 ds es/kkoh Nk= ,oa Lukrd ds i'pkr~ gh fufoZokn iz/kkuk/;kid
gq,A12 pk.kD; us ,slh f'k{kk ij cy fn;k tks f'k{kkFkhZ ds cqf) dkS'ky dk mÙke fuekZ.k djrs gq,] jk"Vª dh
izxfr esa lgk;d ,oa Lo;a ds thfodksiktZu ls tksM+ ldsA lUnHkZ&lwph
1- dkSfVyh; vFkZ'kkL=] iapVhdk lfgr] laiknd&vkpk;Z fo'oukFk'kkfL=nkrkj] lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky;] 1991
2- dkSfVyh; vFkZ'kkL=] O;k[;kdkj&okpLifr xSjksyk] pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] 2006
4. The Arthashastra, L.N. Rangrajan, Penguin Publisher 1st Edition, 1992.
5- dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u&Mk0 vkseizdk'k izlkn] jktdey izdk'ku] izFke izdk'ku] 2014
6- The Kautilya Arthshastra (in three volume) R.P. Kangle. M.L.B.D, Delhi, 1967.
7- oSfnd vFkZO;oLFkk&MkW0 egkohj] lekukUrj izdk'ku] 7@7] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] 2001
8. The Wealth of Nation, Adam, London J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. 1st Edt. 1776.
9. Studies in Kautilya, M.V. Krishna Rao, Mysore, 1953.
10. Index Veborum to the Kautilya Arthsshstra, R. Shamshastry, Parts 13, Mysore,
1923.
11- vFkZO;oLFkk&,d n`f"V] ubZ fnYyhA