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(1)

Factoring

1

Factoring using special products

2

Factoring trinomials by trial-and-error

3

Factoring by grouping

4

Factoring by completing the square

(2)

Summary of Special Products

1

(

x

+

y

)(

x

y

) =

x

2

y

2

2

(

x

±

y

)

2

=

x

2

±

2

xy

+

y

2

3

(

x

+

a

)(

x

+

b

) =

x

2

+ (

a

+

b

)

x

+

ab

4

(

ax

+

b

)(

cx

+

d

) =

acx

2

+ (

ad

+

bc

)

x

+

bd

5

(

x

±

y

)

3

=

x

3

±

3

x

2

y

+ 3

xy

2

±

y

3

6

(

x

±

y

)(

x

2

xy

+

y

2

) =

x

3

±

y

3

(3)

Exercises on Factoring:

1

16

x

2

9

y

2

2

a

2

b

3

c

4

a

3

b

4

c

5

+ 2

a

2

b

4

c

4

3

x

2

(

x

2

1)

9(

x

2

1)

4

1 + 8

x

9

5

8

x

2

14

x

15

6

x

4

+ 64

(4)

Rational Expressions

At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:

(5)

Rational Expressions

Definition

A

rational expression

is a quotient of two polynomials.

A rational expression is

well-defined

if its denominator is

not equal to zero.

Example:

9

x

2

z

3

x

2

+

y

;

x

2

+

y

6

= 0

11

a

2

c

+

b

2

5 +

c

;

c

6

=

5

(6)

Rational Expressions

Definition

A

rational expression

is a quotient of two polynomials.

A rational expression is

well-defined

if its denominator is

not equal to zero.

Example:

9

x

2

z

3

x

2

+

y

;

x

2

+

y

6

= 0

11

a

2

c

+

b

2

5 +

c

;

c

6

=

5

(7)

Simplifiying Rational Expressions

Lowest Terms

A rational expression is in

lowest terms

if the numerator

and denominator have no common factor other than 1

and -1.

How to reduce a rational expression to lowest terms:

Factor both numerator and denominator.

Cancel the common factors.

(8)

Simplifiying Rational Expressions

Lowest Terms

A rational expression is in

lowest terms

if the numerator

and denominator have no common factor other than 1

and -1.

How to reduce a rational expression to lowest terms:

Factor both numerator and denominator.

Cancel the common factors.

(9)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(10)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(11)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(12)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(13)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)

(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)

(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(14)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(15)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(16)

Examples:

16

x

3

y

8

24

x

7

y

5

=

16

24

·

x

3

x

7

·

y

8

y

5

=

2

y

3

3

x

4

(

x

2

16)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

x

3

+ 64

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

(

x

+ 4)(

x

2

4

x

+ 16)

=

x

4

(17)

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

·

c

d

=

ac

bd

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example:

7

x

4

5

y

4

·

15

y

2

28

x

3

=

7

·

15

5

·

28

·

x

4

x

3

·

y

2

y

4

=

(7)(5)(3)

(5)(7)(4)

·

x

·

1

y

2

=

3

x

4

y

2

(18)

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

·

c

d

=

ac

bd

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example:

7

x

4

5

y

4

·

15

y

2

28

x

3

=

7

·

15

5

·

28

·

x

4

x

3

·

y

2

y

4

=

(7)(5)(3)

(5)(7)(4)

·

x

·

1

y

2

=

3

x

4

y

2

(19)

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

·

c

d

=

ac

bd

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example:

7

x

4

5

y

4

·

15

y

2

28

x

3

=

7

·

15

5

·

28

·

x

4

x

3

·

y

2

y

4

=

(7)(5)(3)

(5)(7)(4)

·

x

·

1

y

2

=

3

x

4

y

2

(20)

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

·

c

d

=

ac

bd

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example:

7

x

4

5

y

4

·

15

y

2

28

x

3

=

7

·

15

5

·

28

·

x

4

x

3

·

y

2

y

4

=

(7)(5)(3)

(5)(7)(4)

·

x

·

1

y

2

=

3

x

4

y

2

(21)

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

·

c

d

=

ac

bd

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example:

7

x

4

5

y

4

·

15

y

2

28

x

3

=

7

·

15

5

·

28

·

x

4

x

3

·

y

2

y

4

=

(7)(5)(3)

(5)(7)(4)

·

x

·

1

y

2

=

3

x

4

y

2

(22)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5(

x

1)

(

x

3)(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(23)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5(

x

1)

(

x

3)(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(24)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5(

x

1)

(

x

3)(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(25)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5(

x

1)

(

x

3)(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(26)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5(

x

1)

(

x

3)(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(27)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2

(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5

(

x

1)

(

x

3)

(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(28)

Example:

x

2

x

12

2

x

2

10

x

+ 8

·

5

x

5

x

2

9

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 3)

2(

x

1)(

x

4)

·

5(

x

1)

(

x

3)(

x

+ 3)

=

5

2(

x

3)

(29)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(30)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(31)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(32)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(33)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(34)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(35)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)

(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)

(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)

(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(36)

Division of Rational Expressions

Recall:

a

b

÷

c

d

=

a

b

·

d

c

;

b, c, d

6

= 0

Example:

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

÷

9

x

2

x

2

4

=

x

2

7

x

+ 12

x

2

·

x

2

4

9

x

2

=

(

x

3)(

x

4)

x

2

·

(

x

2)(

x

+ 2)

(3

x

)(3 +

x

)

=

(

x

4)(

x

+ 2)

(

x

+ 3)

(37)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(38)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(39)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(40)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(41)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(42)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(43)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(44)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3

(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3

(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(45)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(46)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(47)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)

(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(48)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)

(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(49)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(50)

Example:

24

m

3

+ 3

m

2

2

m

8

÷

4

m

3

+ 4

m

2

+

m

2

m

2

+ 5

m

+ 2

·

12

m

2

6

m

+ 3

m

3

4

m

2

=

3(8

m

3

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

m

(4

m

2

+ 4

m

+ 1)

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)

·

3(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

2

(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

÷

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

=

3(2

m

+ 1)(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

(

m

4)(

m

+ 2)

·

m

(2

m

+ 1)(

m

+ 2)(

m

4)

3(2

m

+ 1)

2

(4

m

2

2

m

+ 1)

=

m

(51)

Least Common Denominator

Definition

The

least common denominator (LCD)

of two or more

rational expressions is the polynomial of smallest degree

that has each of the given denominators as a factor.

Examples:

1

3

x

8

4

x

2

and

2

x

+ 1

x

3

:

LCD

= 4

x

3

2

x

2

x

2

1

and

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

:

LCD

= (

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(52)

Least Common Denominator

Definition

The

least common denominator (LCD)

of two or more

rational expressions is the polynomial of smallest degree

that has each of the given denominators as a factor.

Examples:

1

3

x

8

4

x

2

and

2

x

+ 1

x

3

:

LCD

= 4

x

3

2

x

2

x

2

1

and

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

:

LCD

= (

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(53)

Least Common Denominator

Definition

The

least common denominator (LCD)

of two or more

rational expressions is the polynomial of smallest degree

that has each of the given denominators as a factor.

Examples:

1

3

x

8

4

x

2

and

2

x

+ 1

x

3

:

LCD

= 4

x

3

2

x

2

x

2

1

and

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

:

LCD

= (

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(54)

Least Common Denominator

Definition

The

least common denominator (LCD)

of two or more

rational expressions is the polynomial of smallest degree

that has each of the given denominators as a factor.

Examples:

1

3

x

8

4

x

2

and

2

x

+ 1

x

3

:

LCD

= 4

x

3

2

x

2

x

2

1

and

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

:

LCD

= (

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(55)

Least Common Denominator

Definition

The

least common denominator (LCD)

of two or more

rational expressions is the polynomial of smallest degree

that has each of the given denominators as a factor.

Examples:

1

3

x

8

4

x

2

and

2

x

+ 1

x

3

:

LCD

= 4

x

3

2

x

2

x

2

1

and

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

:

LCD

= (

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(56)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

) + (8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(57)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

) + (8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(58)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

)

+ (8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(59)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

) +

(8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(60)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

) + (8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(61)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

) + (8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(62)

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Recall:

Using the LCD,

a

b

+

c

d

=

a

·

LCD

b

+

c

·

LCD

d

LCD

;

b, d

6

= 0

Example 1:

3

x

8

4

x

2

+

2

x

+ 1

x

3

=

(3

x

2

8

x

) + (8

x

+ 4)

4

x

3

=

3

x

2

+ 4

4

x

3

(63)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(64)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(65)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(66)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(67)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(68)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(69)

Example 2:

x

2

x

2

1

x

+ 2

(

x

1)

2

=

[(

x

1)(

x

2)]

[(

x

+ 1)(

x

+ 2)]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

[

x

2

3

x

+ 2]

[

x

2

+ 3

x

+ 2]

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

=

6

x

(

x

1)

2

(

x

+ 1)

(70)

Example 3:

m

2

s

m

2

5

ms

+ 6

s

2

+

m

+ 2

s

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

m

4

s

m

2

4

ms

+ 3

s

2

=

m

2

s

(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

+

m

+ 2

s

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)

m

4

s

(

m

3

s

)(

m

s

)

=

(

m

2

s

)(

m

s

) + (

m

+ 2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(

m

4

s

)(

m

2

s

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

(

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

)

+ (

m

2

ms

6

s

2

)

(

m

2

6

ms

+ 8

s

2

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

m

2

+ 2

ms

12

s

2

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(71)

Example 3:

m

2

s

m

2

5

ms

+ 6

s

2

+

m

+ 2

s

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

m

4

s

m

2

4

ms

+ 3

s

2

=

m

2

s

(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

+

m

+ 2

s

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)

m

4

s

(

m

3

s

)(

m

s

)

=

(

m

2

s

)(

m

s

) + (

m

+ 2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(

m

4

s

)(

m

2

s

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

(

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

)

+ (

m

2

ms

6

s

2

)

(

m

2

6

ms

+ 8

s

2

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

m

2

+ 2

ms

12

s

2

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(72)

Example 3:

m

2

s

m

2

5

ms

+ 6

s

2

+

m

+ 2

s

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

m

4

s

m

2

4

ms

+ 3

s

2

=

m

2

s

(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

+

m

+ 2

s

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)

m

4

s

(

m

3

s

)(

m

s

)

=

(

m

2

s

)(

m

s

) + (

m

+ 2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(

m

4

s

)(

m

2

s

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

(

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

)

+ (

m

2

ms

6

s

2

)

(

m

2

6

ms

+ 8

s

2

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

m

2

+ 2

ms

12

s

2

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(73)

Example 3:

m

2

s

m

2

5

ms

+ 6

s

2

+

m

+ 2

s

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

m

4

s

m

2

4

ms

+ 3

s

2

=

m

2

s

(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

+

m

+ 2

s

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)

m

4

s

(

m

3

s

)(

m

s

)

=

(

m

2

s

)(

m

s

) + (

m

+ 2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(

m

4

s

)(

m

2

s

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

(

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

)

+ (

m

2

ms

6

s

2

)

(

m

2

6

ms

+ 8

s

2

)

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

=

m

2

+ 2

ms

12

s

2

(

m

s

)(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

(74)

Example 3:

m

2

s

m

2

5

ms

+ 6

s

2

+

m

+ 2

s

m

2

3

ms

+ 2

s

2

m

4

s

m

2

4

ms

+ 3

s

2

=

m

2

s

(

m

2

s

)(

m

3

s

)

+

m

+ 2

s

(

m

<

References

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