Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek
Sleep, Dreams, and Body
Rhythms
Module Overview
• Consciousness • Body Rhythms
• Sleep and Sleep Deficit • Why We Sleep
• Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming • Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems
Consciousness
Consciousness
• Awareness of yourself and your
Body Rhythms
Pseudoscientific Claim
• Any assertion that appears scientific
but is not based on science.
Biological Rhythms
• Periodic physiological fluctuations.
• Can affect physiological functioning • Fall into three main categories
Circadian Rhythms
• Biological rhythms (for example, of
temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours.
Ultradian Rhythms
• Biological rhythms that occur more
than once each day.
Infradian Rhythms
• Biological rhythms that occur once a
month or once a season.
Sleep and Sleep Deficit
Sleep Deprivation Effects
• Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning
• Safety and accident issues
Why We Sleep
Hypothalamus
• Sleep control center in the brain
• Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment
Melatonin
• Hormone that helps regulate daily
biological rhythms.
• Linked to the sleep-wake cycle
Reasons for Sleep
• Two primary reasons:
– Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night
Sleep Stages, REM Sleep
and Dreaming
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Machine that
amplifies and
records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface;
• electrodes placed on the scalp
Stage 1 Sleep
• Breathing is slowed.
• Brain waves become irregular.
• It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep.
Stage 2 Sleep
• Brain wave cycle slows.
Stages 3 and 4 Sleep
• Slow wave sleep
• First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets
Sleep Stages, REM, and
Dreaming:
REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
• Recurring sleep stage during which
vivid dreams commonly occur.
• Called rapid eye movement (REM
Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth
Paradoxical Sleep
• During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake • Pulse and breathing quickens.
• REM sleep is sometimes called
paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the
Sleep Stages, REM, and
Dreaming:
Why Do We Dream?
Information-Processing Theory
• Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences
Physiological Function Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the
Cognitive Development Theory
• Dreams part of the maturation process • Dreams reflect our knowledge
Sleep Disorders and Sleep
Problems
Insomnia
• Recurring problems falling asleep or
staying asleep.
• Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem
• Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem
Sleep Apnea
• Sleep disorder characterized by temporary
cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.
• Tend to be loud snorers
Narcolepsy
• Sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks;
• the sufferer may lapse directly into
REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
Somnambulism
• Sleepwalking, which usually starts in the
deep stages of NREM sleep;
• the sleepwalker can walk or talk and is
Night Terrors
• Sleep related problem characterized
by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified;
• unlike nightmares, they occur during
NREM 3 sleep, occur within two or three hours of falling sleep, and
Other Sleep Disorders
• Bruxism – teeth grinding • Enuresis – bed wetting
• Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep
Teacher Information
• Types of Files
– This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.
• Animation
– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
• Adding slides to this presentation
Teacher Information
• Domain Coding
– Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA
National Standards.
• Scientific Inquiry Domain • Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain • Social Context Domain
• Cognition Domain
• Individual Variation Domain
• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
• Key Terms and Definitions in Red
– To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their
Teacher Information
• Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user
directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
• Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides,
usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
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