Biology Quarter 2
Part I Cell Structure and
Function
Chloroplast Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Cell Structure and Function
• Stores water, food, and waste
– Vacuoles
• Chemical activity here provides energy for the cell
– Mitochondria
• Suspends the organelles and holds them in place
Cell Structure and Function
• Hairlike structures used for cell locomotion
– Cilia
• These structures digest and clean up the cell
Cell Structure and Function
• Control center of the cell
– Nucleus
• Tail like structure used for cell movement
Cell Structure and Function
• Site of food production
(photosynthesis) in plant cells
– Chloroplasts
• Made of lipids and proteins, outer boundary of a cell;
regulates what enters and exits a cell
– Cell membrane
• Outer most protection in a plant cell; rigid structure
Cell Structure and Function
• Form of movement by a cell that is like gliding
because it protrudes its cell membrane forward
Eukaryote
•Nucleus
•Plant cells only have a cell wall
•Complex – have organelles •Mitochondrion •ER •Golgi Apparatus •Microtubules •Lysosomes •Vacuole
•Chloroplast (plant only) •double stranded DNA •10 – 50 um
Body Systems
System Function
Circulatory Transports oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body
Digestive Converts foods into simple
molecules that can be used by the cells of the body
Endocrine Regulates and controls the body
Body Systems
System Function
Respiratory Brings oxygen to the body and rids the
body of carbon dioxide
Vascular System (plants) The vascular system in plants
specializes in the transport of water and nutrients from one part of the plants to another.
Two common examples of vascular tissue would be the xylem which
Part III Cell Transport
• Define Diffusion
– Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are
more concentrated to an area where they are less
Part III Cell Transport
• Define Osmosis
– Movement of water through a
selectively permeable
membrane from high concentration to low
Cell Transport – Lab Review
• A student took gummy bears and took the
mass of each on the electronic balance. The gummy bears were placed into different sugar solutions overnight and then the mass was
taken the next day. Hint: The gummy bear
already has some sugar!
– Explain what happened to the mass of each gummy bear placed in each beaker.
Cell Transport
Beaker 1 – 0% sugar solution (100 %
water)
Beaker 1 – 20% sugar solution (80 % water)
Beaker 1 – 75% sugar solution (25 % water) Mass (Increase/Decrease/
No Change)
Increase No Change Decrease
Hypertonic, Hypotonic, or Isotonic
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
What will be the effect on the cell? Hint: Shrink, swell or stay the same
Photosynthesis
• Write the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO
6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + Energy 0 + Energy C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight (energy)
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight (energy)
List the reactants
•Water •Sunlight •Carbon Dioxide
List the products
Part IV. Photosynthesis
• In what type of cells does photosynthesis occur?
Part IV. Photosynthesis
• In what cell structure does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use the energy of sunlight to produce carbohydrates (glucose).
• In the light reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll and the energy is transferred to electrons that are used to split water, make ATP and NADPH. • In the dark reactions, also
Describe what Graph A is illustrating about light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis.
• As the light intensity increases, so does the rate of
photosynthesis up
What is graph B showing about temperature and the rate of photosynthesis?
• As the temperature increases, so does the rate of
photosynthesis up until the temperature reaches the optimum point and the rate
Respiration
• What is the equation for respiration?
C
C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + Energy0 + Energy
Glucose + oxygen
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + carbon dioxide + water + ATP (Energy)
List the reactants
•Glucose •Oxygen
List the products
•Carbon Dioxide •Water
Respiration
• Briefly explain what occurs during cellular respiration. (Include how energy is used/produced/converted)
– Respiration is breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen to create ATP and carbon dioxide as a waste product.
– In the cytoplasm, glycolysis releases a small amount of energy from breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid.
– The pyruvic acid then enters the mitochondrion and the Krebs cycle to produce ATP, NADH and FADH2. – NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain
Part V. Respiration
• In what type of cells does respiration occur?
– Plants
Part V. Respiration
• In what cell structure does cellular respiration occur?
Yeast and Bread Making
• What is the role of yeast in the bakingof bread? What is the evidence?
– Yeast are single celled organisms that use the process of alcoholic
fermentation to keep glycolysis running to create ATP.
– In the process, alcohol and carbon dioxide are released as byproducts. – Carbon dioxide is what helps bread
Part V
.
Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration
Oxygen (Yes or No) No Yes
Cell Processes Glycolysis,
Fermentation
Krebs cycle, electron
transport chain
Location in the Cell cytoplasm mitochondria
Amount of ATP (More or Less)
Part VI Interrelationship between
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• In the chloroplast, photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water and chlorophyll to trap the sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.
Part VI Interrelationship between
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Respiration would also suffer because plants are not
producing oxygen that animals need to live.
• Without oxygen, animals are unable to use the glucose from plants to produce ATP in the mitochondria.
• Without glucose, cellular
respiration would not be able to produce energy and without
energy animals will eventually die.
Part VII Chemosynthesis
• What is chemosynthesis?
– Process by which some organisms use inorganic compounds to produce carbohydrates
– Eg. Bacteria
Chemosynthesis
• Which of the following would be an example of chemosynthesis?
– a. plants converting light energy into carbohydrates
– b. bacteria producing carbohydrates from phosphorus and magnesium
– c. carbohydrates are broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Chemosynthesis
• Which of the following would be an example of chemosynthesis?
– a. plants converting light energy into carbohydrates
– b. bacteria producing carbohydrates from phosphorus and magnesium
– c. carbohydrates are broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid