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(1)

Biology Quarter 2

(2)

Part I Cell Structure and

Function

Chloroplast Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

(3)

Cell Structure and Function

• Stores water, food, and waste

– Vacuoles

• Chemical activity here provides energy for the cell

– Mitochondria

• Suspends the organelles and holds them in place

(4)

Cell Structure and Function

• Hairlike structures used for cell locomotion

– Cilia

• These structures digest and clean up the cell

(5)

Cell Structure and Function

• Control center of the cell

– Nucleus

• Tail like structure used for cell movement

(6)

Cell Structure and Function

• Site of food production

(photosynthesis) in plant cells

– Chloroplasts

• Made of lipids and proteins, outer boundary of a cell;

regulates what enters and exits a cell

– Cell membrane

• Outer most protection in a plant cell; rigid structure

(7)

Cell Structure and Function

• Form of movement by a cell that is like gliding

because it protrudes its cell membrane forward

(8)

Eukaryote

•Nucleus

•Plant cells only have a cell wall

•Complex – have organelles •Mitochondrion •ER •Golgi Apparatus •Microtubules •Lysosomes •Vacuole

•Chloroplast (plant only) •double stranded DNA •10 – 50 um

(9)

Body Systems

System Function

Circulatory Transports oxygen and nutrients

throughout the body

Digestive Converts foods into simple

molecules that can be used by the cells of the body

Endocrine Regulates and controls the body

(10)

Body Systems

System Function

Respiratory Brings oxygen to the body and rids the

body of carbon dioxide

Vascular System (plants) The vascular system in plants

specializes in the transport of water and nutrients from one part of the plants to another.

Two common examples of vascular tissue would be the xylem which

(11)

Part III Cell Transport

• Define Diffusion

– Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are

more concentrated to an area where they are less

(12)

Part III Cell Transport

• Define Osmosis

– Movement of water through a

selectively permeable

membrane from high concentration to low

(13)
(14)

Cell Transport – Lab Review

• A student took gummy bears and took the

mass of each on the electronic balance. The gummy bears were placed into different sugar solutions overnight and then the mass was

taken the next day. Hint: The gummy bear

already has some sugar!

– Explain what happened to the mass of each gummy bear placed in each beaker.

(15)

Cell Transport

Beaker 1 – 0% sugar solution (100 %

water)

Beaker 1 – 20% sugar solution (80 % water)

Beaker 1 – 75% sugar solution (25 % water) Mass (Increase/Decrease/

No Change)

Increase No Change Decrease

Hypertonic, Hypotonic, or Isotonic

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

What will be the effect on the cell? Hint: Shrink, swell or stay the same

(16)

Photosynthesis

• Write the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO

6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + Energy 0 + Energy  C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight (energy)

Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight (energy)

(17)

List the reactants

•Water •Sunlight •Carbon Dioxide

List the products

(18)

Part IV. Photosynthesis

• In what type of cells does photosynthesis occur?

(19)

Part IV. Photosynthesis

• In what cell structure does photosynthesis occur?

(20)

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use the energy of sunlight to produce carbohydrates (glucose).

• In the light reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll and the energy is transferred to electrons that are used to split water, make ATP and NADPH. • In the dark reactions, also

(21)

Describe what Graph A is illustrating about light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis.

• As the light intensity increases, so does the rate of

photosynthesis up

(22)

What is graph B showing about temperature and the rate of photosynthesis?

• As the temperature increases, so does the rate of

photosynthesis up until the temperature reaches the optimum point and the rate

(23)

Respiration

• What is the equation for respiration?

C

C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22  6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + Energy0 + Energy

Glucose + oxygen

Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + carbon dioxide + water + ATP (Energy)

(24)

List the reactants

•Glucose •Oxygen

List the products

•Carbon Dioxide •Water

(25)

Respiration

• Briefly explain what occurs during cellular respiration. (Include how energy is used/produced/converted)

– Respiration is breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen to create ATP and carbon dioxide as a waste product.

– In the cytoplasm, glycolysis releases a small amount of energy from breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid.

– The pyruvic acid then enters the mitochondrion and the Krebs cycle to produce ATP, NADH and FADH2. – NADH and FADH2 enter the electron transport chain

(26)

Part V. Respiration

• In what type of cells does respiration occur?

Plants

(27)

Part V. Respiration

• In what cell structure does cellular respiration occur?

(28)

Yeast and Bread Making

What is the role of yeast in the baking

of bread? What is the evidence?

– Yeast are single celled organisms that use the process of alcoholic

fermentation to keep glycolysis running to create ATP.

– In the process, alcohol and carbon dioxide are released as byproducts. – Carbon dioxide is what helps bread

(29)

Part V

.

Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen (Yes or No) No Yes

Cell Processes Glycolysis,

Fermentation

Krebs cycle, electron

transport chain

Location in the Cell cytoplasm mitochondria

Amount of ATP (More or Less)

(30)

Part VI Interrelationship between

Photosynthesis and Respiration

• In the chloroplast, photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water and chlorophyll to trap the sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.

(31)

Part VI Interrelationship between

Photosynthesis and Respiration

• Respiration would also suffer because plants are not

producing oxygen that animals need to live.

• Without oxygen, animals are unable to use the glucose from plants to produce ATP in the mitochondria.

• Without glucose, cellular

respiration would not be able to produce energy and without

energy animals will eventually die.

(32)

Part VII Chemosynthesis

• What is chemosynthesis?

– Process by which some organisms use inorganic compounds to produce carbohydrates

– Eg. Bacteria

(33)

Chemosynthesis

• Which of the following would be an example of chemosynthesis?

– a. plants converting light energy into carbohydrates

– b. bacteria producing carbohydrates from phosphorus and magnesium

– c. carbohydrates are broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

(34)

Chemosynthesis

• Which of the following would be an example of chemosynthesis?

– a. plants converting light energy into carbohydrates

– b. bacteria producing carbohydrates from phosphorus and magnesium

– c. carbohydrates are broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

References

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