Overview 13/10/15. E-mobility and battery technology

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E-mobility and battery technology

Prof. Dr. ir. Joeri Van Mierlo

15/10/2015

Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI 2

Overview

•

Societal challenges

•

E-mobility

•

How Green are Electric Vehicles?

•

How Affordable are Electric vehicles?

•

Battery developments

Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI 3 Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI 4

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Historic GHG emissions from transport

and targets for 2050 (EU27)

Based on White Paper – Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

CO2

em

issio

ns

fro

m

tr

ansp

or

t in

th

e

EU27

(

Mt

on

nes)

emissions 1990-‐2009

White Paper objectives

-‐20%

-‐60%

-‐95%

1 Billion Euro’s per Day

for import of Oil in Europe

Source: Fuelling EUROPE’S Future, 2013 _{Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI} ₁₀

Strong foundations

1979 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel

2014 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel

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Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI

Mobi – VUB

Electromobility knowledge center in Flanders

– The Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre (MOBI) is leader in defining the state-of-the-art in Electromobility and Socio-Economic Evaluations for sustainable mobility and logistics.

– The strength of MOBI resides in a unique combination of socio-economical, environmental & technical competencies, together with tools & assets specifically developed for the sustainable transport sector.

– MOBI has a long track record in the field of Electric and Hybrid vehicles and is internationally recognised for its vast experience and expertise related to battery research, power electronics, environmental assessments, socio-economic evaluations and standardisation.

– http://mobi.vub.ac.be

13 Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI

Mobi – VUB

Electromobility knowledge center in Flanders

–

Excellent knowledge of the European electromobility

market

–

Expertise in

battery

development, battery management technologies

–

Experience in the grid integration of charging

infrastructure

and

Knowhow on the smart charging of electric vehicles

–

Expertise in

TCO

(Total cost of ownership),

LCA

(Life Cycle Assessment)

and purchase behaviour of clean vehicle technologies

–

Active participation in many

European projects

, eg. Batteries2020,

SuperLib, FiveVB, Syrnemo, Unplugged, Smart EV-VC, Go4SEM,

Opera4FEV

14

E-mobility

Top 3 Barriers for EVs

Limited charging

infrastructure

Limited driving range

High purchase cost

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Pag.

Range anxiety

– 

95 to 99% trips <100km

– 

30% vehicle fleet never >100km

– 

Improved batteries: Specific energy (Wh/kg):

– 

Plug-in hybrid (EV+range extender)

– 

Wireless Dynamic inductive charging

19

Lead

Nickel

Lithium

2020

2030

30 – 35

50 – 80

80 – 200

400 - 600

1000 - 2000?

x2

x3

Infrastructure needs

Where is your car during one week?

Home

Work

Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI 21 Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI

Infrastructure

22

% buildings with

garages / Total #

buildings

% buildings with

garages / Total #

housing units

Charging infrastructure

Normal charging

(95%)

(overnight, cheap, availability, efficient)

Wireless inductive charging

Fast charging

(5%)

Domestics

IEC 62196-2 type 3

French/Italian

IEC 62196-2 type 2

16A/63A 3f

IEC 62196-2 type 1

SAE J1772 Yazaki

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Charging stations in Brussels

Optimization

of spatial accessibility

Now

Op'mised

25

www.asbe.be

26 Pag.

Electricity production and distribution

–

J

10% EVs = > +1.375%

extra electricity production

–

L

But potential extra

demand for electricity after

working hours

⇒

J

“Smart battery charging”

during off peak hours

27

–

Battery as storage solution?

⇒

opportunity to give

electricity back to the grid?

⇒

L

Impact on life expectancy

of battery

⇒

J

2

nd

hand market for EV

batteries (still 80% original

capacity)

How Green are Electric vehicles?

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Life Cycle Assessment

Raw

materials

Production of

components

Assembly and

distribiution

Waste

Raw

materials

Refining and

transport

Distribution

Usage

Ozone formation

Elementary

flows

Midpoint

impacts

Endpoint

Damages

Climate change Acidification

Eutrophication _{Fossil fuel}

depletion PM formation

Land use Human

toxicity

Radiation Eco toxicity

Ozone depletion

CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, … and other elementary flows (emissions and resources)

Human

health

Ecosystem

Resource

availability

Single score

Mineral depletion Water use

Inventory

model

Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution

Waste Raw materials Refining and

production Distribution Usage WTT Maintenance Production TTW Road infrastructure 33 FU: 209,470 km (14.1 years, 14,856 km/yr)

Climate change

0,E+00

5,E-‐02

1,E-‐01

2,E-‐01

3,E-‐01

VW golf

petrol

VW golf

diesel

VW golf

LPG

Fiat Punto

CNG

auris HEV

Toyota

Ampera

Opel

PHEV

Nissan

leaf BEV

(2011)

CC

[kg

C

O

2

eq

/km

]

Road

Powertrain cycle

Vehicle cycle

TTW

WTT

Messagie, Maarten; Boureima, Faycal-Siddikou; Coosemans, Thierry; Macharis, Cathy; Van Mierlo, Joeri (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 1467-1482 Ozone formation

Elementary

flows

Midpoint

impacts

Land use Human

toxicity

Ozone depletion

Mineral depletion

Water use

Inventory

model

production Distribution Usage WTT Maintenance Production TTW Road infrastructure

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Life cycle air quality

!

Geographical & Temporal Reslution in LCA

Vehicle

database

Parameterized LCI model

Monte Carlo

assessment

Vehicle

segmentation

Data fitting

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 970 1035.4 1100.8 1166.2 1231.6 1297 1362.4 1427.8 1493.2 D en sity Weight [kg]

Parameterized vehicle-LCA model

38

Ozone formation

Elementary

flows

Midpoint

impacts

Endpoint

Damages

Land use Human

toxicity

Ozone depletion

Human

health

Ecosystem

Resource

availability

Single score

Mineral depletion Water use

Inventory

model

production Distribution Usage WTT Maintenance Production TTW Road infrastructure 39 FU: 209,470 km (14.1 years, 14,856 km/yr)

Single score

Messagie, M., Boureima, F., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., Van Mierlo, J. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 1467-1482

Wind

turbines

BFG

Nuclear

Natural

gas

Hydro

run-off

river

Hydro

pumped

storage

Wood

Hourly carbon footprint

of electricity production

in Belgium

Messagie, M., Mertens, J., Oliveira, L., Rangaraju, S., Sanfelix, J., Coosemans, T., Van Mierlo, J., Macharis, C. (2014) The hourly life cycle carbon footprint of electricity generation in Belgium, bringing a temporal resolution in life cycle assessment. Applied Energy Volume: 134C pp. 469-476 DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.071

Yearly average:

190 g CO

2

eq./kWh

Hourly fluctuations:

100 – 260 g CO

2

eq./kWh

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Influence of the electricity mix

Messagie, M., Boureima, F., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., Van Mierlo, J. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 1467-1482 43

How affordable are Electric Vehicles?

TCO methodology

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

•

Ownership

: 8 jaar en 45 dagen

•

Afgelegde afstand per jaar

: 15.284km

•

Depreciatie

•

Brandstof- en elektriciteitskosten

: €1.5959/l voor benzine, €1.4158/l

voor diesel, €0,1809/kWh voor elektriciteit en €0.87/kg voor CNG

•

Belastingen

–

Jaarlijkse verkeersbelasting

–

Eenmalige belasting op inverkeerstelling

•

Verzekeringen

–

Eerste 3 jaar omnium dan burgelijkaansprakelijkheid

•

Batterijkosten

(om de 6 jaar vervangen)

–

Prijs vervanging hangt af van de garantie

–

Leasing

•

Onderhoudskosten

46

Passenger cars – medium cars

TCO bedrijven – verschillen

•

Ownership

: 4 jaar

•

CO2 bijdrage

•

Fiscale aftrekbaarheid

–

EVs: 120% aftrekbaar

–

Andere technologieën: aftrekbaarheid varieert tussen 100% en

50% naargelang de CO

2

uitstoot.

•

Voordeel van Alle Aard

•

Subsidie

–

20 % van de aanvaardbare investering, geplafonneerd op 3.000

euro

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Company cars – medium cars

Company cars – premium cars

50

EV cost reduction from battery improvements

SOURCE: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA); Oxford Economics; IEA; Press search; Team analysis 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,17 0,08 _0,06 0,05 0,04 Battery Maintenance 0.21 0.02 0.02 Energy 2050 0.02 0.20 0.02 2030 0.34 0.24 2010 Body+drivetrain 0.02 0.03 2040 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.22 2020

Total cost of ownership, EUR/km, base case

51

Battery developments

Mobi’s Battery Innovation Centre

53

State-of-the-art Facilities and Models for Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems

•

Over 280 channels

•

9 climate chambers

•

Impedance spectroscopy channels

•

Thermal imaging equipment

•

Battery management systems

•

Battery, hybrid and supercapacitor models

•

State estimation techniques (SoC, SoH and SoF)

•

International standardization

MOBI’s Battery Innovation Centre

54

For traction and stationary applications

BMW, Scania, Continental (ex Siemens), CRF (Fiat), Bosch, AVL List,

Volvo trucks, Volvo cars, Toyota Motor Europe, Van Hool, Bombardier,

Umicore, Laborelec, Emrol, 4Esys, Siemens, PEC, Enersys, ON

Semiconductor, JSR micro, CTS, VITO, Flanders Make, MIVB and De Lijn.

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Overview

55

Lithium-ion batteries

Positive/negative electrode material Nominal cell voltage [V] Specific capacity Positive/negative [mAh/g]

LiCoO2 (LCO) / graphite 3.7 120 / 370

LiMn2O4(LMO) / graphite 3.7 100 / 370

LiNiO2 / graphite 3.7 170 -180/ 370 LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) / graphite 3.7 130 - 160 / 370 LiCo0.2Ni0.8O2 / graphite 3.7 200 / 370 LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) / graphite 3.7 180 / 370 LiFePO4 (LFP) / graphite 3.3 150- 160 / 370 LiFePO4 (LFP) / Li4Ti7O12 (LTO) 2.2 150 - 160 / 130-160 ! 56

Battery characteristics

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Power density (W/kg) Energy density (Wh/kg) LFP/C NCA/C LFP/LTO LMO/LTO NMC/C Cylindrical Prisma!c Pouch 57

Battery characteristics

(charging)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Remaining capacity (%)

Number of cycles

1.25 It

2.5 It

4 It

7 It

10 It

58

Cycle life ifo Working

temperature

0" 500" 1000" 1500" 2000" 2500" 3000" '20" '10" 0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" Cy cle "life " Temperature"[°C]"

Ø

LFP, 2.3Ah battery type

Thermal management

% % ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

"#$%&'!!""#"$%&#%'()'%#*%+,(-.*.(/%+'01(%.2%/#-34(2'5(=*!+',-'&./%&'!0#1/&#2%/#34!35'&!/6'! 2.//'&>!-.7?!9#/6!0#::'&'4/!-31#/#34!3:!/6'!7380!-8./'!./!/6'!'40!!3:!@</!0#176.&$'!&./'!!./!=ABC!3:!

#4#/#.8!.40!#48'/!/',-'&./%&'1!! ! !

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Doelstellingen van vooroplopende landen

m.b.t. energiedensiteit van Li-ion batterijen

voor EV

Fraunhofer ISI, 2013 _{Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI}

Schattingen van Li-ion batterijkosten voor EV gebruik

Ref: Nykvist & Nilsson, 2015 62

Mass electrification of road transport

could be economic from 2020 onwards

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

0.40

0.30

0.20 0.50

SOURCE: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA); Oxford Economics; IEA; Press search; Team analysis

Total cost of ownership for average passenger vehicle EUR/km

Electric

vehicles Internal combustion engine vehicles Initial application in

city cars and plug-in hybrids, due to high cost of long-range batteries Long-range electric vehicles could become economic, depending on battery cost

Cost of ICE vehicles depends on future oil price and additional CO2 cost

63 Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI 64

EC forecast

To reach 4 million In ﬂeet by 2020

Source: IMPACT ASSESSMENT - Proposal for a Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure {COM(2013) 18}

Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI 65 Vrije Universiteit Brussel - MOBI

Electrification:

1 mln. additional jobs in 2030 in EU

2 mln. additional jobs in 2050 in EU

66 Source: Fuelling EUROPE’S Future, 2013

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Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Phone +32 2 629 28 03 Email [email protected] Office Building Z (ZE109)

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels

mobi.vub.ac.be

twitter.com/MOBI_VUB