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Production of Lignin-Based Phenolic Resins Using De-Polymerized Kraft Lignin and Process Optimization

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Figure

Figure 1-1-Structure of a fragmented lignin molecule (Binder et al., 2009).
Figure 2- 1: Reaction pathways for addition reactions of PF resoles (Tonge, 2007)
Figure 2- 2: Formation of dimethylene ether linkages (a) and methylene linkages (b) during PF resole condensation reactions (Tonge, 2007)
Figure 2- 3: Structure of tannin compounds. Two phenolic groups joined by a heterocyclic ring (Raquel et al., 2010)
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Outline

Bio-based Phenolic Resins 11 Lignin Modification Techniques 15 Introduction 26 Experimental 29 Effect of Formaldehyde-to-Phenol Ratio on LPF Curing Temperatures 49 Conclusions and Recommendations on Future Work 89

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