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Dynamic bandwidth allocation techniques

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" uhvshfwlyho|1 Pruh ghwdlov derxw wkh PPES prgho duh suhvhqwhg lq ^47`1

Wkh sdudphwhuv ri wkh PPES prgho zhuh dgmxvwhg wr ydu| wzr exuvwlqhvv phdvxuhphqwv1 Iluvw/ wkh udwh ri vwdwh V! zdv lqfuhdvhg wr pdjqli| wkh vtxduhg frh!flhqw ri yduldwlrq/ F#1 Wkh sdudphwhu vhwwlqjv

dqg uhvxowlqj F# ydoxhv iru wkhvh PPES vrxufhv duh jlyhq lq wdeoh 41 Vhfrqg/ wkh gxudwlrq ri vwdwh V! zdv

ohqjwkhq wr pdjqli| wkh shdn wr phdq udwlr1 Wkh sdudphwhu vhwwlqj iru wkhvh PPES vrxufhv duh suhvhqwhg lq wdeoh 51 Iru hdfk h{shulphqw/ vhsdudwh dqg lqghshqghqw vlpxodwlrqv zhuh h{hfxwhg wr surylgh dyhudjhv dqg <8( frqghqfh lqwhuydov1 H{shulphqwv udq iru 9333 vlpxodwhg vhfrqgv dqg hdfk gdwd srlqw uhsuhvhqwv 433 vlpxodwlrqv1 Wkh lqlwldo GVD. sdudphwhuv iru doo wkh PPES h{shulphqwv zhuh> 73fhoov2vhfrqg iru N/ dqg 318 vhfrqgv iru erwk X!dqg L dqg wkh shdn udwh ri wkh vrxufh iru !1

Wkh iroorzlqj h{shulphqwv xvhg wkh PPES vrxufhv ghvfulehg lq wdeoh 4 dqg zhuh shuiruphg wr vkrz wkh

(5)

# &

83

# &

84 4 I

4 J

I

J

Iljxuh 6= Wzr vwdwh PPES1

Vrxufh 83 Vwdwh 84 Vwdwh .#

Phdq Udwh Gxudwlrq Phdq Udwh Gxudwlrq +fhoov2vhfrqg, +vhfrqg, +fhoov2vhfrqg, +vhfrqg,

3 433 3135 4 43% 3134 63

4 433 3135 5 43% 3134 8<

5 433 3135 7 43% 3134 44;

6 433 3135 : 43% 3134 53:

Wdeoh 4= PPES sdudphwhu ydoxhv iru wkh .# h{shulphqwv1

hhfw ri dq lqfuhdvlqj .#ydoxh +63053:,1 Wdeoh 6 vkrzv wkh uhvxowv ri wkh .#h{shulphqwv dqg jxuh 7 vkrzv

wkh dyhudjh edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS judskv iru vrxufh 41 Dv vhhq lq wkh wdeoh dqg judskv/ wkh shdn udwh uhvhuyhv rqo| 8( pruh elwv iru wudqvplvvlrq wkdq wkh hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk ru GVD.1 Wkh GVD. doorfdwlrq iru hdfk h{shulphqw kdg voljkwo| odujhu frqghqfh lqwhuydov dw wkh ehjlqqlqj/ vlqfh wkh dojrulwkp lv vhdufklqj iru wkh dssursuldwh ydoxh1 Dv wkh dojrulwkp dssurdfkhg dq doorfdwlrq ohyho zklfk surylghg wkh ghvluhg TrV/ wkh doorfdwhg dprxqw vwdelol}hg dqg wkh frqghqfh lqwhuydov uhgxfhg lq vl}h1 Wklv zdv hylghqw iru doo wkh exuvwlqhvv h{shulphqwv1 Gxh wr wkh vpdoo glhuhqfh lq doorfdwlrq dprxqwv/ shdn udwh doorfdwlrq fdq eh frqvlghuhg dq h!flhqw phwkrg iru wkhvh vrxufhv/ rqo| li lwv ydoxhv lv nqrzq lq dgydqfh1 GVD. zdv deoh wr forvho| pdwfk wkh doorfdwlrq dprxqw dqg TrV surylghg e| wkh hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk phwkrg zlwk qr d sulrul lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh vrxufh1

Wkh iroorzlqj h{shulphqwv xvhg wkh PPES vrxufhv ghvfulehg lq wdeoh 5 dqg zhuh shuiruphg wr vkrz wkh hhfw ri dq lqfuhdvlqj shdn wr phdq ydoxh +49053,1 Wdeoh 7 vkrzv wkh uhvxowv ri shdn wr phdq h{shulphqwv dqg jxuh 8 vkrzv wkh dyhudjh edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS judskv iru vrxufh 81 GVD. zdv deoh wr surylgh wkh ghvluhg TrV iru hdfk h{shulphqw1 Wkh qxpehu ri elwv uhvhuyhg iru wudqvplvvlrq e| GVD. lv frqvlvwhqwo| kljkhu wkdq wkh hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk doorfdwhg dprxqw +dq dyhudjh ri 84( pruh wkdw hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk,1 Wklv vhw ri h{shulphqwv vkrzv wkdw GVD. lv prghudwho| dhfwhg e| h{wuhph shdn wr phdq udwlrv1 Dowkrxjk wkhvh dprxqwv duh kljkhu wkdq hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk/ wkhuh lv vwloo d vljqlfdqw vdylqjv ryhu shdn udwh doorfdwlrq +dq dyhudjh ri ;;( ohvv wkdq shdn udwh doorfdwlrq,1 Erwk vhwv ri h{shulphqwv lqglfdwhg wkdw GVD. zdv deoh wr h!flhqwo| pdqdjh wkh vwdwlrqdu| wud!f ri ydulrxv PPES vrxufhv1 Wkh shuirupdqfh ri GVD. wr qrq0vwdwlrq wud!f lv suhvhqwhg lq wkh qh{w vhfwlrq1

615 PSHJ Wud!f

Lq wklv vhfwlrq wkh shuirupdqfh ri GVD. lv lqyhvwljdwhg xvlqj iwhhq PSHJ0frpsuhvvhg ylghrv1 Doo wudfhv zhuh rewdlqhg iurp Rolyhu Urvh dw wkh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Zÿu}exuj/ Jhupdq| ^4;`"1 Hdfk wudfh lv d wkluw| plqxwh

"Wudfhv fdq eh rewdlqhg iurp wkh iws vlwh iws0lqir61lqirupdwln1xql0zxhu}exuj1gh lq wkh gluhfwru| 2sxe2PSHJ

(6)

Vrxufh V! Vwdwh V" Vwdwh Shdn2Phdq Phdq Udwh Gxudwlrq Phdq Udwh Gxudwlrq

+fhoov2vhfrqg, +vhfrqg, +fhoov2vhfrqg, +vhfrqg,

3 433 3137 #=& "!6 3134 49

4 433 3139 #=& "!6 3134 4;

5 433 313; #=& "!6 3134 4<

6 433 314 #=& "!6 3134 53

Wdeoh 5= PPES sdudpwhu ydoxhv iru shdn wr phdq h{shulphqwv1

Vrxufh GVD. Hhfwlyh Edqgzlgwk Shdn Udwh Dyj1 Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg +"!43 elwv, +"!43 elwv, +"!43 elwv,

3 5159 515: 5187

4 71:; 71;3 813<

5 <1;4 <1;< 4315

6 4:15 4:18 4:1;

Wdeoh 6= Doorfdwlrq frpsdulvrq iru ydu|lqj F5 PPES wud!f1

DSA+ Peak rate Effective bandwidth

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05x 104

time (seconds) Source 1

DSA+ Desired CLP

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5

11x 10-4

time (seconds) Source 1

Iljxuh 7= Dyhudjh edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS iru PPES vrxufh 41

Vrxufh GVD. Hhfwlyh Edqgzlgwk Shdn Udwh Dyj1 Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg +"!; elwv, +"!; elwv, +"!; elwv,

7 ;155 716; 9619

8 :1;7 61:< 9619

9 :154 617< 9619

: :14: 6164 9619

Wdeoh 7= Doorfdwlrq frpsdulvrq iru ydu|lqj shdn wr phdq PPES wud!f1

(7)

DSA+ Peak rate Effective bandwidth

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

time (seconds) Source 5

DSA+ Desired CLP

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11x 10-4

time (seconds) Source 5

Iljxuh 8= Dyhudjh edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS iru PPES vrxufh 81

>! N X! L

+Pesv, +Nesv, +vhfrqg, +vhfrqg,

4333 433 7 318

Wdeoh 8= Lqlwldo vhwwlqjv ri GVD. sdudphwhuv iru PSHJ0frpsuhvvhg ylghrv1

vhjphqw ri wkh ruljlqdo ylghr dqg hdfk zdv hqfrghg zlwk frqvwdqw txdolw| xvlqj wkh vdph PSHJ04 hqfrghu fdug1 Uhohydqw vwdwlvwlfv ri hdfk ylghr duh suhvhqwhg lq ^;` dqg ^4;`1 Dv uhsruwhg lq ^4;`/ wkh Kxuvw sdudphwhuv lqglfdwh doo ylghrv h{klelw orqj0udqjh ghshqghqf|/ dqg vljqlfdqw shdn0wr0phdq udwlrv udqjlqj iurp 4;17 wr 7196 edvhg rq dyhudjh iudphv1 Wkhuhiruh lw lv hylghqw wkdw wkhvh duh yhu| gl!fxow vrxufhv wr uhjxodwh/ dqg wr gdwh wkhuh kdv ehhq qr vxffhvvixo dwwhpsw wr h!flhqwo| pdqdjh wkhp rq0olqh1

Iru hdfk L/ E ru S PSHJ iudph/ wkh htxlydohqw qxpehu ri DWP fhoov zdv ghwhuplqhg1 Wkh fhoo duulydo wlphv zhuh wkhq xqlirupo| glvwulexwhg ryhu wkh gxudwlrq ri wkh iudph1 Wklv surfhvv zdv uhshdwhg iru hdfk iudph xqwlo wkh hqg ri wkh wudfh zdv uhdfkhg1 Qr vprrwklqj/ pxowlsoh{lqj/ owhulqj ru txdqwl}dwlrq fkdqjhv ri dq| nlqg zhuh pdgh wr wkh ylghrv1 Zh frqvlghu wkhvh h{shulphqwv wr eh d kdug0fdvh whvw ri dq| rq0olqh doorfdwlrq whfkqltxh1

Dv dq h{dpsoh ri wkh shuirupdqfh ri GVD./ jxuh 9 vkrzv wkh edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS iru wkh Vlpsvrqv ylghr1 Lq wklv h{shulphqw/ wkh lqlwldo sdudphwhu vhwwlqjv duh jlyhq lq wdeoh 81 Dv vhhq lq wkh jxuh/ GVD. txlfno| uhgxfhv wkh edqgzlgwk doorfdwhg/ xqwlo wkh fxpxodwlyh FOS lv dssur{lpdwho| wkh ghvluhg ydoxh1 Diwhuzdugv/ zkhq wkh phdvxuhg FOS zdv zruvh wkdq wkh ghvluhg ydoxh/ wkh dojrulwkp lqfuhdvhg wkh udwh zlwk lqwhuuxswv1 Wkh fxpxodwlyh FOS judsk vkrzv wkdw wkh dojrulwkp lv deoh wr wljkwo| frqwuro wkh edqgzlgwk iru wkh ghvluhg FOS1 D wrwdo ri 69 uhqhjrwldwlrqv zhuh uhtxluhg/ zlwk dssur{lpdwho| kdoi rffxuulqj lq wkh uvw 93 vhfrqgv1 Wklv lv gxh wr wkh kljk lqlwldo vhuyhu udwh> lpsuryhphqwv fdq eh rewdlqhg li wkh lqlwldo udwh lv ohvv wkdq wkh shdn1 Rqo| vl{whhq ri wkh uhqhjrwldwlrqv zhuh iru pruh edqgzlgwk1 Wklv orz qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv lv gxh wr grxeolqj wkh xsgdwh lqwhuydo/ dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 5151

7 Frpsdulvrq zlwk Rwkhu Phwkrgv

Lq wklv vhfwlrq GVD. lv frpsduhg wr rwkhu doorfdwlrq whfkqltxhv= shdn udwh/ Kvx*v dojrulwkp/ dqg UHG0 YEU1 Wkh v|vwhp ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 514 zdv lpsohphqwhg dqg doo iwhhq PSHJ ylghrv zhuh xvhg dv wud!f vrxufhv1 Djdlq lqglylgxdo iudphv zhuh vsolw lqwr DWP fhoov dv ghvfulehg lq wkh suhylrxv vhfwlrq1 Qr vprrwklqj/ pxowlsoh{lqj/ owhulqj ru txdqwl}dwlrq fkdqjhv ri dq| nlqg zhuh pdgh wr wkh ylghrv1 GVD. lqlwldo sdudphwhuv/ wkh vdph iru hdfk ylghr/ duh jlyhq lq wdeoh 81

(8)

DSA+

MPEG maximum per GoP Peak Rate

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 106

time (seconds) Simpsons MPEG Video

DSA+ Desired CLP

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

x 10-3

time (seconds) Simpsons MPEG Video

Iljxuh 9= GVD. edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS iru wkh Vlpsvrqv ylghr1

Shdn udwh doorfdwlrq zdv fkrvhq vlqfh lw lv dq dffhswhg doorfdwlrq phwkrg1 Wr ghwhuplqh wkh h{dfw shdn udwh uhtxluhv wkh wudfh lq dgydqfh1 Iru wkdw uhdvrq/ wklv lv dq r0olqh phwkrg1 Lq d vhqvh wklv frpsdulvrq lv xqidlu wr wkh uhpdlqlqj rq0olqh phwkrgv1 Dq rq0olqh shdn udwh dojrulwkp zrxog uhtxluh dq ryhuhvwlpdwlrq ri wkh wud!f e| d vljqlfdqw shufhqwdjh wr eh fdxwlrxv1 Dqrwkhu glhuhqfh lv wkdw shdn udwh doorfdwlrq zrxog uhvxow lq }hur orvvhv/ zkloh rwkhu phwkrgv zhuh wdujhwhg iru d orvv udwh ri " "!$1 Vpdoo exw qrq0}hur orvvhv

duh frqvlghuhg wr eh dffhswdeoh iru w|slfdo pxowlphgld dssolfdwlrqv1 Lqvwhdg ri d zhdnqhvv/ zh frqvlghu wkh delolw| wr pdqdjh TrV wdujhwv edvhg xsrq wkh xvhu*v qhhgv wr eh d vwuhqjwk ri dq| rq0olqh dojrulwkp1 Rwkhu r0olqh phwkrgv/ vxfk dv SFEU ^7` ru Ihqj*v dojrulwkp ^:`/ duh qrw frpsdudeoh/ dv wkh| gluhfwo| frqwuro wkh wudqvplvvlrq ri wkh vrxufh1

Kvx*v phwkrg lv d g|qdplf dojrulwkp zklfk kdv ehhq suryhq wr qg wkh plqlpxp edqgzlgwk uhtxluhg iru d vwdwlrqdu| PPES vrxufh ^43`1 Wklv phwkrg zdv fkrvhq vlqfh lw lv d vlpsoh rq0olqh phwkrg wkdw uhtxluhv plqlpdo vrxufh lqirupdwlrq1 Wkh dojrulwkp uhqhjrwldwhv edqgzlgwk ryhu {hg ohqjwk lqwhuydov/ xvlqj suhylrxv orvv phdvxuhphqwv dqg d vlpsoh glhuhqfh huuru ixqfwlrq1 Lqlwldo sdudphwhuv iru wklv dojrulwkp zhuh 718 Pesv iru wkh lqlwldo vhuyhu udwh/ 4 vhfrqg iru wkh lqwhuydo dqg 4 Pesv iru f wkh frqvwdqw1 Qr phwkrg ri sdudphwhu vhohfwlrq zdv suhvhqwhg lq wkh ruljlqdo sdshu1 Wkh ydoxhv xvhg zhuh irxqg wr eh wkh ehvw iurp rxu h{shulphqwv1 Lw zdv dovr revhuyhg wkdw wkh dojrulwkp zdv yhu| vhqvlwlyh wr sdudphwhu ydoxhv1 Vpdoo yduldwlrqv lq wkh lqlwldo sdudphwhu ydoxhv glg uhvxow lq ryhu0doorfdwlrq1

UHG0YEU lv d phwkrg iru vxssruwlqj YEU ylghr/ zlwk dq r0olqh ru rq0olqh doorfdwlrq whfkqltxh1 Iru wklv frpsdulvrq/ wkh rq0olqh yhuvlrq zdv lpsohphqwhg xvlqj d vlplodu vhjphqwdwlrq dojrulwkp dv suhvhqwhg lq ^54`1 UHG0YEU lv edvhg xsrq wkh G0ELQG prgho ^45`1 Wklv prgho frqvlvwv ri d vhw ri udwh0lqwhuydo sdluv/ zklfk fkdudfwhul}h wkh vrxufh ryhu ydulrxv lqwhuydo ohqjwkv1 Wkh doorfdwlrq dojrulwkp vwruhv wkh fxuuhqwo| uhvhuyhg G0ELQG sdudphwhuv dqg fdofxodwhv wkh G0ELQG sdudphwhuv iru wkh odvw P iudphv1 D uhqhjrwldwlrq wdnh sodfh zkhq d glhuhqfh h{lvwv ehwzhhq wkh uhvhuyhg dqg phdvxuhg G0ELQG sdudphwhuv> pruh ghwdlov duh suhvhqwhg lq ^54`1 UHG0YEU grhv qrw xvh qru phdvxuh wkh TrV iru doorfdwlrq1 TrV lv dq lvvxh zkhq vrxufhv duh pxowlsoh{hg wrjhwkhu dqg lv surylghg rq d shu0vhjphqw edvlv dv ghvfulehg lq ^54`1 Dv d frpsdulvrq/ rqo| wkh uhqhjrwldwlrq dqg doorfdwlrq shuirupdqfh ri wklv phwkrg zloo eh frqvlghuhg1 Wkh lqlwldo sdudphwhuv duh jlyhq lq wdeoh 91 Wkh dqg ydoxhv zhuh wdnhq iurp wkh ruljlqdo sdshu/ zkloh PLQbUHJHQbLQWHUYDO/ S dqg P zhuh vhohfwhg wr uhgxfh wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv1

Wdeoh : vkrzv wkh shuirupdqfh ri doo wkh dojrulwkpv iru hdfk lqglylgxdo PSHJ ylghr dv d vrxufh1 Iljxuh : vkrzv wkh edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS ri doo wkh phwkrgv iru wkh Dvwhul{ ylghr1

GVD. zdv deoh wr surylgh wkh ghvluhg TrV iru hdfk ylghr/ zlwk vljqlfdqwo| ihzhu elwv wkdq wkh shdn udwh1 Vdylqj ri 54 0 94( zhuh revhuyhg ryhu shdn udwh1 Wkh dyhudjh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv uhtxluhg zdv 6915 dqg rqo| 77( ri wkh uhqhjrwldwlrqv zhuh uhtxhvwv iru pruh edqgzlgwk1 Rq dyhudjh/ lqfuhdvhv zhuh 4;< Nesv1

Kvx*v dojrulwkp zdv qrw deoh wr surylgh wkh ghvluhg TrV iru wkh Jrogqjhu/ Qhzv dqg Odpev ylghrv1

(9)

k q PLQbUHQHJbLQWHUYDO S P +vhfrqgv,

415 418 43 7; 7;

Wdeoh 9= UHG0YEU sdudphwhuv1

Ylghr GVD. Kvx*v UHG0YEU Shdn

Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg Elwv Xvhg Q1U1 +"!< elwv, Q1U1 +"!< elwv, Q1U1 +"!< elwv, +"!< elwv,

Dvwhul{ 63 6196 4999 6183 638 81:: 9184

DWS Whqqlv 63 819; 4999 8166 63; 81;< ;176 Irupxod 4 Udfh 58 81;: 4999 ;1:5 5<6 9144 ;1<8

Jrogqjhu 7: 8144 4999 71;4 59< 818; 431;

Mxudvvlf Sdun 6< 6145 4999 51:8 5<9 61;< 815; Prylh Uhylhz 68 716; 4999 61:< 648 8146 :196 Pu1 Ehdq 85 61;< 4999 4614 59< 8136 4314

PWY 77 91:5 4999 8133 5;6 81;9 4314

Qhzv 5; 71:6 4646 <1:6 553 7197 ;193

Odpev 79 6143 4999 5179 5:< 51;5 81<6

Vlpsvrqv 69 7189 4999 461: 5<9 8197 4315

Vrffhu 58 9186 4999 8189 63: 915< ;15;

Vxshu Erzo 67 7158 4999 4614 59; 71:< 9154

Wdon 6: 5177 4999 4719 594 61<: 71:6

Whuplqdwru 6; 41:8 4999 4177 5<6 51;9 6186 Dyhudjh 6918 716; 4999 :14: 5;7 71<8 :1:5 Ohjhqg= Q1U1 @ qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv

Wdeoh := Dojrulwkp frpsdulvrq1

Wklv phwkrg dovr ryhu0doorfdwhg edqgzlgwk +pruh wkdq wkh dfwxdo shdn, iru wkh Irupxod 4 Udfh/ Pu1 Ehdq/ Qhzv/ Vlpsvrqv/ Vxshu Erzo dqg Wdon ylghrv1 Wklv zdv d uhvxow ri d ryhu0doorfdwlrq hduo| lq wkh wudfh/ iurp zklfk wkh dojrulwkp zdv xqdeoh wr uhgxfh wkh edqgzlgwk txlfno| hqrxjk1 Sodflqj erxqgv rq wkh kljkhvw edqgzlgwk doorfdwhg +shdn, uhgxfhv wklv hhfw/ exw lw uhtxluhv wkh nqrzohgjh ri wkh ydoxh d sulrul1 Dqrwkhu gl!fxow| zlwk wklv phwkrg zdv wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv1 Wkh dojrulwkp xvhv frqvwdqw lqwhuydov wr uhqhjrwldwh wkh edqgzlgwk1 Frqvhtxhqwo|/ uhqhjrwldwlqj hyhu| vhfrqg zrxog sodfh d vljqlfdqw exughq rq wkh qhwzrun*v vljqdolqj v|vwhp1

UHG0YEU zdv deoh wr surylgh wkh ghvluhg TrV iru hdfk ylghr/ zlwk FOS ydoxhv udqjlqj iurp }hur wr #"!71 Ihzhu elwv wkdq shdn doorfdwlrq +44 0 85( ohvv, zhuh xvhg/ exw wkh dojrulwkp uhtxluhg d odujh qxpehu

ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv1 Rq dyhudjh 5;7 uhqhjrwldwlrqv zhuh shuiruphg/ zlwk 89( ehlqj iru pruh edqgzlgwk1 Dv vhhq lq jxuh :/ wkhvh lqfuhdvhv zhuh odujh/ dyhudjlqj 8:8 Nesv1 Wkh fdofxodwlrq ri G0ELQG sdudphwhuv pd| dovr eh sureohpdwlf vlqfh lw lv grqh iru hdfk iudph1

Ryhudoo GVD. shuiruphg ehwwhu wkdq wkh rwkhu dojrulwkpv1 Lw dozd|v uhtxluhg ihzhu elwv iru wudqvplvvlrq wkdq wkh shdn/ dqg rq dyhudjh ohvv wkdq wkh rwkhu rq0olqh phwkrgv/ zkloh vwloo surylglqj wkh ghvluhg FOS1 Wkh vljqlfdqw vdylqjv zdv lq wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv1 Wkh dojrulwkp uhtxluhg qr pruh wkdq 85 uhqhjrwldwlrqv dqg rq dyhudjh rqo| 77( zhuh iru pruh uhvrxufhv1 Wkh qxpehu fdq eh ixuwkhu uhgxfhg zlwk d orzhu lqlwldo edqgzlgwk ydoxh/ dv glvfxvvhg lq wkh qh{w vhfwlrq1 Rq dyhudjh Kvx*v dojrulwkp uhtxluhg 7: wlphv pruh uhqhjrwldwlrqv/ zkloh UHG0YEU uhtxluhg ; wlphv dv pdq|1 Wkh pdjqlwxgh ri lqfuhdvhv zhuh uhodwlyho| vpdoo/ 4;<Nesv/ zkloh UHG0YEU lqfuhdvhg wkuhh wlphv dv pxfk1 GVD. dovr kdv wkh dgydqwdjh ri d vlpsoh dojrulwkp wkdw grhv qrw uhtxluh odujh dprxqwv ri surfhvvlqj wlph1

(10)

DSA+ Hsu Algorithm RED-VBR Peak Rate

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 106

time (seconds) Asterix MPEG Video

DSA+ Hsu Algorithm RED-VBR Desired CLP

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

x 10-3

time (seconds) Asterix MPEG Video

Iljxuh := Edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS iru wkh Dvwhul{ ylghr1

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Bits used Allocation changes

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1x 109

K (Kbps) Varying K Value

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Bits used Allocation changes

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1x 109

U (seconds) Varying Initial U Value

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Bits used Allocation changes

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1x 109

I (seconds) Varying I Value

Iljxuh ;= Ydu|lqj lqlwldo sdudphwhuv N/ X! dqg L lqghshqghqwo|1

(11)

8 Urexvwqhvv/ Dssursuldwh Sdudphwhu Vhohfwlrq

Dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 515/ irxu lqlwldo sdudphwhuv pxvw eh vshflhg lq rughu wr xvh GVD.= wkh lqlwldo vhuyhu udwh +!,/ wkh uvw uhqhjrwldwlrq lqwhuydo +X!,/ wkh udwh dgmxvwphqw frh!flhqw +N,/ dqg wkh lqwhuuxsw vxe0

lqwhuydo +L,1 D fdsdeoh g|qdplf doorfdwlrq phwkrg vkrxog eh uhodwlyho| lqvhqvlwlyh wr wkh lqlwldo sdudphwhu ydoxhv/ vr wkdw xvhu lqvljkw lqwr wkhvh sdudphwhuv lv qrw d uhtxluhphqw1 Zh udq irxu h{shulphqwv wr lqyhvwljdwh zkhwkhu wklv zdv wkh fdvh1 Iru hdfk h{shulphqw/ zh vhw wkh sdudphwhuv wr d sduwlfxodu ydoxh dqg vlpxodwhg wkh ehkdylru ri GVD./ iru doo 48 ylghrv1 Wkhq/ wkh dyhudjh qxpehu ri elwv dqg qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv shu ylghr zhuh fdofxodwhg1 Wkh v|vwhp ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 6 zdv vlpxodwhg dqg wkh ghvluhg FOS iru hdfk h{shulphqw zdv ""!$1 Zh duh lqwhuhvwhg lq plqlpl}lqj wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv dv zhoo dv wkh dprxqw

ri edqgzlgwk doorfdwhg1 \hw/ lpsurylqj rqh ydoxh pd| uhvxow lq d qhjdwlyh hhfw rq wkh rwkhu1 Iru h{dpsoh/ d kljkhu qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv fdq uhvxow lq d pruh h!flhqw doorfdwlrq/ vlqfh wkh dojrulwkp fdq forvho| iroorz wkh duulydo sdwwhuq ri wkh vrxufh1

Iljxuh ; vkrzv wkh hhfw ri ydu|lqj wkh lqlwldo sdudphwhuv lqglylgxdoo|1 Lw zdv revhuyhg wkdw wkh frh!flhqw N/ glg qrw vljqlfdqwo| lpsdfw wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv/ exw ydoxhv ryhu 683 Nesv glg lqfuhdvh wkh qxpehu ri elwv xvhg1 Lq jhqhudo/ iru PSHJ ylghrv vpdoohu N ydoxhv +433 0683 Nesv, duh ehwwhu/ vlqfh wkh dgglwlrqdo qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv lv qrw vljqlfdqw frpsduhg wr wkh vdylqjv lq edqgzlgwk1 Wkh lqlwldo vhuyhu udwh grhv hhfw erwk wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv dqg wkh elwv xvhg1 Vpdoo lqlwldo vhuyhu udwhv +ohvv wkdq kdoi shdn udwh, kdyh ihzhu uhqhjrwldwlrqv/ exw doorfdwh pruh elwv1 Wklv lv d uhvxow ri lqwhuuxswv rffxuulqj hduo| lq wkh wudfh1 Odujh lqlwldo vhuyhu udwhv +pruh wkdq :8( shdn udwh, fdxvh pruh uhqhjrwldwlrqv exw ihzhu elwv xvhg1 Wkh kljkhu qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv lv wkh hhfw ri uhgxflqj wkh udwh pruh vorzo| wkdq lw fdq eh lqfuhdvhg +vhh htxdwlrq 4,1 Jhqhudoo|/ odujhu lqlwldo edqgzlgwkv duh ehwwhu gxh wr wkh vdylqjv lq elwv xvhg1 Olnh dq| uhqhjrwldwlrq phwkrg krzhyhu/ wkh ehwwhu wkh lqlwldo udwh jxhvv/ wkh ehwwhu wkh shuirupdqfh1 Wkh lqwhuydov/ X!dqg L/ kdyh vrph hhfw rq shuirupdqfh> krzhyhu wkhlu ydoxhv vkrxog eh vhw lq dffrugdqfh wr wkh

ghvluhg FOS1 Iru h{dpsoh/ d pruh vwulqjhqw FOS zrxog qhhg d vpdoohu lqwhuuxsw lqwhuydo wr suhyhqw h{fhvvlyh orvvhv gxulqj dq lqwhuydo1 Ryhudoo GVD. lv urexvw wr lqlwldo sdudphwhu vhwwlqjv1 Lw fdq dffhsw d ydulhw| ri ydoxhv dqg vwloo surylgh wkh ghvluhg TrV1 Olnh dq| phwkrg ri uhvrxufh doorfdwlrq/ d sulrul lqirupdwlrq fdq khos jxlgh wkh lqlwldo sdudphwhu vhohfwlrq> krzhyhu lw lv qrw d qhfhvvlw|1

9 Pxowlsoh{lqj

Lq wklv vhfwlrq wkh hhfwv ri pxowlsoh{hg PSHJ ylghrv lv h{dplqhg1 Wkh prwlydwlrq iru wklv h{shulphqw lv wkh xvh ri GVD. iru frqqhfwlrq dgplvvlrq frqwuro1 Dq dgplvvlrq frqwuro whfkqltxh frxog vlpso| xvh GVD. wr suhglfw edqgzlgwk xvdjh ri wkh fxuuhqw vhvvlrqv1 Vxewudfwlqj wklv ydoxh iurp wkh wrwdo dprxqw zrxog surylgh d txlfn dqg dffxudwh phdvxuh ri wkh uhpdlqlqj uhvrxufhv dydlodeoh1 Iru wklv h{shulphqw/ GVD. zdv xvhg wr pdqdjh d pxowlsoh{ vwuhdp ri iwhhq glhuhqw PSHJ ylghrv1 Wkh TrV surylghg wr wkh pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp lv dq djjuhjdwh ydoxh/ wkxv lqglylgxdo jxdudqwhhv duh qrw surylghg1 Wkh shuirupdqfh zdv wkhq frpsduhg wr wkh vxppdwlrq ri edqgzlgwk iurp frqwuroolqj hdfk ylghr lqghshqghqwo|/ dv lq vhfwlrq 5161 Hdfk pxowlsoh{hg ylghr zdv udqgrpo| vwduwhg dw iudph {/ zkhuh { zdv xqlirupo| glvwulexwhg ehwzhhq wkh vwduw dqg hqg iudph1 Wkh iudphv ri hdfk ylghr zhuh wkhq dgghg wrjhwkhu wr fuhdwh rqh pxowlsoh{hg ylghr vwuhdp1 Wklv pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp kdg d shdn udwh ri 4:15 Pesv dqg phdq udwh ri :194 Pesv/ |lhoglqj d shdn wr phdq udwlr ri 51591 Wkh vwuhdp zdv wkhq eurnhq lqwr DWP fhoov lq wkh vdph pdqqhu dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 61 Wkh fhoov wkhq duulyhg dw d ILIR txhxh +;3 fhoo fdsdflw|,/ zkhuh dq| fhoo hqfrxqwhulqj d ixoo txhxh zdv lpphgldwho| orvw1 Wkh ghvluhg FOS zdv " "!$1 Pxowlsoh{lqj lv h{shfwhg wr uhgxfh exuvwlqhvv dqg OUG ehkdylru ^48`> wkxv

d pxowlsoh{hg vrxufh vkrxog eh hdvlhu wr pdqdjh1

Iljxuh < vkrzv wkh doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS ri wkh GVD. pdqdjhg pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp dqg wkh vxpphg lqglylgxdo GVD. pdqdjhg vwuhdpv1 Dv qrwhg lq wkh jxuh/ vljqlfdqw vdylqjv rffxuv iurp pdqdjlqj wkh pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp1 Vdylqjv ri 48( ryhu shdn dqg 99( ryhu wkh vxpphg lqglylgxdo vwuhdpv zhuh revhuyhg1 Wkh sulpdu| vrxufh ri vdylqjv +ryhu frqwuroolqj hdfk ylghr lqglylgxdoo|, lv iurp pxowlsoh{lqj1 Pxowlsoh{lqj vprrwkv wkh vwuhdp/ uhgxflqj exuvwlqhvv dqg OUG1 Wkh uhvxow lv d vrxufh wkdw lv zhoo0ehkdyhg dv frpsduhg wr wkh lqglylgxdo ylghrv1 Wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv iru wkh pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp lv 9: dv frpsduhg wr 879 wrwdo uhqhjrwldwlrqv iru wkh lqglylgxdo ylghrv1 Ryhu kdoi ri wkh uhqhjrwldwlrqv iru wkh pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp rffxuuhg lq wkh uvw wzr plqxwhv1

(12)

DSA+

MPEG maximum per GoP Multiplexed Peak DSA+, single videos added

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0

1 2 3 4 5 6

x 1 07

time (seconds) Multiplexed Videos

DSA+, multiplexed source Desired CLP

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0

0.5 1 1.5x 1 0

-3

time (seconds) Multiplexed Videos

Iljxuh <= Edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq dqg fxpxodwlyh FOS iru wkh pxowlsoh{hg vwuhdp1

: Qhwzrun Doorfdwlrq

Zh kdyh rqo| dssolhg GVD. iru frqwuroolqj wkh TrV ri d vlqjoh krs1 Lq wklv vhfwlrq zh lqyhvwljdwh wkh dssolfdwlrq ri GVD. iru d pxowlsoh krs frqqhfwlrq1 Iru wkhvh h{shulphqwv irxu qrghv duh frqqhfwhg lq vhulhv1 Wkh qrghv duh lqwhufrqqhfwhg zlwk 488 Pesv olqnv/ hdfk phdvxulqj 83 phwhuv lq ohqjwk1 Hdfk qrgh frqvlvwv ri dq dgmxvwdeoh udwh vhuyhu dqg qlwh fdsdflw| ILIR txhxh +;3 DWP fhoov, dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 51 Hdfk PSHJ0ylghr zdv vhjphqwhg dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 61 Wkh vwuhdp hqwhuhg wkh qhwzrun dw qrgh }hur dqg surfhhghg iruzdug xqwlo qrgh wkuhh zdv uhdfkhg1 Iru wkhvh h{shulphqwv zh duh lqwhuhvwhg lq surylglqj dq hqg0wr0hqg fhoo orvw suredelolw| ri " "!$1 Wzr lpsohphqwdwlrqv ri GVD. zhuh lqyhvwljdwhg= hdfk0qrgh

dqg uvw0qrgh1

Wkh hdfk0qrgh lpsohphqwdwlrq uhtxluhv hdfk qrgh wr uxq GVD. vhsdudwho| dqg lqghshqghqwo|/ dv vhhq lq jxuh 431 Wkh hqg0wr0hqg FOS zdv glylghg hyhqo| dprqj wkh qrghv uhvxowlqj lq d wdujhw FOS ri #=& "!%

shu qrgh1 Li hdfk qrgh surylghv wklv FOS/ wkh hqg0wr0hqg FOS zrxog eh wkh ghvluhg ""!$1 Wkh hqg0wr0hqg

TrV frxog kdyh ehhq glylghg glhuhqwo|/ shukdsv edvhg rq wkh fxuuhqw frqglwlrq ri wkh lqglylgxdo qrghv1 Wkh uhpdlqlqj GVD. lqlwldo sdudphwhuv zhuh lghqwlfdo iru hdfk qrgh dqg duh jlyhq lq wdeoh 81 Rqh sulpdu| dgydqwdjh wr wkh vwudwhj| lv wkdw qr lqwhu0qrgh dojrulwkp frppxqlfdwlrq lv qhfhvvdu|/ wkxv holplqdwlqj dq| qhhg iru dojrulwkp frqwuro sdfnhwv1 Iluvw0qrgh lpsohphqwdwlrq rqo| uhtxluhv wkh uvw qrgh ri wkh frqqhfwlrq wr uxq GVD./ dv vhhq lq jxuh 441 Wkh lqlwldo GVD. sdudphwhuv duh jlyhq lq wdeoh 81 Wkh uvw qrgh frqwurov wkh edqgzlgwk iru doo wkh uhpdlqlqj grzqvwuhdp qrghv1 Wkh uvw qrgh kdv d FOS ri " "!$/ wkhuhiruh

wkh uhpdlqlqj qrghv fdq kdyh }hur orvvhv1 Zkhq d uhqhjrwldwlrq rffxuv dw wkh uvw qrgh d frqwuro sdfnhw/ frqwdlqlqj wkh qhz edqgzlgwk ydoxh/ lv vhqw grzqvwuhdp1 Rqfh d grzqvwuhdp qrghv uhfhlyhv wkh edqgzlgwk frqwuro sdfnhw lw pxvw lpphgldwho| uhqhjrwldwh wr wklv ydoxh wkhq iruzdug lw grzqvwuhdp1 Zh dvvxphg wkdw wkh frqwuro sdfnhwv duh vhqw rq dqrwkhu uholdeoh frqqhfwlrq/ dv grqh lq pdq| frppxqlfdwlrq surwrfrov ^53`1 Rqo| wudqvplvvlrq dqg sursdjdwlrq ghod|v zhuh idfwruhg iru wkh frqwuro sdfnhwv1

Wdeoh ; vkrzv wkh wrwdo qxpehu ri elwv +vxppdwlrq ri wkh elwv uhvhuyhg iru wkh irxu qrghv, uhvhuyhg e| hdfk phwkrg1 Iljxuhv 45 dqg 46 vkrz wkh doorfdwlrq dqg revhuyhg FOS iru wkh Wdon ylghr ri hdfk0qrgh dqg uvw0qrgh uhvshfwlyho|1 Iru wkh uvw0qrgh phwkrg/ grzqvwuhdp qrghv uhtxluhg ohvv edqgzlgwk1 Wklv zdv hylghqw iru doo wkh hdfk0qrgh h{shulphqwv shuiruphg1 Wklv lv sulpdulo| gxh wr d uhvkdslqj hhfw hdfk qrgh kdv rq wkh wud!f1 Dv wkh wud!f sdvvhv wkurxjk d qrgh vrph xfwxdwlrqv lq wkh duulydo vwuhdp duh uhpryhg gxh wr wkh vwrudjh dqg wudqvplvvlrq/ uhvxowlqj lq d ohvv exuvw| ghsduwxuh vwuhdp1 Grzqvwuhdp qrghv ehqhw iurp wklv hhfw/ uhvxowlqj lq d orzhu edqgzlgwk doorfdwlrq +4 0 7:( ohvv wkdq wkh uvw qrgh,1 Krzhyhu/ wkh uvw qrgh lpsohphqwdwlrq frqvlvwhqwo| uhvhuyhg ihzhu wrwdo elwv/ dv vhhq lq wdeoh ;> |hw wklv lpsohphqwdwlrq uhtxluhv wkh ryhukhdg ri lqwhu0qrgh dojrulwkp frppxqlfdwlrq1

(13)

DW P f h oo v

d g m x v w d e oh v h u y h u

f r q w u r o or v v h v

q r g h 3 q r g h 4 q r g h 5 q r g h 6

! ! ! ! !

, , , ,

r e v h u y d w lr q v r e v h u y d w l r q v r e v h u yd w l r q v r e v h u yd w lr q v

aa# aa# aa# aa#

G V D . G V D . G V D . G V D .

Iljxuh 43= Pxowlsoh krs frqqhfwlrq zlwk hdfk0qrgh lpsohphqwdwlrq1

DW P f h oo v

d g m x v w d e oh v h u y h u

f r q w u r o or v v h v

q r g h 3 q r g h 4 q r g h 5 q r g h 6

! ! ! ! !

, , , ,

r e v h u y d w lr q v

aa# aa# aa# aa#

G V D .

Iljxuh 44= Pxowlsoh krs frqqhfwlrq zlwk uvw0qrgh lpsohphqwdwlrq1

Hlwkhu lpsohphqwdwlrq ri GVD. iru hqg0wr0hqg TrV vkrzhg surplvlqj uhvxowv1 Wkh hdfk0qrgh duudqjh0 phqw surylghg wkh hqg0wr0hqg TrV zlwk qr lqwhu0qrgh dojrulwkp frppxqlfdwlrq ryhukhdg/ |hw wkhuh duh d ihz glvdgydqwdjhv1 Rqh glvdgydqwdjh lv wkdw wklv phwkrg uhtxluhv pruh elwv dv vhhq lq wkh wdeoh1 Wklv lv sulpdulo| gxh wr wkh pruh vwulqjhqw TrV uhtxluhg dw hdfk qrgh/ hvshfldoo| wkh uvw qrgh1 Dqrwkhu glvdg0 ydqwdjh lv glylglqj wkh TrV dprqj wkh lqglylgxdo qrghv1 Wklv pd| eh sureohpdwlf li hlwkhu wkhuh lv d odujh qxpehu ri qrghv dqg2ru li wkh hqg0wr0hqg TrV lv yhu| vwulqjhqw1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li wkh hqg0wr0hqg FOS zdv " "!9 lq iru d 43 qrgh frqqhfwlrq/ hdfk qrgh zrxog kdyh dq lqglylgxdo FOS ri " "!:1 Wklv lqglylgxdo

FOS ydoxh pd| eh wrr vpdoo iru dq| w|sh ri rq0olqh phwkrg1 Rqh srvvleoh vroxwlrq frxog lqfoxgh wkh xvh ri lpsruwdqfh vdpsolqj ru uhvwduw ^46`1 Iluvw0qrgh lpsohphqwdwlrq grhv qrw kdyh wkh glvdgydqwdjh ri lqglylgxdo TrV uhtxluhphqwv/ exw lw grhv uhtxluh pruh vxssruw iru lqwhu0qrgh dojrulwkp frppxqlfdwlrq1 Lw lv srvvleoh wkdw erwk phwkrgv frxog eh frpelqhg wr ohvvhq wkh hhfwv ri erwk glvdgydqwdjhv1

; Frqfoxvlrqv

Wklv sdshu suhvhqwhg dq rq0olqh dojrulwkp/ GVD./ zklfk h!flhqwo| doorfdwhv uhvrxufhv wr surylgh d uhtxluhg TrV1 GVD. zdv xvhg wr pdqdjh wkh edqgzlgwk ri PPES jhqhudwhg wud!f dqg PSHJ0frpsuhvvhg ylghr wudfhv zlwk d vshflhg doorzdeoh fhoo orvv suredelolw|1 Zh zhuh lqwhuhvwhg lq plqlpl}lqj erwk wkh edqgzlgwk doorfdwhg dqg wkh qxpehu ri uhqhjrwldwlrqv1 PPES wud!f h{shulphqwv vkrzhg wkdw GVD. h!flhqwo| do0 orfdwhg edqgzlgwk forvh wr wkh suhglfwhg hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk ydoxh/ zlwkrxw sulru nqrzohgjh ri vwdwlvwlfv ri wkh xqghuo|lqj wud!f jhqhudwlrq surfhvv1 Iru wkh PSHJ h{shulphqwv/ iwhhq dfwxdo PSHJ wudfhv zhuh froohfwhg dqg xvhg1 Dv frpsduhg wr dq r0olqh shdn0udwh doorfdwlrq/ GVD. vdyhg 468;( lq edqgzlgwk1 Rq dyhudjh 69 uhqhjrwldwlrqv zhuh uhtxluhg/ exw rqo| 77( zhuh iru pruh edqgzlgwk/ zklfk vhhpv dffhswdeo| orz1 Rwkhu phwkrgv zklfk zhuh frpsduhg/ hlwkhu ryhu0doorfdwhg edqgzlgwk ru uhtxluhg xs wr 7: wlphv pruh uhqhjrwldwlrqv1 Wkh hhfw ri pxowlsoh{lqj zdv lqyhvwljdwhg dqg vkrzhg GVD. kdv qr sureohp jxdudqwhhlqj TrV wr vxfk d wud!f vrxufh1 Wkh lqfoxvlrq ri GVD. lq frqqhfwlrq dgplvvlrq frqwuro zdv dovr glvfxvvhg1

Rxu h{shulphqwv dovr lqglfdwh wkh dojrulwkp lv idluo| lqvhqvlwlyh wr wkh fkrlfh ri lqlwldo sdudphwhu ydoxhv1 Iru doo wkh h{shulphqwv shuiruphg wkh vdph lqlwldo sdudphwhuv zhuh xvhg dqg vkrzhg h{fhoohqw uhvxowv1 GVD. uhtxluhv olplwhg lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh vrxufh/ krzhyhu dq| d sulrul lqirupdwlrq fdq/ ri frxuvh/ ehqhw wkh shuirupdqfh ri dq| rq0olqh dojrulwkp1

(14)

Ylghr Hdfk0qrgh Iluvw0qrgh Wrwdo Elwv Xvhg Wrwdo Elwv Xvhg

+"!"! elwv, +"!"! elwv,

Dvwhul{ 4187 4168

DWS Whqqlv 5136 418;

Irupxod 4 Udfh 5164 5139

Jrogqjhu 41:6 415;

Mxudvvlf Sdun 4145 31;9

Prylh Uhylhz 4189 4148

Pu1 Ehdq 4164 413:

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Node 0 Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Peak Rate

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

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Node 0 Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 End to end Desired CLP

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

2 x 10-3

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References

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