KOREA OBSERVER–ISSN NO.00233919
Perceived Ethnic Identity and Residents’ Attitudes towards the Relaxation of the Individual Visit Scheme: Evidence from Four
Types of Hong Kong Residents
Huawen Shen1, Ka Yin Chau 1, Shi-Zheng Huang1,2*
According to a Hong Kong University survey, Hong Kong residents are classified into four categories in terms of their perceived ethnic identity: Hong Kong citizen, Chinese Hong Kong citizen, Hong Kong Chinese citizen and Chinese citizen. The purpose of this study is to identify the attitudes of Hong Kong residents with different perceived ethnic identities. The results show that residents who identified themselves as “Hong Kong citizen” or “Chinese Hong Kong citizen” showed more negative attitudes towards relaxing the IVS than those who identified themselves as “Hong Kong Chinese citizen.”
Those who described themselves as “Chinese citizen” held very positive attitudes toward the change.
Key Words: Ethnic identity, Individual Visit Scheme, Hong Kong residents, Mainland tourists.
Ⅰ. Introduction
Mainland Chinese tourists play a crucial role in Hong Kong’s tourism industry.
Since the introduction of the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS) in 2003, allowing mainland Chinese tourists from approved cities to visit Hong Kong on an individual basis, the
*1 Faculty of International Tourism and Management, City university of Macau, Macau, China
2 School of Economics and Management, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China；
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
number of Chinese mainland tourists has increased from 8.47 million in 2003 to 28.1 million in 2018. During this time, the Scheme’s coverage has expanded from a few principal cities in China to 49 mainland cities. In 2018, the Chinese mainland market comprised more than 60% of Hong Kong’s total number of tourists, and IVS tourists accounted for 65% (HKTB, 2016) of these. In 2018, IVS travelers contributed to 1.3%
of Hong Kong’s GDP, at HKD12.6 billion, securing over 114,000 jobs for local residents. However, notwithstanding the benefits IVS tourism has brought to Hong Kong as a destination, a series of controversies have erupted over its negative social impacts. Recently, these have been widely exposed in the mass media, leading some to advocate for reform and even to suggest that the IVS be rescinded. Among the complaints have been factors that are generally relevant to social capacity issues of tourism destinations, like traffic congestion, soaring property prices, and daily incursions into the living spaces of the local residents. For instance, because IVS visitors generally prefer public transportation as their mode of travel in Hong Kong, it has led to more contact between them and local residents and has put pressure on transportation services, especially the Mass Transit Railway (MTR).
According to a Hong Kong University survey, Hong Kong residents are classified into four categories in terms of their perceived ethnic identity: Hong Kong citizen, Chinese Hong Kong citizen, Hong Kong Chinese citizen and Chinese citizen.
According to social identity theory, people tend to classify themselves into in-group and out-group members based on certain criteria (e.g., ethnicity), and they tend to show more favorable attitudes or treatment toward in-group members. This is known as in- group favoritism. Partly due to Hong Kong’s colonial history, many local residents still identify themselves as Hong Kongers or primarily Hong Kongers rather than Chinese or primarily Chinese (e.g., Lam et al. 1999). Those who identify themselves as Hong Kongers have been found to have more negative attitudes toward the mainland Chinese (Lam, Chiu & Lau 2007). Therefore, Hong Kong residents’ self-identity plays a role in their attitudes toward mainland Chinese tourists.
Gursoy et al. (2009) asserted that local residents’ attitudes toward tourism development are vital to its success and sustainability. Consequently, understanding how tourists perceive a place is part of the planning process for sustainability, and a key indicator of whether the development of local tourism has been successful. There have been some studies of residents’ perceptions of or attitudes toward tourism in
different geographic regions (Andrioitis & Vaughan 2003; Harlambopoulos & Pizam 1996; Jurowski et al. 1997; Lepp 2007; Mason & Cheyne 2002; McGehee & Andereck 2004; Schofield 2011; Sirakaya et al. 2002; Tosun 2002; Vargas-Sanchez et al. 2009).
However, no studies have specifically addressed the different attitudes the four groups of Hong Kong residents hold towards mainland Chinese tourists and the factors contributing to such attitudes.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the attitudes of Hong Kong residents of different perceived ethnic identities (i.e., Hong Kong citizen, Chinese Hong Kong citizen, Hong Kong Chinese citizen and Chinese citizen) towards relaxing the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS). Specifically, the objectives of this study are:
（1）Identify the differences in attitudes towards mainland tourists among these four different groups of residents.
（2）Examine what contributes to such attitudes toward mainland Chinese tourists.
（3）Provide implications and recommendations for future tourism development.
Ⅱ. Literature Review
A. Residents’ Attitudes Toward Tourism Development
Previous research has uncovered several factors that affect residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. Jackson and Inbakaran (2006) classified these into demographic, personal, and social factors, and factors related to tourism. Harill (2004) identified the same factors but grouped them into different categories, namely, socioeconomic and spatial factors, and factors related to economic dependence.
Similarly, Andriotis and Vaughan (2003) grouped the factors into three categories:
sociodemographic, intrinsic and extrinsic. The sociodemographic factors included age, gender, education, and property ownership. The intrinsic factors included physical distance between the resident’s home locality and the principal tourist zones, involvement in tourism, personal benefit or economic dependence, and length of residence. The extrinsic factors included the degree or stage of the host destination’s development, the type of tourists and seasonality. Sanchez et al. (2011) proposed a universal model to explain residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. They incorporated variables, including the personal benefits derived from tourism
development, the perception of tourists’ behavior (in terms of respect), the net benefits of tourism development, the level of perceived tourism development, tourist density and satisfaction with the community. All of these factors identified by past research have provided a comprehensive framework within which to understand residents’
attitudes toward tourism development. Nevertheless, perceived cultural distance, which is a crucial factor in understanding cross-cultural interactions, has been largely ignored in prior studies.
B. Social Identity Theory and the Role of Perceived Ethnic Identity
Social Identity Theory (SIT) pertains to intergroup relationships and attempts to reveal the underlying mechanisms for both intergroup comparisons and intergroup discrimination. Social identity is the part of an individual’s self-concept, derived from knowledge of and membership in a social group (or groups) in addition to the values and emotional significance attached to that membership (Tajfel 1978). Basically, SIT asserts that people classify themselves into in-groups and out-groups through social comparisons. Through the social comparison process, people seek positive distinctiveness to maintain and enhance a positive social identity, which can then strengthen their self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner 1979). In addition, people tend to view and evaluate their in-group members positively, which is known as in-group favoritism.
In-group favoritism manifests in the form of positive evaluation and preferential treatment of the in-group and/or disadvantaged treatment of the out-group. For example, the groundbreaking experiment of Tajfel et al. (1971) demonstrated that in the minimal group paradigm, participants tended to give more rewards to in-group members than out-group members in the absence of any previous relationship between the groups and any direct benefits to themselves. More recent research has also revealed that in-group preferential behaviors exist (Otten & Mummendey 1999). Guan et al. (2011) found that incongruence between the values of mainland Chinese and Hong Kong Chinese significantly predicted their negative intergroup attitudes. Mainlanders who strongly identified with the super-ordinate Chinese national group had a weaker negative relationship compared to those with weak Chinese identification.
C. Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism’s Impact
Local residents’ perceptions of tourism’s impact partly determine the success of tourism development. In the literature, the perceived impact of tourism has been classified into
three categories. The first is economic, (e.g., Diedrich & García-Buades 2009;
Haralambopoulos & Pizam 1996; Liu & Var 1986), for example, improving the local economy, creating job opportunities, increasing the price of housing and land, and creating inflation. The second is socio-cultural (Ap 1992; Belisle & Hoy 1980;
Haralambopoulos & Pizam 1996; Lankford & Howard 1994; Liu & Var 1986; Perdue, Long & Allen 1990; Sheldon & Var 1984). Socio-cultural factors includes the increased availability of recreational activities, increase in traffic accidents, the promotion of cultural exchange, increased prostitution, and loss of tranquility within the area. The third impact is environmental (Belisle & Hoy 1980; Liu & Var 1986; Perdue, Long &
Allen 1990; Sheldon & Var 1984). Environmental factors include infrastructure improvements, greater protection of the natural environment, damage to the natural surroundings, and destruction of the local ecosystem. Past research has suggested that perceived positive and negative impacts influence residents’ attitudes toward tourism development (Gursoy & Rutherford 2004; Gursoy, Chi & Dyer 2009; Vargas-Sánchez, Porras-Bueno & Plaza-Mejía 2011).
D. Theoretical Framework
As discussed above, the literature has shown that perceived economic, social, and environmental impacts influence residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. In addition, according to social identity theory, Hong Kong residents who identify themselves as Chinese will be more tolerant of the perceived negative impacts of tourism. Therefore, residents’ perceived ethnic identity must be considered when examining their attitudes toward relaxing the IVS. The theoretical framework in shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Proposed theoretical framework
Table 1. Characteristics of the Respondents (N=268)
Respondents characteristics N Percentage
Gender
Male 105 39.18%
Female 163 60.82%
Age
Under 20 14 5.22%
21-30 135 50.37%
31-40 45 16.79%
41-50 37 13.81%
51-60 19 7.09%
61-70 12 4.48%
Over 71 6 2.24%
Education background
Doctorate 2 0.75%
Master 96 35.82%
Bachelor 121 45.15%
Under senior high school 49 18.28%
Involvement in Tourism Industry
Yes 178 66.42%
No 90 33.58%
Ⅲ. Methodology
The study was qualitative and exploratory in nature, aiming to identify and explain key issues. In-depth interviews were conducted with 268 local Hong Kong residents using a snowball sampling technique. The characteristics of the respondents are summarized in Table 1, which shows that their demographics are comparable to the
Residents’
attitudes towards relaxing the
IVS
Perceived economic
impact
Perceived soical impact
Perceived environmental impact
Perceived ethnic identity
Hong Kong citizen
Chinese citizen
Hong Kong Chinese citizen
Chinese Hong Kong citizen
Hong Kong census statistics. Open-ended questions were adopted. The main questions asked were as follows: (1) what opinions/views do you have on relaxing the visa application requirements for mainland Chinese tourists visiting Hong Kong? Why? (2) Would you identify yourself as a Hong Kong citizen, Chinese citizen, Hong Kong Chinese citizen, or Chinese Hong Kong citizen? Why? (3) How large are the cultural differences (e.g., social norms, values, people’s way of life that you perceive between Hong Kong and mainland China? Follow-up questions were asked to solicit the respondents’ additional opinions. Each interview lasted for around 20 minutes.
The in-depth interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were entered into the NVIVO system for content analysis. NVIVO is a software package that facilities qualitative analysis. Open coding was performed first to identify the factors related to the study. An analytical tree was then built, denoting the relationship between the themes, categories and sub-categories. The review of the respondents’ information was repeated until it reached a saturation point and no new categories emerged from the data analysis (Strauss & Corbin 1998).
Ⅳ. Findings
Based on the content analysis, an analytical framework was developed, comprising four categories: (1) overall attitude toward relaxing the IVS, (2) perceived economic impact, (3) perceived social impact, and (4) cultural stereotypes. After a few rounds of content analysis, the themes were divided into several categories and sub-categories.
This framework formed the basis of the qualitative analysis throughout the study. The factors, salient points from the respondents, and the frequency count of text units are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Frequency Count of Text Units and Salient Points
Theme
Salient Points Hong Kong
citizen
Chinese Hong Kong citizen
Hong Kong Chinese citizen
Chinese citizen
1.Overall attitude toward relaxation of IVS
Positive (5) There are both
advantages and disadvantages with relaxing the Scheme.
I’ll support the relaxation of the Scheme if it does not bring too many people to visit Hong Kong.
I would suggest the scheme be implemented in a progressive manner.
Neutral (7)
Negative (8) 2. Perceived economic impact
2.1 Perceived positive impact (59)
2.1.1 Improving the local economy (49)
The economic benefits will be large if the scope of the Scheme covers additional big cities in China, as people from those cities have greater consuming power.
The Scheme will bring more business to the tourism industry in Hong Kong thus boosting Hong Kong’s economy.
2.1.2 Employment creation (10)
The Scheme will create more job opportunities in the tourism industry.
2.2 Perceived negative impact (25)
2.2.1Raising prices of consumer goods (25)
The influx of mainland Chinese tourists has resulted in an increase in the price of daily consumption goods such as milk powder.
3.Perceived socio- cultural impact
3.1 Perceived positive impact (1)
Hong Kong will become more open and tolerant to different cultures.
3.2 Perceived negative impact (128)
3.2 .1 Violation of social rules (11)
The inappropriate behavior may become prevalent and affect our society.
3.2.2 Limit of capacity (16)
The carrying capacity of Hong Kong is a concern, as Hong Kong is just a small place, and each city has its population limit.
3.2.3 Resulting in shortage of daily consumer goods (18)
They [mainland Chinese tourists] will come to buy daily consumption goods such as milk powder and shampoo and resell them in mainland China. This will lead to a shortage of daily consumption goods and will affect our daily life.
3.2.4 Deprivation of public resources (26)
They [mainland Chinese tourists] will deprive us of some public resources such as public leisure areas and medical care. For example, if tourists give birth in Hong Kong, our hospital beds will be occupied.
3.2.5 Security (9)
Some of them [mainland Chinese tourists]
may commit crime such as theft or robbery.
3.2.6 Affecting people’s daily life (18)
We Hong Kong people now do not shop in Tsim Sha Tsui or Mong Kok as before, as those places are full of mainlanders. Hong Kong people’s quality of life will worsen.
3.2.7 Affecting Hong Kong’s reputation as an international city (9)
If the relaxation is implemented there will be more [mainland Chinese]
people in Hong Kong.
Then Hong Kong is no more than a common city in China instead of an international city. I don’t want Hong Kong to lose its own characteristics.
3.2.8 Intensifying conflicts between Hong Kong and mainland China (13)
Hong Kongers have stereotypes against mainland Chinese. The influx of mainland Chinese will intensify the conflicts between Hong Kong and mainland China as the latter are believed to deprive Hong Kong people of resources.
3.2.9 Parallel traders (8)
Relaxation of the plan will bring more parallel traders to Hong Kong whose aim is not tourism.
4. Cultural stereotypes
5.1 Value (12)
We Hong Kongers hold different values, as we are more Westernized.
5.2 Social norms (30)
Tourists from mainland China are spitting, littering, and urinating in public places, sitting and slouching anywhere, but Hong Kong people are well- mannered.
5.3 Ways of life (7)
The pace of life in Hong Kong is fast, while life in mainland China is less so.
A. Overall Attitudes Toward Relaxing the IVS
Generally, although many respondents acknowledged the economic benefits and increased job opportunities to be derived from relaxing the IVS, most held reservations or even negative attitudes towards it. The main concern was the capacity of Hong Kong to accommodate the influx of tourists (e.g., hotels, immigration, and public areas). In this regard, some respondents suggested that the expansion of the IVS be implemented in a progressive manner, taking into consideration a variety of factors, including the opinions of the Hong Kong public. Another concern was that a surge in mainland tourists could intensify the conflicts between them and Hong Kong residents, thereby enhancing the negative stereotypes held by both sides. The respondents identified several perceived negative impacts, ranging from rising prices and shortages of daily consumer goods (e.g., milk powder) to being deprived of public resources (e.g., medical resources), and the effect on both people’s daily lives and Hong Kong’s reputation as an international city. These perceived negative impacts were found to be highly correlated with the respondents’ negative attitudes toward the relaxing the IVS. Those who supported relaxing the IVS, asserted it would bring more economic benefits to Hong Kong and that the government should be able to implement measures to mitigate the negative impacts.
B. Cultural stereotypes
All types of residents elaborated their belief that a very large cultural gap existed between Hong Kong and mainland China. In general, the respondents’ perceptions of mainland tourists were very negative. Yeung and Leung (2007) found that most of their interviewees had very negative perceptions toward mainland Chinese tourists based on their appearance and behavior, such as talking loudly, queue jumping, and littering.
Likewise, in this study, one respondent remarked:
Those mainland tourists are very rude. They talk very loudly on the train and are not concerned about other passengers. (Respondent 20)
However, interestingly, most of the respondents in this study admitted they had not witnessed such inappropriate behavior from tourists and that their perceptions were based on television reports, other media reports and their relatives or friends. Further, they acknowledged that such perceptions could be attributed to cultural stereotypes.
Only 21% of the respondents affirmed that they had observed uncivilized behavior among mainland Chinese tourists. As one respondent stated:
I haven’t witnessed any uncivilized behavior from mainland tourists; I only heard [about it] from friends. You may call my perception a
“stereotype.”(Respondent 19)
C. Hong Kong citizens and Chinese Hong Kong citizens
Thirteen out of the 268 respondents identified themselves as a “Hong Kong citizen,”
and 8 described themselves as a “Chinese Hong Kong citizen.” Comparatively, those identifying as “Hong Kong citizen” and “Chinese Hong Kong citizen” expressed more negative attitudes towards relaxing the IVS. Seventy-seven percent of the respondents describing themselves as “Hong Kong citizen” held reservations or even negative attitudes toward relaxing the IVS, whereas the corresponding figure for “Chinese Hong Kong citizen” was 63%. As one respondent noted:
Capacity will be a big problem. The relaxation of the IVS will be a disaster for Hong Kong. We have nowhere to go on weekends or public holidays, as everywhere is full of mainland tourists, from shopping malls to restaurants, from the New Territories to Kowloon. I have had it!
Respondents who identified themselves as a “Hong Kong citizen” or “Chinese Hong Kong citizen” also perceived the impact of the IVS more negatively. In their view, the disadvantages to Hong Kong from relaxing the IVS outweighed the advantages.
Several respondents made statements like the following:
As I know, most non-permanent Shenzhen residents are from the least developed areas of China and I think they mainly purchase daily necessities instead of luxury products.
Another respondent stated that:
A lot of IVS tourists from Shenzhen or other cities in Guangdong are same-day- in-town visitors and they will not stay overnight in Hong Kong and go to tourist attractions. I don’t think this plan [to relax the IVS] will have much on the tourism industry in Hong Kong. (Respondent 14)
Conversely, some respondents expressed their concern over negative impacts such as shortages of daily necessities or rising living costs.
Milk powder is often out of stock because people purchase it at large quantities in Sheung Shui and then sell it on the gray market in mainland China. The local supply, therefore, suffers a shortage. Dried milk is considered an important daily commodities . . . if it is not available to the local people . . . of course, Hong Kong residents’ life is affected. (Respondent 18)
I am really shocked when I witness Shenzhen people near the border buying daily necessities instead of luxury products in Hong Kong, from mild powder and diapers to toilet paper. This will surely cause the price of daily necessities to rise and the impact of this on local residents will be very negative.
(Respondent 21)
D. Chinese Citizens and Hong Kong Chinese Citizens
Only 30% of the respondents identified themselves as a “Chinese citizen” or “Hong Kong Chinese citizen.” Comparatively, those who described themselves as “Hong Kong Chinese citizen” showed fewer negative attitudes towards relaxing the IVS, and
those who identified as “Chinese citizen” held very positive attitudes toward it. It was surprising that perceived cultural differences did not influence attitudes towards relaxing the IVS among these two groups of respondents. For example, Respondent 16 found that there was a large cultural gap between Hong Kong and mainland China.
Despite this, she held quite a neutral attitude toward relaxing the IVS. Alternatively, Respondent 21 held a very positive attitude toward relaxing the IVS, even though he realized there were many differences in social norms and values between the mainland Chinese tourists and Hong Kong people.
Among those identifying as a “Chinese citizen” or “Hong Kong Chinese citizen”
relaxing the IVS was viewed as substantially contributing to Hong Kong’s economic growth, although these groups acknowledged the negative impact that tourists had brought to Hong Kong. One of the respondents mad the following observation
I believe the relaxation of IVS will eventually improve Hong Kong’s economy and increase job opportunities, although there will be some negative impacts.
The negative impacts can be mitigated if the government takes some action.
These two groups (self-identified Chinese citizen and Hong Kong Chinese citizen) acknowledged that a large cultural gap existed between Hong Kong and mainland China. However, they asserted that Hong Kong residents’ perceptions of mainland tourists’ inappropriate behavior were the cause of such cultural differences and that such behavior was inevitable and tolerable. For example, Respondent 268 stated:
Culture difference causes the inappropriate behavior and I believe things will get better.
Ⅴ. Discussion and Conclusion A. Conclusion
This study aimed to identify the attitudes of Hong Kong residents with different perceived ethnic identities. The results showed that residents who identified themselves as a “Hong Kong citizen” or “Chinese Hong Kong citizen” held more negative attitudes towards relaxing the IVS than those identifying as a “Hong Kong Chinese citizen.”
Conversely, those identifying as “Chinese citizen” held very positive attitudes.
Perceived economic, social, and environmental impacts and perceived cultural distance
or cultural stereotyping were found to be important factors in explaining Hong Kong residents’ attitudes. Perceived economic and social impacts were frequently mentioned by the respondents. In terms of economic impact, self-described “Hong Kong citizens”
and Chinese Hong Kong citizens” claimed that the disadvantages outweighed the advantages. Several perceived negative impacts were identified, such as the rising prices of consumer goods and shortages of daily consumed goods. In contrast, those identifying as “Chinese citizen” or “Hong Kong Chinese citizen” maintained that relaxing the IVS would substantially contribute to the community’s economic growth, even though there would be some negative impact.
In terms of perceived social impact, “deprivation of public resources” was the greatest concern among those identifying as “Hong Kong citizens.” This finding is consistent with Jackson’s (1993) study, in which the author asserted that conflicts arise and inter-group relations deteriorate when one group perceives another as a threat to its resources. In this study, concern over the “capacity of Hong Kong” was observed by all types of residents. As Butler (1980) reported, exceeding the tourism carrying capacity not only results in an upsurge in tension between the host community and its tourists, but also makes a destination less attractive to tourists because of the unpleasant travel experience. Under the worst circumstances, it leads to the destination’s decline.
In this study, cultural stereotyping was an important factor in explaining residents’
attitudes towards tourism development. The respondents perceived a very large cultural gap in the values, social norms and ways of life between Hong Kong and mainland China. This perceived cultural stereotyping negatively influenced the respondents’
attitudes toward relaxing the IVS. According to social distance theory, host societies show less acceptance and tolerance of tourists who are more physically and culturally different from themselves.
Perceived ethnic identity was also identified as a factor in understanding the respondents’ attitudes towards tourism development. Our study suggests that those who identified themselves as “Hong Kong citizen” or “Chinese Hong Kong citizen” might have been less tolerant of the negative impacts, thereby holding more negative attitudes toward tourism development. Other than that, it was interesting to find that the impact of cultural stereotyping on the respondents’ attitudes towards tourism development was influenced by their perceived ethnic identity. For example, those who identified
themselves as “Chinese” or “Hong Kong Chinese” held less negative or even positive attitudes towards mainland Chinese tourists, even though they were aware of the large cultural gap between Hong Kong and mainland China.
B. Implications
The tourism literature suggests that residents’ attitudes toward tourism have a significant influence on tourism development. Hence, understanding such attitudes can help policy makers and destination developers better evaluate a community’s response to tourism development. In the case of Hong Kong, to minimize the negative impact resulting from relaxing the IVS, national education may be needed for its residents to more strongly identify as Chinese. Negative stereotyping of mainland Chinese tourists is detrimental to the sustainable development of outbound mainland tourism to Hong Kong. To change residents’ attitudes towards mainland tourists, mutual communication should be strengthened between local residents and tourists. In the meantime, tourist behavior should be regulated by the relevant parties, such as government organizations and travel agencies.
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