Labor Standards Azucena Notes

LABOR STANDARDS AZUCENA NOTES: LABOR STANDARDS AZUCENA NOTES: Lab

Labor or leglegislislatiation on – – stastatuetues, s, reregulgulatiations ons &&  jurispruden

 jurisprudence governing relationce governing relations bet capital &s bet capital & lab

labor, or, by by prproviovidinding g for for cercertaitain n stastandandardrds s of of  terms & conditions of EENT or providing a legal terms & conditions of EENT or providing a legal framework w/in w/c tese terms & conditions & framework w/in w/c tese terms & conditions & t

te e EEEENT NT rrelelatatioionsnsiip p mamay y be be nenegogotitiatateded,, adjusted & administered!

adjusted & administered! " #ivisions of

" #ivisions of Labor LegislationLabor Legislation $! Labor %tandards – sets out

$! Labor %tandards – sets out te minimum terms,te minimum terms, conditions & benets of EENT tat EE'% must conditions & benets of EENT tat EE'% must provide or comply w/ & to w/c EE% are entitled provide or comply w/ & to w/c EE% are entitled as a matter of legal rigt!

as a matter of legal rigt! (

( mmiinniimmuum m rree))uuiirreemmeennttss prescribed by e*isting laws, rules & regulations prescribed by e*isting laws, rules & regulations rel

relating to ating to wagewages, s, rs of rs of workwork, , cost(ocost(of(f(livilivingng al

allolowawancnce e anand d ototeer r momonenetatary ry & & wewelflfararee be

benenetts, s, ininclclududining g ococcucupapatitiononal al sasafefety ty && ealt standards!

ealt standards! (

( mmatateerriiaal l or or ssububsstatancnce e to to bbee processed

processed "! Labor

"! Labor ''elatelations – ions – dendenes te es te statstatus, rigts &us, rigts & duties and te institutional mecanisms, tat duties and te institutional mecanisms, tat gover

govern n te te indiindiv v & & collcollectivective e inteinteractractions of ions of  EE'%, EE%, or teir representatives!

EE'%, EE%, or teir representatives! (

( mecmecananism ism tatat t prproceocessesses s tete substance

substance

La

Labobor r – – ppysysicical al totoil il alalttououg g it it dodoes es nonott nec

necessessararily ily e*e*cluclude de te te appappliclicatiation on of of skiskillll +tus skilled- &

+tus skilled- & unskilled- labor.unskilled- labor.

%kill – te familiar knowledge of any art/science, %kill – te familiar knowledge of any art/science,

u

unniitteed d ww/ / rreeaaddiinneesss s & & ddee**tteerriitty y iinn e*ecution/performance or in te application of  e*ecution/performance or in te application of  te art/science to

te art/science to practicapractical purposes!l purposes!

ork – +broader tan labor. – covers all forms of  ork – +broader tan labor. – covers all forms of 

pys

pysicalical/ment/mental al e*e*ertiertion, on, or or bot bot combicombined,ned, fo

for r tte e atattataininmement nt of of sosome me obobj j ototeer r ttanan recreation/amusement per se!

recreation/amusement per se! 

orkorker – er – +br+broader tan EE. oader tan EE. – – may refer to may refer to selself(f( em

emplployoyed ed pepeopople le & & ttosose e woworkrkining g in in ttee s

serervivicce e & & unundder er tte e cocontntrrol ol of of aanonotteerr,, regardless of rank, title, or nature of work! regardless of rank, title, or nature of work!

( any member of te labor force weter ( any member of te labor force weter employed/unemployed

employed/unemployed

Employee – a salaried person working for

Employee – a salaried person working for anoteranoter wo controls or supervises te means, manner wo controls or supervises te means, manner or metod of doing te work!

or metod of doing te work! Labor Law & Social Legislation Labor Law & Social Legislation %oci

%ocial al legilegislatslation ion – – inclincludes laws udes laws tat providetat provide pa

partrticiculular ar kikindnds s of of prproteotectctioion/n/bebenenetts s toto society in furterance of social justice!

society in furterance of social justice!

•

• Labor laws are necessarily social legislationLabor laws are necessarily social legislation

Social Justice as te Ai! Social Justice as te Ai! %o

%ocicial al jujuststicice e – – uumamanini0a0atition on of of lalaws ws & & ttee e)uali0ation of social & economic forces by te e)uali0ation of social & economic forces by te %ta

%tate te so so tatat t socsociaial l jusjustictice e in in its ratiits rationaonal l && objectively secular conception may at leas be objectively secular conception may at leas be appro*imated

appro*imated

( promotion of te welfare of te ( promotion of te welfare of te ppl

ppl, , te adoptte adoption by ion by te 1ovt te 1ovt of of meameasursureses calc

calculatulated ed to to insuinsure economic stabilre economic stability of ity of allall te

te comcomponponent ent elelemeements nts of of socsocietiety y trtrougoug te maintenance of proper economic & social te maintenance of proper economic & social e)

e)uiuililibrbriuium m iin n tte e ininteterrrreellaatitionons s of of ttee membe

members rs of of te te commucommunitynity, , consconstituttitutionaionally,lly, t

trrououg g tte e adadopoptition on of of memeasasurures es lelegagallllyy  justiable,

 justiable, or or e*tra(conse*tra(constitutionally, titutionally, trougtroug t

te e ee**ererccisise e of of popowwerers s unundederlrlyiying ng ttee e*istence of all govts!

e*istence of all govts! $23

$234 4 5on5onstisti6 6 prproteotects cts te te ririgtgts s of of worworkekers rs && promote teir welfare

promote teir welfare 7a

7asisic c ririggts ts of of woworkrkerers s guguararananteteed ed by by ttee 5onstitution

5onstitution $!

$! to to orgorganiani0e 0e tetemsemselvelvess "

"!! tto o ccoonndduucct t ccoolllleeccttiivvee bargaini

bargaining/negotiation w/ ng/negotiation w/ mgt8mgt8 9!

9! to ento engage gage in pein peacefaceful coul concerncerted ated activctivitieities,s, including to strike in accordance w/ law8 including to strike in accordance w/ law8 and

and :!

:! to parto particticipaipate in polite in policy & deciscy & decisionion(ma(makinkingg processe

processes a;ecting rigts s a;ecting rigts & benets& benets <

<tter er 5o5onnssti ti prprovoviisisionons s ttaat t pprrototeect ct ttee 's/promote te welfare of workers

's/promote te welfare of workers

•

• ' to form unions, assocs or societies for' to form unions, assocs or societies for

purposes not contrary to law purposes not contrary to law

•

• ' ' of of sselelff(o(orrg g eevven en fofor r gogovvt t EEE%E%!!! ! NNoo

o=

o=cecer/r/Ee Ee of of tte e 5i5ivivil l %e%ervrvicice e ssalall l bebe rreemmoovveedd//ssuussppeennddeedd  ffoor r ccaauussee!!  T

 Temporary EE% emporary EE% of of te te 1ovt 1ovt sall sall be be givengiven suc protection as may be provided by law suc protection as may be provided by law

•

• 'egular farmworkers sall ave te ' to'egular farmworkers sall ave te ' to

own directly/colle

own directly/collectively te lands tey ctively te lands tey till!till! Landless farmwork

Landless farmworkers may ers may be resettled bybe resettled by te govt in its

te govt in its own agri estates!own agri estates!

•

• 5ontinuing program of urban land reform5ontinuing program of urban land reform

& ousing & ousing

•

• >rotection for working women taking into>rotection for working women taking into

acct teir maternal functions, etc acct teir maternal functions, etc

•

• Labor sector is entitled to seats to partyLabor sector is entitled to seats to party

list list

•

• 1o1oalal6 6 momorre e e)e)uiuitatablble e didiststriribubutition on of of 

opportunities,

opportunities, income income & we& wealt!alt!

•

• ?gency to promote te viability & growt?gency to promote te viability & growt

of cooperatives as instruments for social of cooperatives as instruments for social  justice & e

 justice & economic dev@tconomic dev@t

•

• 1ovt sall increase te salary scales of te1ovt sall increase te salary scales of te

oter o=cials & EE% oter o=cials & EE%

$ $

•

• 5areer civil servic5areer civil service EE% e EE% sall be entitled tosall be entitled to

separation pay & retirement benets, <' separation pay & retirement benets, <' may be

may be consconsideridered ed for for rereemplemploymenoyment t inin te govt

te govt 5

5oonnsstti i – – pprrooll((llaabboorr, , bbuut t rreeccogognnii00ees s ttee in

indidispspenensasablble e rrolole e of of tte e prprivivatate e sesectctoror,, encou

encouragerages s privprivate ate enterenterprisprise e and and proprovidevidess incentives to needed

incentives to needed investmentsinvestments "olice "ower as te Basis

"olice "ower as te Basis

(( tte poe powewer of tr of te ge govovt to et to enanact lct laawsws, w/, w/inin 5onstitutional limits to promote te order, 5onstitutional limits to promote te order, safety, ealt, morals & general welfare of  safety, ealt, morals & general welfare of  society

society

(( popowewer inr ineerrenent in got in govt to prvt to prototecect itt itseself &lf & all its constituents, & for tis purpose to all its constituents, & for tis purpose to old te govt

old te govt immune so far as necessary,immune so far as necessary, from any limitatins imposed in te

from any limitatins imposed in te past!past! (( ?n im?n impoposisitition of reon of reststrarainint t upupon lion libebertrty ory or

pr

propeoperty rty in in ororder der to to fosfoster te ter te comcommonmon good!

good!

Birt o# te LC Birt o# te LC 7las <p

7las <ple ( le ( fater of fater of te L5te L5

L5 – designed to be a dynamic & growing body of  L5 – designed to be a dynamic & growing body of  laws w/c will reAect continually te lessons of  laws w/c will reAect continually te lessons of  practical application & e*perience

practical application & e*perience $ "rinci%les Unerl'ing te coe $ "rinci%les Unerl'ing te coe

$

$!! LLaabboor r rreellaattiioonns s mmuusst t bbe e mmaadde e bboott responsive & responsible to national devt responsive & responsible to national devt "!

"! LabLabor lawsor laws/la/labor rebor relatlationions s durduring a perioing a periodd of

of nanatiotionanal l emeemergrgencency y musmust t subsubstistituttutee ra

ratiotionanalitlity y for for conconfrfrontontatiation8on8 stristrikes kes oror lockouts give way to a rational process w/c lockouts give way to a rational process w/c is arbitration

is arbitration 9

9!! LLaaggggaarrd d jjuussttiicce e iin n tte e llaabboor r eelld d iiss injurious to te workers, te EE'% & te injurious to te workers, te EE'% & te p

puubblliicc8 8 llaabboor r jjuussttiicce e ccaan n bbe e mmaaddee e*peditious w/o sacricing due process! e*peditious w/o sacricing due process! :!

:! BanBanpowpower deer devt & EEvt & EENT muNT must be rst be regaegardrdeded as a major dimension of labor policy, for as a major dimension of labor policy, for tere can be no

tere can be no real e)uality of bargainingreal e)uality of bargaining pow

power er ununder der conconditditionions s of of sevseverere e mamassss unemployment!

unemployment! C!

C! TerTere is a e is a globaglobal labl labor maor markrket avet availaailable toble to )u

)ualaliied ed DDililipipininosos, , esesp p ttosose e wwo o araree unemployed or wose EENT is tantamount unemployed or wose EENT is tantamount to unemployment bco0 of teir very little to unemployment bco0 of teir very little earnings!

earnings! 

!! LLaabbor or llaawws s mmuusst t ccoommmmaannd d aaddee))uuaattee resources & ac)uire a capable macinery resources & ac)uire a capable macinery for e;ective & sustained implementation8 for e;ective & sustained implementation8 wen labor laws cannot be enforced, bot wen labor laws cannot be enforced, bot EE'% & te workers are penali0ed, & only EE'% & te workers are penali0ed, & only a corrupt few +tose wo are in carge of  a corrupt few +tose wo are in carge of  implementation. may get te reward tey implementation. may get te reward tey don@t deserve!

don@t deserve!

4!

4! TTerere e ssld ld be be popopupulalar r papartrticicipipatatioion n inin nat

nationional al polpolicyicy(ma(makinking g trtrougoug  wwat at isis now called

now called tripartism!tripartism!

%ome Labor Laws before te >assage of te 5ode %ome Labor Laws before te >assage of te 5ode

•

• ?ct F$34:6 EE'@% Liability ?ct,?ct F$34:6 EE'@% Liability ?ct, •

• ?ct F"C:26 proibited payment of wages?ct F"C:26 proibited payment of wages

in non(cas form in non(cas form

•

• ?ct F"G4$6 proibiting slavery/involuntary?ct F"G4$6 proibiting slavery/involuntary

servitude servitude

•

• ' ' F$GF$GC:6 C:6 rere)ui)uiriring ng emeemergrgencency y memedicdicalal

treatmt for EE% treatmt for EE%

•

• 5? F :::6 3(r 5? F :::6 3(r labor lawlabor law •

• 5? 5? F$GF$G9 9 crcreateated ed te te 5ou5ourt rt of of HndHndustustriariall

'elations +5H'. 'elations +5H'.

•

• >d F"$ created te NL'5 + to investigate,>d F"$ created te NL'5 + to investigate,

decide & settle all disputes bet EE'% & decide & settle all disputes bet EE'% & EE%

EE%

•

• '? F 34C6 Te Hndustrial >eace ?ct +te'? F 34C6 Te Hndustrial >eace ?ct +te

Bagna 5arta of Labor. Bagna 5arta of Labor.

•

• ''? ? F2F2::6 6 7l7lue ue %u%undnday ay LaLaw w – – foforbrbididss

commercial, industrial or agri enterprises commercial, industrial or agri enterprises to open on any %unday, Imas #ay, New to open on any %unday, Imas #ay, New  J

 Jear@s #ay, ear@s #ay, Koly Turs Koly Turs & 1ood D& 1ood Dridayriday!!

•

• ''? ? F$F$434346 46 TTe e TTerermiminanatition on >>ay ay LaLaw w ––

e

ennuummeerraatteed d tte e jjuusst t ccaauussees s ffoorr terminating an EENT w/o a denite period terminating an EENT w/o a denite period and allowed EE'% to separate an EE by and allowed EE'% to separate an EE by serving a $C(day notice per yr of service serving a $C(day notice per yr of service or,

or, by by paypaying ing an an e)ue)uivaivalenlent t sepsepararatiationon pay!

pay!

%ignicance of <ter Laws %ignicance of <ter Laws

$

$!! DDoorreeiiggn n ##eecciissiioonns s – – nnuummeerroouus s LL55 provisions are substantially similar to te provisions are substantially similar to te Hndustrial >eace ?ct

Hndustrial >eace ?ct "!

"! TTe 5ivie 5ivil 5odl 5ode e – desc– descriribebes te nats te naturure of e of  labor mgt relations6

labor mgt relations6

Te relations bet capital & labor are not Te relations bet capital & labor are not merely contractual! Tey are so

merely contractual! Tey are so impresimpressedsed w/

w/ pupublblic ic ininteterresest t ttat at lalabobor r cocontntraractctss mus

must t yiyield to te commoeld to te common good!n good! sucsuc contracts are subj! to te special laws on contracts are subj! to te special laws on labor unions, collective bargaining, strikes labor unions, collective bargaining, strikes & lockouts, closed sop, wages, working & lockouts, closed sop, wages, working conditions, rs of labor & similar subjs!-  conditions, rs of labor & similar subjs!-  ?rt $4GG

?rt $4GG 

NNeeititeer r cacappititaal l nonor r lalabbor or ssaall ll aacctt oppressively against te oter, or impair oppressively against te oter, or impair te interest or convenience of te te interest or convenience of te public-–?rt $4G$!

–?rt $4G$! 9!

9! ''>5 – >5 – ppununisises tes te e ususe e of of vvioiollenencce e oror treats by eiter EE' or EE!

treats by eiter EE' or EE! :

:!! %%ppeecciiaal l LLaawws s – – ++%%%%% % llaaww, , 11%%HH% % llaaww,, ?grarian 'eform law, te $9

?grarian 'eform law, te $9tt_{(mont pay(mont pay}

la

law, w, te te BagBagna na 5a5arta rta for for >u>ubliblic c KeaKealtlt orkers.

orkers.

" "

•

• 5areer civil servic5areer civil service EE% e EE% sall be entitled tosall be entitled to

separation pay & retirement benets, <' separation pay & retirement benets, <' may be

may be consconsideridered ed for for rereemplemploymenoyment t inin te govt

te govt 5

5oonnsstti i – – pprrooll((llaabboorr, , bbuut t rreeccogognnii00ees s ttee in

indidispspenensasablble e rrolole e of of tte e prprivivatate e sesectctoror,, encou

encouragerages s privprivate ate enterenterprisprise e and and proprovidevidess incentives to needed

incentives to needed investmentsinvestments "olice "ower as te Basis

"olice "ower as te Basis

(( tte poe powewer of tr of te ge govovt to et to enanact lct laawsws, w/, w/inin 5onstitutional limits to promote te order, 5onstitutional limits to promote te order, safety, ealt, morals & general welfare of  safety, ealt, morals & general welfare of  society

society

(( popowewer inr ineerrenent in got in govt to prvt to prototecect itt itseself &lf & all its constituents, & for tis purpose to all its constituents, & for tis purpose to old te govt

old te govt immune so far as necessary,immune so far as necessary, from any limitatins imposed in te

from any limitatins imposed in te past!past! (( ?n im?n impoposisitition of reon of reststrarainint t upupon lion libebertrty ory or

pr

propeoperty rty in in ororder der to to fosfoster te ter te comcommonmon good!

good!

Birt o# te LC Birt o# te LC 7las <p

7las <ple ( le ( fater of fater of te L5te L5

L5 – designed to be a dynamic & growing body of  L5 – designed to be a dynamic & growing body of  laws w/c will reAect continually te lessons of  laws w/c will reAect continually te lessons of  practical application & e*perience

practical application & e*perience $ "rinci%les Unerl'ing te coe $ "rinci%les Unerl'ing te coe

$

$!! LLaabboor r rreellaattiioonns s mmuusst t bbe e mmaadde e bboott responsive & responsible to national devt responsive & responsible to national devt "!

"! LabLabor lawsor laws/la/labor rebor relatlationions s durduring a perioing a periodd of

of nanatiotionanal l emeemergrgencency y musmust t subsubstistituttutee ra

ratiotionanalitlity y for for conconfrfrontontatiation8on8 stristrikes kes oror lockouts give way to a rational process w/c lockouts give way to a rational process w/c is arbitration

is arbitration 9

9!! LLaaggggaarrd d jjuussttiicce e iin n tte e llaabboor r eelld d iiss injurious to te workers, te EE'% & te injurious to te workers, te EE'% & te p

puubblliicc8 8 llaabboor r jjuussttiicce e ccaan n bbe e mmaaddee e*peditious w/o sacricing due process! e*peditious w/o sacricing due process! :!

:! BanBanpowpower deer devt & EEvt & EENT muNT must be rst be regaegardrdeded as a major dimension of labor policy, for as a major dimension of labor policy, for tere can be no

tere can be no real e)uality of bargainingreal e)uality of bargaining pow

power er ununder der conconditditionions s of of sevseverere e mamassss unemployment!

unemployment! C!

C! TerTere is a e is a globaglobal labl labor maor markrket avet availaailable toble to )u

)ualaliied ed DDililipipininosos, , esesp p ttosose e wwo o araree unemployed or wose EENT is tantamount unemployed or wose EENT is tantamount to unemployment bco0 of teir very little to unemployment bco0 of teir very little earnings!

earnings! 

!! LLaabbor or llaawws s mmuusst t ccoommmmaannd d aaddee))uuaattee resources & ac)uire a capable macinery resources & ac)uire a capable macinery for e;ective & sustained implementation8 for e;ective & sustained implementation8 wen labor laws cannot be enforced, bot wen labor laws cannot be enforced, bot EE'% & te workers are penali0ed, & only EE'% & te workers are penali0ed, & only a corrupt few +tose wo are in carge of  a corrupt few +tose wo are in carge of  implementation. may get te reward tey implementation. may get te reward tey don@t deserve!

don@t deserve!

4!

4! TTerere e ssld ld be be popopupulalar r papartrticicipipatatioion n inin nat

nationional al polpolicyicy(ma(makinking g trtrougoug  wwat at isis now called

now called tripartism!tripartism!

%ome Labor Laws before te >assage of te 5ode %ome Labor Laws before te >assage of te 5ode

•

• ?ct F$34:6 EE'@% Liability ?ct,?ct F$34:6 EE'@% Liability ?ct, •

• ?ct F"C:26 proibited payment of wages?ct F"C:26 proibited payment of wages

in non(cas form in non(cas form

•

• ?ct F"G4$6 proibiting slavery/involuntary?ct F"G4$6 proibiting slavery/involuntary

servitude servitude

•

• ' ' F$GF$GC:6 C:6 rere)ui)uiriring ng emeemergrgencency y memedicdicalal

treatmt for EE% treatmt for EE%

•

• 5? F :::6 3(r 5? F :::6 3(r labor lawlabor law •

• 5? 5? F$GF$G9 9 crcreateated ed te te 5ou5ourt rt of of HndHndustustriariall

'elations +5H'. 'elations +5H'.

•

• >d F"$ created te NL'5 + to investigate,>d F"$ created te NL'5 + to investigate,

decide & settle all disputes bet EE'% & decide & settle all disputes bet EE'% & EE%

EE%

•

• '? F 34C6 Te Hndustrial >eace ?ct +te'? F 34C6 Te Hndustrial >eace ?ct +te

Bagna 5arta of Labor. Bagna 5arta of Labor.

•

• ''? ? F2F2::6 6 7l7lue ue %u%undnday ay LaLaw w – – foforbrbididss

commercial, industrial or agri enterprises commercial, industrial or agri enterprises to open on any %unday, Imas #ay, New to open on any %unday, Imas #ay, New  J

 Jear@s #ay, ear@s #ay, Koly Turs Koly Turs & 1ood D& 1ood Dridayriday!!

•

• ''? ? F$F$434346 46 TTe e TTerermiminanatition on >>ay ay LaLaw w ––

e

ennuummeerraatteed d tte e jjuusst t ccaauussees s ffoorr terminating an EENT w/o a denite period terminating an EENT w/o a denite period and allowed EE'% to separate an EE by and allowed EE'% to separate an EE by serving a $C(day notice per yr of service serving a $C(day notice per yr of service or,

or, by by paypaying ing an an e)ue)uivaivalenlent t sepsepararatiationon pay!

pay!

%ignicance of <ter Laws %ignicance of <ter Laws

$

$!! DDoorreeiiggn n ##eecciissiioonns s – – nnuummeerroouus s LL55 provisions are substantially similar to te provisions are substantially similar to te Hndustrial >eace ?ct

Hndustrial >eace ?ct "!

"! TTe 5ivie 5ivil 5odl 5ode e – desc– descriribebes te nats te naturure of e of  labor mgt relations6

labor mgt relations6

Te relations bet capital & labor are not Te relations bet capital & labor are not merely contractual! Tey are so

merely contractual! Tey are so impresimpressedsed w/

w/ pupublblic ic ininteterresest t ttat at lalabobor r cocontntraractctss mus

must t yiyield to te commoeld to te common good!n good! sucsuc contracts are subj! to te special laws on contracts are subj! to te special laws on labor unions, collective bargaining, strikes labor unions, collective bargaining, strikes & lockouts, closed sop, wages, working & lockouts, closed sop, wages, working conditions, rs of labor & similar subjs!-  conditions, rs of labor & similar subjs!-  ?rt $4GG

?rt $4GG 

NNeeititeer r cacappititaal l nonor r lalabbor or ssaall ll aacctt oppressively against te oter, or impair oppressively against te oter, or impair te interest or convenience of te te interest or convenience of te public-–?rt $4G$!

–?rt $4G$! 9!

9! ''>5 – >5 – ppununisises tes te e ususe e of of vvioiollenencce e oror treats by eiter EE' or EE!

treats by eiter EE' or EE! :

:!! %%ppeecciiaal l LLaawws s – – ++%%%%% % llaaww, , 11%%HH% % llaaww,, ?grarian 'eform law, te $9

?grarian 'eform law, te $9tt_{(mont pay(mont pay}

la

law, w, te te BagBagna na 5a5arta rta for for >u>ubliblic c KeaKealtlt orkers.

orkers.

" "

Art () *Declaration o# Basic "olici+ Te State Art () *Declaration o# Basic "olici+ Te State sall a,or %rotection to labor- %ro!ote sall a,or %rotection to labor- %ro!ote ##uulll l EEEENNTT- - eennssuurre e ee..uuaal l wwoorr/  /   o%%or

o%%ortunittunities ies regarregarless o# less o# se0- race se0- race oror cr

creeee- - anan  regregululatate e tte e rerelalatitionons s bebett wor/ers & EERS) Te State sall assure wor/ers & EERS) Te State sall assure tte e rriiggtts s oo# # wwoorr//eerrs s tto o sseell##11oorrg g--collecti2e bargaining- securit' o# collecti2e bargaining- securit' o# tenure-an 3ust & u!ane conitions o# wor/) an 3ust & u!ane conitions o# wor/) Balan

Balance ce A%%roA%%roacac – – sarsared ed responsiresponsibilitybility!! orker & EE' sectors are interdependent!

orker & EE' sectors are interdependent!

?rt:! M5onstruction in Davor of Labor ?ll doubts in ?rt:! M5onstruction in Davor of Labor ?ll doubts in

te

te impimplemlemententatation ion & & intinterperpreretattation ion of of tete provisions of tis 5ode, including its H''s, sall provisions of tis 5ode, including its H''s, sall be resolved in favor of labor!

be resolved in favor of labor! Hnterpre

Hnterpretation & 5onstruction – tation & 5onstruction – policy is to e*tendpolicy is to e*tend te decree@s applicability to a greater number te decree@s applicability to a greater number of EE% to enable tem to avail of te benets of EE% to enable tem to avail of te benets under te law +Liberal approac is adopted. under te law +Liberal approac is adopted. 5onc

5oncern for ern for te Lowly orkte Lowly orker er – – %5 %5 rearea=rm=rms s itsits concern for te lowly worker wo, often at is concern for te lowly worker wo, often at is EE'@s mercy, must look up to te law for is EE'@s mercy, must look up to te law for is protection! +'eason6 te EE' stands on iger protection! +'eason6 te EE' stands on iger fo

foototining g ttan an tte e EEEE6 6 +$+$,. ,. TTerere e is is grgreaeateterr supply tan demand for labor8 +". te need for supply tan demand for labor8 +". te need for EE

EENNT T bby y lalabbor or ccomomees s frfrom om vvititaal l & & evevenen desperate necessity!.

desperate necessity!.

Bgt 'igts – entitled to respect & enforcement in Bgt 'igts – entitled to respect & enforcement in

te interest of simple fair play! te interest of simple fair play!

$!

$! ' to m' to managanage, coe, contrntrol, aol, and usnd use is e is propropertpertyy &

& ccoonndduucct t bbuussiinneesss s iin n a a mmaannnneerr satisfactory to imself +just discrimination satisfactory to imself +just discrimination in te rate of wages paid to te skillful & in te rate of wages paid to te skillful & tto o tte e uunnsskkiillllffuull, , tto o tte e ee==cciieennt t && ine=cient!.

ine=cient!. "!

"! ' to pr' to prescescriribe rulbe rules +tes +tey becey become paome part of rt of  te contract of EENT.

te contract of EENT. 9

9!! ' ' tto o sseelleecct t EEEE% % & & tto o ddeecciidde e wween n ttoo en

engagage ge ttemem, , e*e*cecept pt as as rresestrtricicteted d byby st

statatutute e or or vavalilid d cocontntraractct, , at at a a wawage ge && under conditions agreeable to tem!

under conditions agreeable to tem! :!

:! ' to ' to trtranansfsfer & er & didiscscaarrge EE% in orge EE% in ordeder tor to minimi0e e*penses & to insure stability of  minimi0e e*penses & to insure stability of  te business & even to close te business, te business & even to close te business, provided it is done in good fait & due to provided it is done in good fait & due to causes beyond control!

causes beyond control!

?rt C! M'ules & 'egulations te #<LE & oter ?rt C! M'ules & 'egulations te #<LE & oter

govt agencies carged w/ te

govt agencies carged w/ te administratadministration &ion & enforcement of tis 5ode or any of its parts enforcement of tis 5ode or any of its parts sall promulgate te necessary H''s! %uc ''s sall promulgate te necessary H''s! %uc ''s s

saalll l bbeeccoomme e ee;;eeccttiivve e $$C C ddaayys s aafftteerr a

annnnouounncecemement nt of of tteeir ir aaddopoptition on in in ttee newspapers of gen! circulation!

newspapers of gen! circulation!

?rt ! M?pplicability ?ll 's & benets granted to ?rt ! M?pplicability ?ll 's & benets granted to workers under tis 5ode sall, e*cept as may workers under tis 5ode sall, e*cept as may oterwise be provided erein, apply alike to all oterwise be provided erein, apply alike to all

wo

worrkkeerrs, s, wweetter er aagrgricicuultltuuraral l or or nnonon(( agricultural!

agricultural!

(( aallso apso appplilies to a es to a gogovvt t ccororp p iincncororpoporaratetedd under te 5orporation 5ode!

under te 5orporation 5ode!

(( TTesest <N a govt <N a govt(t(owownened/d/(c(conontrtrololleled cord corp isp is s

suubbj j tto o 55% % LLaaw w iis s tte e mmaannnneer r oof f iittss cr

createationion! ! 1ov1ovt t corcorps ps crcreaeated ted by by spespeciaciall ca

carterter r arare e subsubj j to to its its prproviovisiosions, ns, wiwilele to

tose se incincorporporaorated ted undunder er te te gen gen 5or5orpp Law are not w/in te coverage of te 5% Law are not w/in te coverage of te 5% law!

law!

•

• >N<5(E#5 – incorp under te 5orp Law>N<5(E#5 – incorp under te 5orp Law 

subj to L5 subj to L5

•

• NK? – NK? – incoincorp under ?ct $:C2, te rp under ?ct $:C2, te formformerer

corp law

corp law  L5 L5

•

• 1ovt agencies – Ees covered by 5% Law1ovt agencies – Ees covered by 5% Law

5K! "6 EB?N5H>?TH<N <D TEN?NT% 5K! "6 EB?N5H>?TH<N <D TEN?NT%

?rt 4 M%tatement of <bjectives O it as become ?rt 4 M%tatement of <bjectives O it as become

im

impeperaratitivve e to to sstatart rt rrefeforormamattioion n ww/ / ttee emancipation of te tiller of te soil from is emancipation of te tiller of te soil from is bondage!

bondage! ?rt

?rt 36 36 MTMTranransfer sfer of of LandLands s to to TTenanenant(wot(workrkers ers OO tenant(farmers on private agri lands primarily tenant(farmers on private agri lands primarily devoted to rice & corn under a sys of sare devoted to rice & corn under a sys of sare cr

crop op or or lealease se tentenancancy y weweteter r claclassissied ed asas landed estate or not sall be deemed owner of  landed estate or not sall be deemed owner of  apportion constituting a family(si0e farm of C apportion constituting a family(si0e farm of C e

ectctarares es if if nonot t irirrrigigatated ed & & 9 9 eectctarares es if if  irrigated!!

irrigated!!

Hn all cases, te landowners may retain an Hn all cases, te landowners may retain an ar

area ea of of nonot t momorre e ttan an 4 4 eectctarares es if if susucc landowner is cultivating suc area or will now landowner is cultivating suc area or will now cultivate it!

cultivate it! ?r

?rt t 2! 2! M#M#eteterermiminanatition on of of LaLand nd PPalalueue  DDor or ttee purpose of determining te cost of te land to purpose of determining te cost of te land to be transferred to te tentant(farmer, te value be transferred to te tentant(farmer, te value of te land sall be e)uivalent to " & Q times of te land sall be e)uivalent to " & Q times t

te e avavereragage e aarvrvesest t of of 9 9 nonormrmal al crcrop op yryrss immediately preceding te promulgation of ># immediately preceding te promulgation of ># "4 +<5T "$, $24".!

"4 +<5T "$, $24".!  Te

 Te total total cost cost of of te te land, land, includingincluding interest at te rate of R per annum, sall be interest at te rate of R per annum, sall be pd by te tenant in $C yrs of $C e)ual annual pd by te tenant in $C yrs of $C e)ual annual amorti0ations!

amorti0ations!

Hn case of default, te amorti0ations due Hn case of default, te amorti0ations due sall be pd by te farmers@ cooperative in w/c sall be pd by te farmers@ cooperative in w/c te defaulting tenant(farmer is a member, w/ te defaulting tenant(farmer is a member, w/ te

te coocoop p avaving ing a a ririgt gt of of rerecoucourse rse agaagainsinstt im!

im!  Te

 Te govt govt sall sall guarantee guarantee sucsuc amorti0ations w/ sares of stock in govt(owned amorti0ations w/ sares of stock in govt(owned & (controlled corps!

& (controlled corps!

?rt $G! M5onditions of <wnersip No title to te ?rt $G! M5onditions of <wnersip No title to te land ac)uired by te tenant(farmer under ># land ac)uired by te tenant(farmer under ># 9 9

"4 sall be actually issued to im unless & "4 sall be actually issued to im unless & until e as become a full(Aedged member of  until e as become a full(Aedged member of  a duly recogni0ed farmers@ coop!

a duly recogni0ed farmers@ coop!  Title

 Title to to te te land land ac)uirac)uired ed pursuant pursuant to to >#># "4 or te Land 'eform >rogram of te 1ovt "4 or te Land 'eform >rogram of te 1ovt sall not be transferable e*cept by ereditary sall not be transferable e*cept by ereditary succession or to te 1ovt in accdance w/ te succession or to te 1ovt in accdance w/ te pr

provovisisioions ns of of ># ># "4"4, , tte e 5o5ode de of of ?g?grararirianan 'eforms & oter e*isting laws & regulations! 'eforms & oter e*isting laws & regulations! ?r

?rt t $$$$! ! MHMHmpmplelemementntining g ?g?genencycy  TTe e #e#ept pt of of  ?g

?grararriian an ''eefoforrm m ssaalll l prpromomululgagate te ttee nece

necessarssary y rulerules s & & regregulaulations tions to to implimplemenementt te provisions of tis 5apter!

te provisions of tis 5apter!

SLand for te landless – battlecry dramati0ing te SLand for te landless – battlecry dramati0ing te iinnccrreeaassiinngglly y uurrggeennt t ddeemmaannd d oof f ttee dispossessed for a plot of eart as teir place dispossessed for a plot of eart as teir place under te sun!

under te sun! S5?'

S5?'> > Law – Law – signsigned by ed by 5ory5ory, , decldeclariaring ng full landfull land ownersip in favor of te beneciaries of te ownersip in favor of te beneciaries of te ># "4!

># "4! %ar

%are e tenatenancy ncy – – abolaboliseised, d, put put te te agriagricultuculturalral lea

leaseseold old sys sys in in its its stesteadad, , geagearered d towtowarardsds eventual ownersip of land by

eventual ownersip of land by its tillersits tillers 5onsti (

5onsti ( %tate sall undertake %tate sall undertake an ?grarian 'an ?grarian 'eformeform >rogram, and encourage & undertake te just >rogram, and encourage & undertake te just di

diststriribubutition on of of alall l agagri ri lalandnds, s, susubj bj to to susucc priorities & reasonable retention limits as te priorities & reasonable retention limits as te 5ongress may prescribe,

5ongress may prescribe,

5ompensation sceme6 %ec $3 of 5?'>6 Title to 5ompensation sceme6 %ec $3 of 5?'>6 Title to

all e*propriated properties sall

all e*propriated properties sall be transferredbe transferred to

to tte e %t%taate te ononlly y upupon on fufull ll papaymymenent t of of  compensation of teir respective owners!

compensation of teir respective owners! 'ete

'etention Limits – ntion Limits – provided for by '? C4 6provided for by '? C4 6  as as oterwise provided

oterwise provided!! no !! no person may own/retainperson may own/retain directly/indirectly, any public/private agri land, directly/indirectly, any public/private agri land, t

te e sisi0e 0e of of w/w/c c ssalall l vavary ry acaccdcdg g to to fafactctororss governing a viable family(si0ed farm, suc as governing a viable family(si0ed farm, suc as commodity produced, terrain,

commodity produced, terrain, infrastrucinfrastructure, &ture, & soil fertility as determined by te >residential soil fertility as determined by te >residential ?grarian 'eform 5ouncil +>?'5.!

?grarian 'eform 5ouncil +>?'5.!

9 ectares – may be awarded to eac cild of  9 ectares – may be awarded to eac cild of  te landowner, subj to te

te landowner, subj to te ; )ualications6 +$!.; )ualications6 +$!. e is at least $C y/o, and +". e is actually e is at least $C y/o, and +". e is actually tilling te land or directly managing te farm8 tilling te land or directly managing te farm8 >r

>rovideovided, d, tat tat landlandownerowners s woswose e landlands s aveave been covered b ># "4

been covered b ># "4 sall be allowed to keepsall be allowed to keep tte e aarreea a oorriiggiinnaalllly y rreettaaiinneed d bby y tteemm t

terereueundnderer8 8 >>rrovovidided ed fufurtrteerr, , ttat at ororigig omestead grantees or direct compulsory eirs omestead grantees or direct compulsory eirs wo still own te org omestead at te time of  wo still own te org omestead at te time of  te approval of tis ?ct sall retain te same te approval of tis ?ct sall retain te same areas as long as te continue to cultivate said areas as long as te continue to cultivate said omestead!

omestead! Lands not

Lands not coveredcovered $

$!! LLaanndds s oobbttaaiinneed d ttrrouougg  oommeesstteeaadd patent6

patent6

Komes

Komestead ?ct – tead ?ct – givegives a s a needneedy y citiciti0en a0en a p

pieiecce e of of laland nd wwerere e e e mmaay y bbuiuild ld aa modest ouse for imself & family & plant modest ouse for imself & family & plant wa

wat t is is necnecessessarary y for for subsubsissistentence ce & & forfor te satisfaction of life@s oter

te satisfaction of life@s oter needs!needs!

( superior over te rigts of  ( superior over te rigts of  tenants

tenants "!

"! ''esesididenentitial al %u%ubdbdivivisisioions ns – – nonot t coconsnsididerereded agri

agricultculturalural! ! ?n ?n agriagricultucultural ral lealeaseoseold ld cancannotnot be establised on land w/c as ceased to be be establised on land w/c as ceased to be devoted to cultivation or farming bco0 of its devoted to cultivation or farming bco0 of its conversion into a residential subd!

conversion into a residential subd!

9! Livestock, poultry & %wine raising lands6 %ec " 9! Livestock, poultry & %wine raising lands6 %ec "

of

of ''? ? CC4 4 w/c incluw/c includes des prprivaivate te agagri ri lanlandsds dev

devoteoted d to to comcommermerciacial l livlivesestoctock, k, poupoultrltry y && swine raising- in te denition of commercial swine raising- in te denition of commercial far

farmsms- - is is invinvalalid! id! TeTey y arare e covcoverered ed by by tete agrarian reform prog of te %tate!

agrarian reform prog of te %tate! T

Te e 1r1reaeatestest t 7le7lessssingingOTOTe e orsorst t 5ri5rime- me- –– Drederick Taylor

Drederick Taylor

(( an ian incncrreaeasesed outd outpuput invt invarariaiablbly giy giveves mors moree work to more men, & never in te istory work to more men, & never in te istory of te world as it more tan temporarily, of te world as it more tan temporarily, an

and d tten en fofor r ononly ly a a vevery ry ssorort t titimeme,, diminised by te number of men at work diminised by te number of men at work in any trade

in any trade

Te 1reatest E*ploiter- – 7las <ple Te 1reatest E*ploiter- – 7las <ple

(( ununememplployoymement int is ts te gre greaeatetest est e*p*ploloititer oer of f  labor! Bass unemployment tends to leave labor! Bass unemployment tends to leave t

te e EEEE' ' alall(l(popowewerfrful ul anand d tte e woworkrkerer defenseless

defenseless

Bore 5apital Beans Bore obs- – ?dam %mit Bore 5apital Beans Bore obs- – ?dam %mit

(( " ki" kindnds of fs of funundsds6 +$6 +$. t. te 'e 'evevenenue – wue – w/c i/c iss over & above wat is necessary for te over & above wat is necessary for te ma

maintintenaenancence8 8 and +". and +". te %tocte %tock k – – w/c isw/c is ove

over r & & aboabove ve ssat at is is necnecessessarary y for tefor te EENT of teir

EENT of teir masters!masters!

(( TTe dee demamand fnd for tor toose wse wo lo livive by we by wagageses 

 necessarily increases w/ te increase of  necessarily increases w/ te increase of  te revenue & stock of every country and te revenue & stock of every country and ca

cannonnot t incincrereasase e w/o w/o it! it! Te Te incincrereasase e of of  revenue & stock is te

revenue & stock is te increaincrease of se of nationalnational wealt!

wealt!

?n E*ploited 5lass- – ! 'eynato >uno ?n E*ploited 5lass- – ! 'eynato >uno

(( <v<vererseseas woas workrkerers cons conststititutute an e*e an e*plploioitetedd cl

clasass! s! TTeieir r ununfofortrtununatate e cicirrcucumsmstatancncee makes tem easy prey to avaricious EE's! makes tem easy prey to avaricious EE's!  Tey will work under subuman conditions  Tey will work under subuman conditions

& accept salaries below te minimum! & accept salaries below te minimum! 2R of Dilipinos are 7ased <verseas-> %tar 2R of Dilipinos are 7ased <verseas-> %tar '

'? ? C4 C4 5o5ompmprreeenensisive ve ?g?grararirian an ''efeforormm >rogram

>rogram

: :

?im6 ? more e)uitable distribution & ownersip of  land, w/ due regard to te rigts of landowners to just compensation & to te ecological needs of te nation

7asis6 te ' of farmers & regular farm workers, wo are landless, to own directly or collectively te lands tey till or, in te case of oter farm workers, to receive a sare of te fruits tereof   Te %tate6

( sall respect te ' of small landowners & sall provide incentives for voluntary land( saring

( sall recogni0e te ' of farmers, farm workers & landowners, as well as cooperatives & oter independent farmers org, to participate in te planning, org, & mgt of te program & sall provide support to agriculture toug tec & researc & nancial, production, marketing & oter support services

( may resettle landless farmers & farm workers in its own agricultural estates ( sall encourage te formation &

maintenance of economic(si0ed family farms to be constituted by indiv beneciaries & small landowners

( sall protect te 's of subsistence sermen to te preferential use of  communal marine & sing resources bot inland & o;sore

( sall provide support to suc sermen tru appropriate tec & researc, ade)uate nancial, production & marketing assistance

( sall protect o;sore sing grounds of  subsistence sermen against foreign intrusion! Diserworkers sall redeive a  just sare from teir labor in te utili0ation

of marine & sing resources

( owners of agri land ave te oblig to cultivate directly or tru labor admin te lands tey own & tereby make te land productive!

( %all provide incentives to landowners to invest te proceeds of te agrarian reform prog to promote industriali0ation, EENT & privati0ation of pub sector enterprises ( Bay lease undeveloped lands of pub

domain to )ualied entities for te devt of  capital(intensive farms, traditional & pioneering crops esp tose for e*port +subj! to 's of beneciaries.

#enitions

$! ?grarian 'eform – te redistribution of  lands, regardless of crops/fruits produced, to farmers & regular farm workers wo are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangemt, to include te totality of  factors & support services designed to lift te economic status of te beneciaries and all oter arrangemts alternative to te

pysical redistribution of lands +production or prot(saring, labor admin, distribution of sares of stock.

"! ?griculture, ?gricultural Enterprise or ?gricultural ?ctivity – te cultivation of te soil, planting of crops, growing of fruit trees, incl! te arvesting of suc farm products, & oter farm activities

9! ?gricultural land – land devoted to agricultural activity, and N<T classied as mineral, forest, residential, commercial or industrial land

:! ?grarian #ispute – any controversy relating to tenurial arrangements, weter leaseold, tenancy, stewardsip or oterwise, over lands devoted to agri

( including disputes concerning farm workers assocs, or representation of persons in negotiating, *ing, maintaining, canging or seeking to arrange terms of conditions of suc tenurial arrangements

( including controversy relating to compensation of lands ac)uired under tis ?ct & oter terms & conditions of transfer of ownersip from landowners to farm workers, tenants & oter agrarian reform beneciaries

C! Hdle / ?bandoned Land – any agricultural land not cultivated, tilled or developed to produce any crop nor devoted to any specic economic purpose continuously for a period of 9 yrs immediately prior to te receipt of notice of  ac)uisition by te govt

( but does N<T include land tat as become permanently or regularly devoted to non(agricultural purposes

( does N<T include land w/c as become unproductive by reason of force majeure or D event

! Darmer – a natural person wose primary liveliood is cultivation of land or te production of agri crops eiter by imself, or primarily w/ te assistance of is immediate farm ouseold, weter te land is owned by im, or by anoter person under a leaseold or tenancy agreement

4! Darmworker – a netural person wo renders service for value as an EE or laborer in an agricultural enterprise or farm

3! 'egular Darmworker – a natural person wo is employed on a permanent basis by an agricultural enterprise or farm

2! %eason Darmworker – a natural person wo is employed on a recurrent, periodic or intermittent basis by an agricultural enterprise or farm

! 5ooperatives – orgs composed primarily of  small agri producers, farmers, farmworkers or oter agrarian reform beneciaries wo voluntarily organi0e temselves for te purpose of pooling land, uman, tecnological, nancial or oter economic resources & operated on te principle of one member, one vote! + a juridical person may be a member of  a coop, w/ te same 's & duties as a natural person!

%cope6 all public & private agricultural lands, incl! oter lands of te pub domain suitable for agriculture

$! ?ll alienable & disposable lands of te pub domain devoted to or suitable for agriculture

"! ?ll lands of te pub domain in e*cess to te specic limits as determined by 5ongress

9! ?ll oter lands owned by te 1ovt devoted to or suitable for agri

:! ?ll private lands devoted to or suitable for agri regardless of te agri products raised/can be raised tereon

%cedule of Hmplementation6 w/in $G yrs from e;ectivity

'etention Limits6 no person may own or retain, directly, any pub or private agricultural land, te si0e of w/c sall vary accdg to factors governing a viable family(si0ed farm

( landowner may retain only C ectares! ( 9 ectares6 eac cild of landowner, tat

is $Cy/o, and is actually tilling te land or directly managing te farm

( landowners wose lands ave been covered by ># "4 sall be allowed to keep te area originally retained by tem tereunder

( te original omestead grantees or direct compulsory eirs wo still own te orig omestead sall retain te same areas as long as tey continue to cultivate said omestead

( te ' to coose te area to be retained belongs to te landowner!  Kowever6 +a. in case te area selected by landowner is tenanted, te tenant sall ave te option weter to remain terein, be a beneciary of te same, or anoter agri land w/ similar/comparable features8 +b. in case te tenant cooses to remain in te retained ares, e sall be considered a leaseolder & sall lose is ' as a leaseolder to te land retained by te landowner! Te tenant must e*ercise tis option w/in $ yr fr te time te landowner manifests is coice of te area for retention!

( Upon ?ct@s e;ectivity, any sale, disposition, lease, mgt contract or transfer of position of private lands e*ecuted by te orig landowner in violation of tis ?ct

sall be null & void! >rovided, tat tose e*ecuted prior to tis ?ct sall be valid only wen registered w te 'eg of #eeds w/in 9 monts after e;ectivity!

>residental ?grarian 'eform 5ouncil +>?'5. – sall provide te implementing rules

( upon recommendation by te >rovincial ?grarian 'eform coordinating 5ommittee, may declare certain provinces/regions as priority land reform areas

Bultinational 5orps – all lands of te pub domain leased, eld, or possessed by multi corps or assocs, and oter lands owned by te govt, or govt(owned/(controlled corps, assocs, institutions or entities, devoted to e*isting & operational agribusiness or agro(industrial enterprises, operated by multicorps sall be programmed for ac)uisition & distribution immediately upon e=ctivity

?ncestral Lands – sall include, but not limited to, lands in te actual, continuous & open possession & occupation of te community and its members, provided tat te Torrens %ystem sall be respected

( sall be protected to ensure teir economic, social & cultural well(being ( in te autonomous regions, te respective

legislature may enact teir own laws on ancestral domain subj to te provisions of  te 5onsti, tis ?ct and oter national laws!

E*emptions & E*clusions

$! Lands actually, directly & e*clusively used for parks, wildlife, forest reserves, reforestation, s sanctuaries and breeding grounds, waterseds and mangroves

"! >rivate lands actually, directly & e*clusively used for prawn farms & sponds +provided tat said prawn farms & sponds ave not been distributed and 5ert of Land <wnersip ?ward issued to ?'>!

9! Lands actually, directly & e*clusively used & found to be necessary for national defense, scool sites & campuses, incl e*perimental farm stations operated by pub/private scools for educational purposes, seeds and seedlings researc and pilot production center, curc sites & convents apputenat terety, mos)ue sites & Hslamic centers appurtenant tereto, communal burial grounds & cemeteries, penal colonies & penal farms actually worked by inmates, got & private researc & )uarantine centers and all lands w/ $3R 

slope and over,  e*cept tose already developed

>rocedure for ?c)uisition of >rivate Lands

$! ?fter aving identied te land, te landowners & beneciaries, #?' sall send its notice to ac)uire te land to te owners8

"! w/in 9G days from date of receipt, landowners sall inform te #?' of is acceptance/rejection of te o;er8

a! if landowner accepts te o;er, te L7> sall pay te landowner of te purcase price of te land w/in 9G days after e e*ecutes & delivers a deed of transfer in favor of te 1ovt and surrenders te 5ert of   Title

b! in case of rejection or failure to reply, #?' sall conduct summary admin proceedings to determine compensation of te land

9! upon receipt of te landowner of te payment, or in case of rejection or no response fr te landowner, upon te deposit w/ an accessible bank or te compensation, te #?' sall take immediate possession of te land & sall re)uest te 'egister of #eeds to issue a  T5T in te name of te '>!

:! ?ny party wo disagrees w/ te decision may bring te matter to te court

#etermination of ust 5ompensation ( cost of ac)uisition of te land ( current value of like properties, ( its nature, actual used and income ( te sworn valuation by te owner, ( ta* declarations

( assessment made by te govt assessors

Hncentives for voluntary o;ers of sale – addt@l CR cas

>riority of Vualied 7eneciaries

$! ?gricultural lessees & sare tenants "! 'egular farmworkers

9! %easonal farmworkers :! <ter farm workers

C! ?ctual tillers/occupants of public lands ! 5ollective or cooperatives of te above

beneciaries

4! <ters directly working on te land

S>rovided6 cildren of landowners wo are )ualied sall be given preference in te distribution of te land of teir parents

S>rovided furter6 actual tenant(tillers in te landolding sall not be ejected/removed terefrom!

 Transferability of ?c)uired lands by beneciaries – may not be sold, transferred or conveyed  e*cept tru ereditary succession, or to te govt, or to te L7>, or to oter )ualied beneciaries for $G yrs

S>rovided, tat te cildren/spouse of te transferor sall ave a ' to repurcase te land fr te govt/L7> w/in " yrs

%tanding crops at te time of ac)uisition – sall be retained by te landowner, #ar sall give a reasonable time to arvest te same

5orporate Darms

( in case land cannot be divided directly, sall be owned collectively by te worker( beneciaries wo sall form a workers cooperative or assoc w/c will deal w/ te corp

( indiv members of te coop sall be provided w/ omelots or small farmlots for teir family use taken fr te land owned by te coop

>roduction(saring ( pending nal land transfer %upport %ervices

$! irrigation facilities

"! infrastructure devt & pub works projects 9! govt subsidies for te use of irrig facilities

'? 24GG – ?ct %trengtening te 5?'>, e*tending te ac)uisition & distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for te purpose certain provisions of '? C4

( %tate sall protect Dilipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition & trade practices

( %tate recogni0es tat tere is not enoug agricultural land to be divided & distributed to eac farmer & regular farmworker so tat eac one can own is economic(si0e family farm!

( ?nswer6 simultaneous industriali0ation aimed at developing a self(reliant & independent national economy e;ectively controlled by Dilipinos

( %tate may, in te interest of national welfare or defense, establis & operate vital industries

( Hmplementation of te prog sall be community(based

( %tate sall recogni0e & enforce te 's of  rural women to own & control land

( %tate sall provide incentives to landowners to invest te proceeds of te agrarian reform prog to promote industriali0ation, EENT & privati0ation of  te pub sector enterprises

?dded #enition

$! 'ural women – women wo are engaged directly/indirectly in farming and/or sing as teir source of liveliood, weter paid or unpaid, regular or seasonal, or in food preparation, managing te ouseold, caring for te cildren, & oter similar activities

"! Landless beneciary – one wo owns less tan 9 ectares of agri land

?dded E*ception to 'etention Limits

( >rovincial, city & mun govt units ac)uiring private agri lands by e*propriation to be used for actual, direct & e*clusive pub purposes, suc as roads & bridges, pub markets, scool sites, resettlement sites, local govt facilities, pub parks & brgy pla0as or s)uares consistent sall not be subj to te C(ectare retention limit

<rder of >riority

( 9 ectares eac to te $st _{" beneciaries}

( only wen tese beneciaries ave rcvd 9 ectares eac, sall te remaining portion of te landolding, if any, be distributed to oter beneciaries

>ayment by 7eneciaries – payable to L7> in 9G annual amorti0ations at R interest per annum %upport sall be e*tended e)ually to women &

men beneciaries

 Landico v %ia Dacts6

• 9 parcels of land were originally owned by

te ?ragons, tenanted by te late ?rcadio Landico from $2:2 until is deat in $24", afterwic, is tenancy rigts were succeded by is son, petitioner Drancisco Landico +te oter petitioners were 7uenaventura +Drancisco@s son., and Dederico +Drancisco@s broter., elped im cultivate te land

• in $24, Drancisco voluntarily surrendered is

tenancy 's over te land to te ?ragons troug a notari0ed kasulatan- for a consideration of >$,GGG, but petitioners continued cultivating te land until $234 wen Drancisco e*ecuted anoter notari0ed

kasulatan- tru w/c e surrendered is tenancy rigts for a consideration of >9,GGG!

• <n te same day as te e*ecution of te

$234 kasulatan, te lands were sold by te ?ragons for >CG,GGG to respondent Deli* %ia, wo in turn converted te same to a residential subd w/o a #?' clearance and ejected te petitioners terefrom!

• >eitioners led a protest before te #?'

alleging tat tey are te tenants of te lands and claimed tat tey are entitled to a disturbance compensation! Tey alleged tat tey were fooled into signing over teir tenancy rigts tru te macinations of te ?ragons!

•  Te respondents in teir answer, denied suc

allegation and added tat te petitioners are barred by estoppel, laces and prescription Hssue $6 <N petitioners are tenants of te land Keld6 ? tenant is dened as a person wo, imself 

and w/ te aid available from w/in is immediate farm ouseold, cultivates te land belonging to, or possessed by anoter, w/ te latter@s consent for purposes of production, saring te produce w/ te landolder under te sare tenancy system, or paying to te landolder a price certain or ascertainable in produce or in money or bot, under te leaseold tenancy system

Dor a tenancy relationsip to e*ist, all of te ;  essential re)uisites must be present6

$. te parties are te landowner & te tenant ". te subj matter is agricultural land

9. tere is consent bet te parties

:. te purpose is agricultural production C. tere is personal cultivation by te tenant . tere is saring of te arvests bet te

parties

Under te denition, only Drancisco possesses te re)uisites of a tenant! >etitioners Dederico and 7uenaventura are not tenants because consent +F9. by te landowners is lacking! Tey are merely farm elpers of  Drancisco as part of is immediate farm ouseold! Tere was also no evidence to sow tat tey gave a sare of teir arvest to te ?ragons +F.!

Hssue "6 <N te respondents took advantage of  Drancisco@s old age & illiteracy and employed fraudulent scemes in order to deceive im into signing te Wasulatans

Keld6 ?s te legal tenant of te lands, Drancisco ad voluntarily surrendered is tenancy rigts wen e knowingly & freely e*ecuted te $234 Wasulatan! Tere was no sowing of foul play, because te Wasulatan was in Dilipino, a language spoken & understood by Drancisco and was couced in plain and clear terms! %uc kasulatan was also duly notari0ed and are considered as public documents e*ecuted 3

w/ all te legal formalities wic a;ord it te legal presumption of regularity and legality abent full, clear and convincing evidence to te contrary!

Dinal ruling6 >etitioners ave no cause of action and te same as prescribed!

 >ortugue0 v 1%H% Damily 7ank and 5? Dacts6

• >etitioner was employed by te

respondent bank as utility clerk in $24$! %ince ten, e ad been promoted repeatedly up to $223 wen e was temporarily assigned as caretaker of te bank and designated as ?cting ?sst! P> and <H5 in une of $223!

• 'espondent bank is a banking institution

originally known as 'oyal %avings 7ank! Hn $239(3:, it underwent serious li)uidity problems and was placed under receiversip by te 5entral 7ank, wic ordered its closure in uly of $23:! ?fter " monts, te respondent bank was reopened under te control & mgt of  5omsavings 7ank!

• Hn $234, te 1%H% ac)uired te interest of 

te respondent bank and took over te control & mgt of te bank and renamed it as 1%H% Damily %avings 7ank!

•  Te designation of te petitioner as <H5 &

caretaker was recalled, owever is appointment as ?cting ?sst P> was retained!

• Hn line w/ its policy to attain nancial

stability, te respondent bank adopted measures, one of w/c is an early retirement program!

• Hn april of "GG$, petitioner opted to avail

imself of tis retirement package, +supposedly under protest. & received te amt of >$,9:"B as retirement pay!

• Hn july "GG", petitioner led a complaint

against resp bank for constructive dismissal & underpayment of wages, $9t

mont pay & retirement benets before te Labor ?rbiter! Ke alleged discrimination & unfair treatment, and intense pressure on te part of te resp bank forced im to retire at te prime of  is life

Hssue $6 <N tere was constructive dismissal Keld6 No!

5onstructive dismissal – )uitting because continued EENT is rendered impossible, unreasonable or unlikely, as an o;er involving a demotion in rank & a dimunition in pay! Bay also mean an act of clear discrimination, insensibility or disdain by an EE' may become so unbearable on te part of te EE so as to

foreclose any coice on is part e*cept to resign

>etitioner claims e was discriminated against as new ires were given iger salaries tan e was receiving!

#iscrimination – failure to treat all persons e)ually wen no reasonable distinction can be found bet tose favored & tose not favored! Ht must be clearly establised tat +$. tere is no reasonable distinction for classication tat can be obtained bet persons belonging to te same class, and +". persons belonging to te same class ave not been treated alike

>etitioner failed to establised tat e possessed te same skills, competencies & e*pertise as tose newly ired to eliminate te possibility of  substantial distinction tat may warrant une)ual treatment bet tem!

>etitioner contends tat in cases of constructive dismissal, te burden of proof rests on te EE' to sow tat te EE was dismissed on a valid &  just cause! 7ut tis legal principle presupposes tat tere is indeed an involuntary separation from EENT & te facts attendant to suc forced separation was clearly establised, w/c te petitioner failed to do! Ht was im wo availed of te voluntary retirement program! ?nd absent te sowing of duress, te presumption is tat it was done by im voluntarily!

ile te state promotes te utmost protection of  labor against capital, it does not mean tat te working class is upeld in all labor dispute! Te law also recogni0es te rigts of management!

>'E(EB>L<JBENT

?rt $"! Ht is te policy of te %tate6

$! to promote and maintain a state of full employment troug improved manpower training, allocation and utili0ation8

"! to protect every citi0en desiring to work locally/overseas by securing for im te best possible terms and condition of  employment8

9! to facilitate a free coice of available employment by persons seeking work in conformity wit te national interest8

:! to facilitate & regulate te movement of  workers in conformity w/ te national interest8

C! to regulate te employment of aliens, including te establisment of a registration and/or work permit system8 ! to strengten te network of public

employment o=ces and rationali0e te participation of te private sector in te recruitment and placement of workers, locally and overseas, to serve national development objectives8