TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
N
NOO.. CCOONNTTEENNTT PPAAGGEESS
1
1..00 IInnttrroodduuccttiioon n 22
2 2..00 OObbjjeeccttiivvee 22 3 3..00 TThheeoorryyBBaacckkggrroouunndd 22--33 4 4..00 EEqquuii!!eenntt 33--44 " "..00 ##rroocceedduurree$$ 44--"" %
%..00 &&ee$$uu''tt$$ ""--((
(
(..00 ))aa!!''ee *a*a''ccuu''aattiioonn ++--,, +
+..00 ii$$ccuu$$$$iioonn ,,--1100
,
,..00 **oonncc''uu$$iioonn 1100--1111
1
1.0 Introduction 1.0 Introduction
The te$t i$ carried out on either undi$turbed $a!'e$ or re!o'ded $a!'e$. To aci'itate The te$t i$ carried out on either undi$turbed $a!'e$ or re!o'ded $a!'e$. To aci'itate the re!o'ding uro$e/ a $oi' $a!'e !ay be co!acted at oti!u! !oi$ture content in a the re!o'ding uro$e/ a $oi' $a!'e !ay be co!acted at oti!u! !oi$ture content in a co!action !o'd. Then $eci!en or the direct $hear
co!action !o'd. Then $eci!en or the direct $hear te$t cou'd be obtained u$ing the te$t cou'd be obtained u$ing the correctcorrect cutter rovided. 'ternative'y/ $and $a!'e can be 'aced in a dry $tate at a required den$ity/ cutter rovided. 'ternative'y/ $and $a!'e can be 'aced in a dry $tate at a required den$ity/ in the a$$e!b'ed $hear bo.
in the a$$e!b'ed $hear bo. nor!a'
nor!a' 'oad 'oad i$ i$ a'ied a'ied to to the the $eci!en and $eci!en and the the $eci!en i$ $eci!en i$ $heared $heared acro$$ the acro$$ the re- re-deter!ined horionta' 'ane beteen the to ha've$ o the $hear bo. ea$ure!ent$ o deter!ined horionta' 'ane beteen the to ha've$ o the $hear bo. ea$ure!ent$ o $hear 'oad/ $hear di$'ace!ent and nor!a' di$'ace!ent are recorded. The te$t i$ reeated $hear 'oad/ $hear di$'ace!ent and nor!a' di$'ace!ent are recorded. The te$t i$ reeated oe to or !ore identica' $eci!en$ under dierent nor!a' 'oad$. 5ro! the re$u't$/ the $hear oe to or !ore identica' $eci!en$ under dierent nor!a' 'oad$. 5ro! the re$u't$/ the $hear $trength ara!eter$ can be deter!ined.
$trength ara!eter$ can be deter!ined.
2.0 Objective 2.0 Objective
To
To deter!ine the deter!ine the ara!eter oara!eter o $hear $hear $trength o $trength o $oi'/ $oi'/ cohe$ion/ c cohe$ion/ c and ang'e and ang'e o o riction/ 6riction/ 6..
3.0 Teor! B"c#$round 3.0 Teor! B"c#$round
The
The gengeneraera' ' re're'atiation$on$hi hi betbeteeen en !a!ai!ui!u! ! $he$heariaring ng re$re$i$ti$tancance/e/ ՇՇ and nor!and nor!a'a'
$tre$$/ 7
$tre$$/ 7nn or $oi'$ can be or $oi'$ can be rere$ented by the equation and rere$ented by the equation and knon a$ *ou'o!b8$ 9a:knon a$ *ou'o!b8$ 9a:
φ φ σ σ τ τ ==cc ++ tantan f f here: here: c
c ; cohe; cohe$ion/ $ion/ hich i$ dhich i$ due to inue to interna' terna' orce$ orce$ ho'dinho'ding $oi' ag $oi' artic'rtic'e$ togee$ together in a $ther in a $o'ido'id !a$$
!a$$ <
< ; ; riction/ riction/ hich hich i$ i$ due due to to the the inter'ocking inter'ocking o o the the artic'e$ artic'e$ and and the the riction riction beteenbeteen the! hen $ubjected to nor!a' $tre$$
the! hen $ubjected to nor!a' $tre$$
τf =
τf = $hearing re$i$tance o $oi' at ai'ure$hearing re$i$tance o $oi' at ai'ure σf
σf == tota' nor!a' $tre$$ on ai'ure 'anetota' nor!a' $tre$$ on ai'ure 'ane
The
The ririctiction on co!co!ononentent$ $ incincrearea$e $e iith th incincrea$rea$ing ing nor!nor!a' a' $tr$tre$$ e$$ but but the the cohcohe$ie$ionon co!
re'ation$hi $hon in the grah be'o. Thi$ grah genera''y aroi!ate$ to a $traight 'ine/ it$ re'ation$hi $hon in the grah be'o. Thi$ grah genera''y aroi!ate$ to a $traight 'ine/ it$ inc'ination to the horionta' ai$ being equa' to the ang'e o $hearing re$i$tance o the $oi'/ < inc'ination to the horionta' ai$ being equa' to the ang'e o $hearing re$i$tance o the $oi'/ < and it$ intercet on the
and it$ intercet on the vertica' =$hear $tre$$> ai$ being the aarent vertica' =$hear $tre$$> ai$ being the aarent cohe$ion/ denoted by c.cohe$ion/ denoted by c.
?rah o )hear )tre$$ v$ @or!a' )tre$$ ?rah o )hear )tre$$ v$ @or!a' )tre$$
%.0 E&ui'(ent %.0 E&ui'(ent
1. )hear bo carriage. 1. )hear bo carriage. 2. 9oading ad. 2. 9oading ad. 3. #erorated 'ate. 3. #erorated 'ate. 4. #orou$ 'ate. 4. #orou$ 'ate. ". &etaining 'ate. ". &etaining 'ate. %. ?rea$e. %. ?rea$e. )
#
#eerroorraatteed d ''aattee/ / ##oorroouu$ $ ''aattee// ??rreeaa$$ee &etaining
&etaining 'at'at
).0 Procedure* ).0 Procedure*
1.
1. InterInterna' !ea$una' !ea$ure!ent ire!ent i$ veriy b$ veriy by u$ing very u$ing vernier ca'inier ca'ier$. Ther$. The 'ength o te 'ength o the $ide$he $ide$/ 9 and/ 9 and the overa'' deth/ B.
the overa'' deth/ B. 2.
2. Ba$Ba$e 'ate i$ ie 'ate i$ ied in$ied in$ide the $heade the $hear bo. Ther bo. Then oroun orou$ 'ate i$ ut on the ba$$ 'ate i$ ut on the ba$e 'atee 'ate.. #erorated grid 'ate i$ itted over orou$ $o that the grid 'ate$ $hou'd be at right ang'e$ #erorated grid 'ate i$ itted over orou$ $o that the grid 'ate$ $hou'd be at right ang'e$ to the direction $hear.
3.
3. TTo ha'veo ha've$ o the $$ o the $hear bohear bo i$ i i$ ied by !eaed by !ean$ o in$ o iing $ing $crecre$.$. 4.
4. 5o5or r cocohehe$i$ive ve $o$oi'i'$/ $/ ththe e $o$oi' i' $a$a!!'e 'e i$ i$ trtranan$$er er rro! o! $q$quauare re $$ececi!i!en en cucutttter er to to ththee $hearbo by re$$ing don on the to grid 'ate. 5or $andy $oi'/ co!act $oi' in 'ayer$ $hearbo by re$$ing don on the to grid 'ate. 5or $andy $oi'/ co!act $oi' in 'ayer$ to the required den$ity in $hear bo.
to the required den$ity in $hear bo. ".
". ount ount the $the $hear bhear bo ao a$$e!b$$e!b'y on 'y on the 'the 'oading oading ra!era!e.. %.
%. The dThe dia' iia' i$ $e$ $et o tht o the roe rovinving ring ring to eg to eroro (.
(. The 'oadThe 'oading yoking yoke i$ 'aced on the i$ 'aced on the 'oadine 'oading ad and careg ad and careu''y 'iu''y 'it the hant the hanger onto thger onto the toe to o the 'oading yoke.
o the 'oading yoke. +.
+. The cThe corrorrect 'ect 'oadoading i$ aing i$ a''ied to tied to the hanhe hanger ager ad.d. ,.
,. *are*areu''y thu''y the $cree $cre$ c'a!$ c'a!ing the uing the uer ha'er ha' i$ re!o i$ re!oved to tved to the 'ohe 'oer ha'.er ha'. 10.
10. The te$t i$ conducted by a'ying horioThe te$t i$ conducted by a'ying horionta' $hear 'oad to nta' $hear 'oad to ai'ai'ure. &ate $train $hou'd beure. &ate $train $hou'd be 0.2!!A!in
0.2!!A!in 11
11.. &eading$ o horionta' i$ recorded and orce &eading$ o horionta' i$ recorded and orce dia' gauge$ at regu'ar interva'$.dia' gauge$ at regu'ar interva'$. 12.
12. *on*onducduct t te$te$t t on on thrthree ee ideidentintica' ca' $oi$oi' ' $a!$a!'e'e$ $ undunder er didiererent ent ververtictica' a' co!co!rere$$i$$iveve $tre$$e$/ 1.("kg/ 2."kg and 3.2kg $tre$$e$/ 1.("kg/ 2."kg and 3.2kg +.0 ,e*u-t* +.0 ,e*u-t* )eci!en @o . 1 )eci!en @o . 1 9oading 9oading : : 1.(" 1.(" kg kg 1.(" 1.(" kg kg ,.+1 ,.+1 @ @ C1k@C ; C1k@C ; 0.01( 0.01( k@k@ 1kg 1000@ 1kg 1000@ 9ength 9ength : : %0!! %0!! ; ; 0.0%!0.0%! rea rea : 0.0%! 0.0%! ; 3: 0.0%! 0.0%! ; 3.%10.%10-3-3 ! !22
)eci!en @o. 2 )eci!en @o. 2 9oading 9oading : : 2." 2." kg kg 2." 2." kg kg ,.+1 ,.+1 @ @ C1k@C ; C1k@C ; 0.02" 0.02" k@k@ 1kg 1000@ 1kg 1000@ 9ength 9ength : : %0!! %0!! ; ; 0.0%!0.0%! rea rea : 0.0%! 0.0%! ; 3: 0.0%! 0.0%! ; 3.%10.%10-3-3 ! !22 )eci!en @o.3 )eci!en @o.3
ii$$''aaccee!!eenntt ##rroovviinng g rriinngg ))hheeaar r $$ttrree$$$$ =D@A! =D@A!22>> = 10 = 10-3-3 >> )train )train = 10 = 10-%-%>> ia' ia' gauge gauge 9 =!!>=F10 9 =!!>=F10-4>-4> ia' ia' gauge gauge 9oad/ # =k@> 9oad/ # =k@> = 10 = 10-"-">> 0 0..22 44 1144 22..,, ++..11 %%..(( 0 0..44 ++ 22"" ""..11 1144..22 1133..33 0 0..%% 1122 3344 %..,% , 11,,..22 2200..00 0 0..++ 11%% 4411 +..4+ 4 2233..33 22%%..(( 1 1..00 2200 4444 ,..0, 0 22""..00 3333..33 1 1..22 2244 ""00 1100..22 22++..33 4400..00 1 1..44 22++ """" 1111..22 3311..11 44%%..(( 1 1..%% 3322 "",, 1122..00 3333..33 ""33..33 1 1..++ 33%% %%33 1122..,, 33""..++ %%00..00 2 2..00 4400 %%"" 1133..33 33%%..,, %%%%..(( 2 2..22 4444 %%(( 1133..(( 33++..11 ((33..33 2 2..44 44++ %%,, 1144..11 33,,..22 ++00..00 2 2..%% ""22 ((00 1144..33 33,,..(( ++%%..(( 2 2..++ ""%% ((00 1144..33 33,,..(( ,,33..33 3 3..00 %%00 ((00 1144..33 33,,..(( 110000..00 3 3..22 %%44 ((00 1144..33 33,,..(( 1100%%..((
ii$$''aaccee!!eenntt ##rroovviinng g rriinngg ))hheeaar r $$ttrree$$$$ =D@A! =D@A!22 >> = 10 = 10-3-3 >> )train )train =F 10 =F 10-%-% >> ia' ia' gauge gauge 9 =!!>=F10 9 =!!>=F10-4>-4> ia'ia' gauge gauge 9oad/ # =k@> 9oad/ # =k@> = 10 = 10-"-" >> 0 0..22 44 2200 4..14 1 1111..44 %%..(( 0 0..44 ++ 3322 %%.."" 11++..11 1133..33 0 0..%% 1122 22++ "..(" ( 22%%..00 2200..00 0 0..++ 11%% %%00 1122..22 3333..,, 22%%..(( 1 1..00 2200 ((11 1144.."" 4400..33 3333..33 1 1..22 2244 ++22 11%%..(( 44%%..44 4400..00 1 1..44 22++ ,,22 11++..++ ""22..22 44%%..(( 1 1..%% 3322 ,,(( 11,,..++ """"..00 ""33..33 1 1..++ 33%% 110000 2020..44 ""%%..(( %%00..00 2 2..00 4400 110022 2020..++ ""((..++ %%%%..(( 2 2..22 4444 110022 2020..++ ""((..++ ((33..33 2 2..44 44++ 110022 2020..++ ""((..++ ++00..00 2 2..%% ""22 110022 2020..++ ""((..++ ++%%..((
9 9ooaaddiinng g : : 33..22" " kkgg 33..22" " kkg g ,,..++1 1 @ @ CC11kk@@C C ; ; 00..00332 2 kk@@ 1kg 1000@ 1kg 1000@ 9ength 9ength : : %0!! %0!! ; ; 0.0%!0.0%! rea rea : 0.0%! 0.0%! ; 3: 0.0%! 0.0%! ; 3.%10.%10-3-3!!22
ii$$''aaccee!!eenntt ##rroovviinng g rriinngg ))hheeaar r $$ttrree$$$$ =D@A! =D@A!22 >> = 10 = 10-3-3 >> )train )train =F 10 =F 10-%-% >> ia' ia' gauge gauge 9 =!!>=F10 9 =!!>=F10-4>-4> ia'ia' gauge gauge 9oad/ # =k@> 9oad/ # =k@> =10 =10-"-" >> 0 0..22 44 22++ "..(" ( 11""..++ %%..(( 0 0..44 ++ 44(( ,,..%% 22%%..(( 1133..33 0 0..%% 1122 %%44 1133..11 33%%..44 2200..00 0 0..++ 11%% ++++ 11((..,, 44,,..(( 22%%..(( 1 1..00 2200 110022 2020..++ ""((..++ 3333..33 1 1..22 2244 1111"" 2323.."" %%""..33 4400..00 1 1..44 22++ 112211 2424..(( %%++..%% 44%%..(( 1 1..%% 3322 1122(( 2"2"..,, ((11..,, ""33..33 1 1..++ 33%% 113344 2(2(..33 ((""..++ %%00..00 2 2..00 4400 1133"" 2(2(.."" ((%%..44 %%%%..(( 2 2..22 4444 1133(( 2(2(..,, ((((.."" ((33..33 2 2..44 44++ 1133++ 2+2+..22 ((++..33 ++00..00 2 2..%% ""22 1133++ 2+2+..22 ((++..33 ++%%..(( 2 2..++ ""%% 1133++ 2+2+..22 ((++..33 ,,33..33 3 3..00 %%00 1133++ 22++..22 ((++..33 110000..00 .0 S"('-e C"-cu-"tion .0 S"('-e C"-cu-"tion 1.
1. ii$$'a'acece!!enentt
; dia' gauge 0.002 ; dia' gauge 0.002 ; 0.2 0.002 ; 0.2 0.002 ; 4 10 ; 4 10-4-4 !! !! 2.
2. ##roroviving ng riringng
; dia' gauge 0.00204A1000 ; dia' gauge 0.00204A1000 ; 14 0.00204A1000
; 14 0.00204A1000 ; 2.,10
3.
3. )he)hear $ar $tretre$$ $$ =0.=0.2 !! 2 !! diadia' ga' gaugeuge>> ;
; ai' gauge ai' gauge 0. 0.00204A100000204A1000
rea rea ; ; 14=0.00204>A1000 14=0.00204>A1000 k@k@ 0.0% 0.0% ! ! 0.0% 0.0% !! ; +.110 ; +.110-3-3 k@A! k@A!22 4.
4. )t)trarain =in =0.0.2 !! d2 !! diaia' ga' gauguge>e> ; di$'ace!ent A tota' 'ength ; di$'ace!ent A tota' 'ength ; 4 10
; 4 10-4-4!! A %0 !!!! A %0 !!
; %.(10 ; %.(10-%-%
".
". @o@or!r!a' )a' )trtre$e$$/ $/ = k= k@A @A !!!!22>>
a>
a> 5o5or r 1.1.("("kg 'oakg 'oad.d. ; ; 9oad 9oad / / ## rea/ rea/ ; ; C0.01( C0.01( k@CCC k@CCC 0.0%! 0.0%! 0.0%!0.0%! ; ; 4.( k4.( k@ A @ A !!22 b>
b> 55or or 2.2." k" kg 'g 'oaoadd ; ; 0.02" 0.02" k@CCCCC k@CCCCC 0.0%! 0.0%! 0.0%!0.0%! ; ; %., k%., k@ A @ A !!22 c>
c> 55or or 3.3.2" 2" kkg 'g 'oaoadd ; ; 0.032 0.032 k@CCCCCC k@CCCCCC 0.0%! 0.0%! 0.0%!0.0%! ; ; +.,k@ +.,k@ A A !!22
%. %. 3.1 3.1 c!c! 4.4 4.4 c!c! Ta Tan n ϕϕ; ; 3.1 3.1 A A 4.44.4 G G ; ; 3"H3"H /.0
/.0 i*ci*cu**iu**ionon
The direct $hear te$t i$ $uited to the re'ative'y raid deter!ination o the the ara!eter o The direct $hear te$t i$ $uited to the re'ative'y raid deter!ination o the the ara!eter o the $hear $trength o $oi'/ to ind the va'ue o cohe$ion and a'$o to ind the ang'e o riction. t the $hear $trength o $oi'/ to ind the va'ue o cohe$ion and a'$o to ind the ang'e o riction. t the end o re$u't e had 'ot the grah/ hich i$ the grah o $hear $tre$$ ver$u$ $train. The the end o re$u't e had 'ot the grah/ hich i$ the grah o $hear $tre$$ ver$u$ $train. The grah i'' gained u$ to va'ue o riction ang'e. =&eer to the grah>.
grah i'' gained u$ to va'ue o riction ang'e. =&eer to the grah>. t the$e
t the$e 3 3 $a!'e$ hich $a!'e$ hich are are 1.("kg/ 2." 1.("kg/ 2." kg kg and and 3.2"kg 3.2"kg there there are are no no error error data data obtained.obtained. The va'ue obtained ro! the dia' gauge $hoed increa$e$ direct'y. Thi$ i$ becau$e the dia' The va'ue obtained ro! the dia' gauge $hoed increa$e$ direct'y. Thi$ i$ becau$e the dia' gauge reading ha$ increa$ed the ti!e by the ti!e.
gauge reading ha$ increa$ed the ti!e by the ti!e.
The cohe$ion o $oi' and the ang'e o riction o $oi' are deter!ined. The ang'e o riction i$ The cohe$ion o $oi' and the ang'e o riction o $oi' are deter!ined. The ang'e o riction i$ the ang'e o the 'inear 'ine roduced ='ine8$ $'oe>. 5ro! the grah/ the cohe$ion o $oi' i$ 0.0 the ang'e o the 'inear 'ine roduced ='ine8$ $'oe>. 5ro! the grah/ the cohe$ion o $oi' i$ 0.0 k@A!
k@A!22
a$
a$ the $a!'e o $oi' u$ed i$ the $a!'e o $oi' u$ed i$ $and. $and. $ e $ e kno that $and i$ kno that $and i$ tytye e o coar$e grained $oi'o coar$e grained $oi' and it i$ a$$u!e cohe$ion 'e$$. 5or! the grah/ the ang'e o riction i$ 3".The direct $hear te$t and it i$ a$$u!e cohe$ion 'e$$. 5or! the grah/ the ang'e o riction i$ 3".The direct $hear te$t ha$ advantage$ and di$advantage$. It i$ $i!'e and a$t e$ecia''y or $and$. The ai'ure that ha$ advantage$ and di$advantage$. It i$ $i!'e and a$t e$ecia''y or $and$. The ai'ure that occur$ i$ a'ong a $ing'e $urace/ hich aroi!ate$ ob$erved $'i$ or $hear tye ai'ure in occur$ i$ a'ong a $ing'e $urace/ hich aroi!ate$ ob$erved $'i$ or $hear tye ai'ure in natura' $oi'$
natura' $oi'$
.0 Conc-u*ion .0 Conc-u*ion
irect $hear te$t i$ u$eu' hen cohe$ion 'e$$ $oi'$ are to be te$ted. In thi$ te$t irect $hear te$t i$ u$eu' hen cohe$ion 'e$$ $oi'$ are to be te$ted. In thi$ te$t the ai'ure 'ane i$ orced to occur at a redeter!ined 'ocation here both nor!a' and $hear the ai'ure 'ane i$ orced to occur at a redeter!ined 'ocation here both nor!a' and $hear $tre$$e$ are actingJ the $a!'e i$ 'aced in a c'o$ed $hear bo/ ied at the ba$e ith the $tre$$e$ are actingJ the $a!'e i$ 'aced in a c'o$ed $hear bo/ ied at the ba$e ith the to ree to tran$'ate under a horionta' orce. The to ortion$ o the bo are $aced by to ree to tran$'ate under a horionta' orce. The to ortion$ o the bo are $aced by u$ing $acing $cre$ to reduce the riction. The $ace $hou'd be at 'ea$t a$ 'arge a$ the u$ing $acing $cre$ to reduce the riction. The $ace $hou'd be at 'ea$t a$ 'arge a$ the 'arge$t $and artic'e. The bo i$ then 'aced in the direct $hear aaratu$/ and increa$ing 'arge$t $and artic'e. The bo i$ then 'aced in the direct $hear aaratu$/ and increa$ing hori
horiononta' ta' 'oa'oad d i$ i$ aa'ie'ied d iith th concon$ta$tant nt corcorre$re$onondinding g ververtictica' a' 'oa'oad/ d/ and and the the horihoriononta'ta' deor!ation $ha'' be recorded by u$ing the dia' gage. 5or each te$t $hear $tre$$-$train deor!ation $ha'' be recorded by u$ing the dia' gage. 5or each te$t $hear $tre$$-$train diagra
diagra! i$ ! i$ dran in order dran in order to ind out to ind out the u'ti!atthe u'ti!ate $tre$$/ then the $hear e $tre$$/ then the $hear ai'uai'ure enve'oe i$re enve'oe i$ dran by re'ating each u'ti!ate $hear $tre$$ to the nor!a' $tre$$ corre$onding to it in at dran by re'ating each u'ti!ate $hear $tre$$ to the nor!a' $tre$$ corre$onding to it in at 'ea$t three te$t$.
'ea$t three te$t$.
The direct $hear te$t can be u$ed to !ea$ure the eective $tre$$ ara!eter$ o The direct $hear te$t can be u$ed to !ea$ure the eective $tre$$ ara!eter$ o any tye o $oi' a$ 'ong a$ the ore re$$ure induced by the nor!a' orce and the $hear any tye o $oi' a$ 'ong a$ the ore re$$ure induced by the nor!a' orce and the $hear orce can di$$iate ith ti!e. 5or the eeri!ent e u$e the c'ean $and$ a$ a $a!'e/ $o orce can di$$iate ith ti!e. 5or the eeri!ent e u$e the c'ean $and$ a$ a $a!'e/ $o there i$ no rob'e! a$ the ore re$$ure di$$iate$ readi'y. Koever/ in the ca$e o high'y there i$ no rob'e! a$ the ore re$$ure di$$iate$ readi'y. Koever/ in the ca$e o high'y 'a$tic c'ay$/ it i$ !ere'y nece$$ary to have a $uitab'e $train rate $o that the ore re$$ure 'a$tic c'ay$/ it i$ !ere'y nece$$ary to have a $uitab'e $train rate $o that the ore re$$ure can di$$iate ith ti!e.
can di$$iate ith ti!e.
irect $hear te$t$ can be eror!ed under $evera' condition$. The $a!'e i$ irect $hear te$t$ can be eror!ed under $evera' condition$. The $a!'e i$ nor!a''y $aturated beore the te$t i$ run. The te$t can be run at the in-$itu !oi$ture content. nor!a''y $aturated beore the te$t i$ run. The te$t can be run at the in-$itu !oi$ture content. Beore e ind the va'ue o cohe$ion and riction ang'e/ e !u$t 'ot the grah ro! the data Beore e ind the va'ue o cohe$ion and riction ang'e/ e !u$t 'ot the grah ro! the data that e get ro! the eeri!ent. The re$u't$ o the te$t$ on each $eci!en are 'otted on a that e get ro! the eeri!ent. The re$u't$ o the te$t$ on each $eci!en are 'otted on a grah ith the eak =or re$idua'> $tre$$ on the -ai$ and the conining $tre$$ on the y-ai$. grah ith the eak =or re$idua'> $tre$$ on the -ai$ and the conining $tre$$ on the y-ai$. The y-inter
The y-intercet o the curve hich it$ the cet o the curve hich it$ the te$t re$u'te$t re$u't$ i$ t$ i$ the cohe$ithe cohe$ion/ and on/ and the $'oe o thethe $'oe o the 'ine or curve i$ the riction ang'e.
'ine or curve i$ the riction ang'e.
10.0 ,EFE,ENCE 10.0 ,EFE,ENCE
•
• BraBraja ja . . a$a$/ / #ri#rincinci'e'e$ $ o o ?eo?eotectechnihnica' ca' EngEngneeneerinring. g. )e)evenventh th EdiEditiotion. n. )I )I EdiEditiotion.n.
*engage 9earning. *engage 9earning.
