Geology Lab

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LAB LAB NO. NO. :: 77 LABLAB TITLE TITLE

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### DDII11((//1111IIOO+ + OO  ,,''11//%%TT # #22 ((OO++((%%//11IIOO++ LECTURER’S LECTURER’S SIGNATURE: SIGNATURE: REMARKS: REMARKS: ECS 253 - GEOLOGY ECS 253 - GEOLOGY

THE REPORT MUST

THE REPORT MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.

Faculty of Civil

UiTM Pahang

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1.0 TITLE

Geological Map 3 – Introduction To True & Apparent Dip And Thickness Of Bed

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The traditional ;ethods of conducting la!orator< actiities assigned as %eel "5 =ill not !e a!le to proide the aenue for students to enhance independent learning actiities and inculcate creatiit< and innoation> The traditional ;ethod is full< prescriptie =here the three ele;ents na;el< pro!le; =a<s & ;eans and ans=ers are proided9 full< gien to the students> 4o=eer it is still necessar< to !e i;ple;ented as part of the =hole la!orator< course actiit< especiall< to first and second <ear students> In this la!orator< actiit< student =ill !e e?posed to the techni@ue of producing the cross section profile together =ith the strike line and dip direction according to the gien outcrop>

1.2 OBECTIVES

The o!ecties of the test are

i> To plot the cross section profile to deter;ine the rock strata !< referring to the geological ;ap gien>

ii> To dra= the dip and strike of the rock strata

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1.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Dip & 1trike

Dip is the angle !et=een a horiContal plane and an inclined plane> Dip is al=a<s ;easured perpendicular to strike> Dip angles range fro; " for a horiContal !ed to :" for a ertical !ed> 1trike is the co;pass direction of line for;ed !< the intersection of a horiContal plane

and it usuall< e?pressed relatie to the north>

igure 7># 1trike and dip direction of rock strata

On Map 3 the contour ##"" ; for the geological !oundar< DE' coincides =ith the #""" ; structure contour for !oundar< (ED> Thus along this strike direction the top of !ed D is #"" ; higher than its !ed> This is the thickness of the !ed that =ould !e penetrated !< a !orehole drilled at point F>

ertical thickness T5 and True thickness T5

ertical thickness of inclined !ed is greater than the True thickness since the True thickness is ;easured perpendicular to the geological !oundaries> The angle H in !et=een T and T is e@ual to the angle of dip>

(osine H  T9T Thus T  T cosine H

This ;ean the T of a !ed is e@ual to the T ;ultiplied !< cosine of the angle of dip>

igure 7>2 1ection sho=ing the relationship !et=een the ertical thickness T5 and true thickness T5 of a dipping !ed

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2.0 APPARATUS

i> Geological ;ap 3 Appendi? $a5 ii> Graph paper

iii> (olour pencil i> ,uler

> .encil

2.1 PROCEDURES

#> All the outcrop =ere coloured !ased on the shading code gien Appendi? $a & )!5>

2> The crossEsection =as plotted =ith the horiContal and ertical scales accordingl< to the scale of the geological ;ap on a piece of graph paper> The ertical scale =as e?aggerated to i;proe isi!ilit< of the profile>

3> A line =as dra=n to oin the line of crossEsection on the ;ap sa<s 0 E J>

)> On the geological ;ap the strike line =as dra=n and the points of intersection =as ;arked accordingl< !et=een the lines =ith the contours respectie to its heights> The intersection line =as na;ed>

8> The points to the crossEsection profile =as transferred respectie to the heights of the contours>

$> The points =ere oined to for; the profile of the ground eleation>

7> The geological ;ap 3 =as folded to for; the 0 – J cross section> The F ;ark =hich the !orehole position =as located>

-> The !orehole cross section on the profile of ground eleation =as dra=n> The ertical thickness and true thickness of each rock !ed =as deter;ined>

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3.0 DATA AC!UISITION Ta!le #>" Data .rofiling

.oint (ontour Distance

c;5 Distance ;5 (u;ulatie Distance ;5 ro; To 0 J 78" -"" #>2 )-:>7:2 )-:>7:2 -"" :"" #>2 )-:>7:2 :7:>8-) :"" #""" #># ))->:7$ #)2->8$" #""" ##"" #># ))->:7$ #-77>83$ ##"" ##"" #>: 778>8") 2$83>")" ##"" #""" #>) 87#>)2) 322)>)$) #""" :"" #>" )"->#$" 3$32>$2) :"" -"" #>" )"->#$" )")">7-) -"" 7"" #>) 87#>)2) )$#2>2"-7"" 7"" #>) 87#>)2) 8#-3>$32 7"" -"" ">: 3$7>3)) 888">:7$ -"" -8" #>" )"->#$ 8:8:>#3$

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Ta!le #># Data for Dip and 1trike alue

.oint Boundar< (ontour Distance c;5 Distance ;5 (u;ulatie Distance ;5 0 AB -"" -"" 2>) :7:>8-) :7:>8-) (D B( (D ##"" #""" #""" #""" #""" ##"" #>3 83">$"- #8#">#:2 ' #2"" #>2 )-:>7:2 #:::>:-) D' (D D' (D D' ##"" #""" #""" ##"" ##"" #""" #""" ##"" #>2 )-:>7:2 2)-:>77$ ' ##"" ##"" #>3 83">$"- 3"2">3-) D' (D D' #""" :"" :"" #""" #>2 )-:>7:2 38#">#7$ ' #""" #>"8 )2->8$- 3:3->7)) D' (D B( (D D' :"" -"" 7"" 7"" -"" :"" #>28 8#">2"" )))->:)) B( (D D' $"" $"" 7"" -"" 2>)8 :::>::2 8))->:3$

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".0 DISCUSSION

After this e?peri;ent =e hae achiee the o!ecties =hich are to plot the cross section profile to deter;ine the rock strata !< referring to the geological ;ap gien to dra= the dip and strike of the rock strata and to calculate the ertical and true thickness of the rock strata> Ta!le #>" is the data profiling =here the distance of contour to contour is ;easured in c; then ti;es =ith the scale #c;)"->#$;> hile ta!le #># is the data for dip and strike alue>

The intersection of contour line and !oundar< line =as oined to for; lines parallel to each other> Then the graph of contour against cu;ulatie distance =as plotted> ro; the ;ap =e can ;easure the !orehole position and hence the !orehole can !e dra=n on the graph> The thickness of the !orehole is # c; thick =hich =as alread< fi?ed> ro; the graph also =e can find the angle dip =hich is )8o_{> Therefore !< doing this e?peri;ent =e can plot the}

cross section profile to deter;ine the rock strata !< referring to the geological ;ap gien dra= the dip and strike of the rock strata and calculate the ertical and true thickness of the rock strata>

5.0 CONCLUSION

As for the conclusion !< doing this e?peri;ent =e can plot the cross section profile to deter;ine the rock strata !< referring to the geological ;ap gien dra= the dip and strike of the rock strata and calculate the ertical and true thickness of the rock strata>

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