In a legal/law context:
In a legal/law context: An 'advocate' is the title of aAn 'advocate' is the title of a specific person who is authorized/appointed (in some specific person who is authorized/appointed (in some way) to speak on behalf of a person in a legal process. way) to speak on behalf of a person in a legal process. See advocate.
See advocate.
In a political context:
In a political context: An 'advocacy group' is anAn 'advocacy group' is an organized collection of people who seek to influence organized collection of people who seek to influence political decisions and policy, without seeking election to political decisions and policy, without seeking election to public office. See interest group.
public office. See interest group. In a social care context:
In a social care context: Both terms (and more specificBoth terms (and more specific ones such as 'independent advocacy') are used in the UK ones such as 'independent advocacy') are used in the UK in the context of a network of interconnected in the context of a network of interconnected organizations and projects which seek to benefit people organizations and projects which seek to benefit people who are in difficulty (primarily in the context of disability who are in difficulty (primarily in the context of disability and mental health).
and mental health).
In the context of inclusion:
In the context of inclusion: Citizen Advocacy organizat-Citizen Advocacy organizat-ions (citizen advocacy programs) seek to cause benefit by ions (citizen advocacy programs) seek to cause benefit by reconnecting people who have become isolated. Their reconnecting people who have become isolated. Their practice was defined in two key documents: CAPE, and practice was defined in two key documents: CAPE, and Learning from Citizen Advocacy Programs.
Learning from Citizen Advocacy Programs. Resource Management, Women’s Empowerment, Civil
Resource Management, Women’s Empowerment, Civil Society Strengthening.Society Strengthening.
Advocacy is the pursuit of influencing outcomes — including public-policy and resource Advocacy is the pursuit of influencing outcomes — including public-policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions — that allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions — that directly affect people’s current lives. (Cohen, 2001)
directly affect people’s current lives. (Cohen, 2001)
Therefore, advocacy can be seen as a deliberate process of speaking out on issues of concern in Therefore, advocacy can be seen as a deliberate process of speaking out on issues of concern in order to exert some influence on behalf of ideas or persons. Based on this definition, Cohen order to exert some influence on behalf of ideas or persons. Based on this definition, Cohen (2001) states that “ideologues of all persuasions advocate” to bring a change in people’s lives. (2001) states that “ideologues of all persuasions advocate” to bring a change in people’s lives. However, advocacy has many interpretations depending on the issue at stake, which can be However, advocacy has many interpretations depending on the issue at stake, which can be different from this initial value-neutral definition.
different from this initial value-neutral definition.
Forms of advocacy Forms of advocacy
There are several forms of advocacy, which each represent a different approach in the way There are several forms of advocacy, which each represent a different approach in the way change is brought into society. One of the
change is brought into society. One of the most popular forms is social justice advocacy.most popular forms is social justice advocacy. Although it is true, the initial definition
Although it is true, the initial definition does not encompass the notions of power does not encompass the notions of power relations, people’s participation and a relations, people’s participation and a vision of a just society that promoted by vision of a just society that promoted by social justice advocates. For them, social justice advocates. For them, advocacy represents the series of actions advocacy represents the series of actions taken and issues highlighted to change the taken and issues highlighted to change the “what is” into a “what should be”, “what is” into a “what should be”, considering that this “what should be” is a considering that this “what should be” is a more decent and a more just society (ib., more decent and a more just society (ib., 2001.) Those actions, which vary with the 2001.) Those actions, which vary with the political, economical and social political, economical and social
environment in which they are conducted, environment in which they are conducted, have several points in common.
have several points in common.
Characteristics of Advocacy Characteristics of Advocacy
•
• Question the way policy is administeredQuestion the way policy is administered •
• Participate in the agenda setting as theParticipate in the agenda setting as they raise significant issuesy raise significant issues •
• Target political systems “because those systems are not responding to people’s needs”Target political systems “because those systems are not responding to people’s needs” •
• Advocacy is inclusive and engagingAdvocacy is inclusive and engaging •
• Propose policy solutionsPropose policy solutions •
Functions of Advocacy Groups Functions of Advocacy Groups 1.
1. Give a voice to (misrepresented) citizenGive a voice to (misrepresented) citizen interests
interests 2.
2. Mobilize citizens to participate in theMobilize citizens to participate in the democratic process
democratic process 3.
3. Support the development of a culture of Support the development of a culture of democracy
democracy 4.
4. Assist in the development of better publicAssist in the development of better public policy
policy 5.
5. Ensure governments’ accountability to citizens.Ensure governments’ accountability to citizens.
Advocacy is: Advocacy is:
•
• Having the opportunity to speak up for ourselves andHaving the opportunity to speak up for ourselves and
represent others with whom we share the same concerns. represent others with whom we share the same concerns.
•
• Knowing what our rights are, and seeing that they areKnowing what our rights are, and seeing that they are
respected. respected.
•
• Being able to be ourselves and get to know what we wantBeing able to be ourselves and get to know what we want
from life. from life.
•
• Having the strength and confidence to say NO.Having the strength and confidence to say NO. •
• Having access to information and not being isolated.Having access to information and not being isolated. •
• Being able to make our own choices and decisions.Being able to make our own choices and decisions. •
• Having a say in deciding the services we receive.Having a say in deciding the services we receive. •
• Being with people and having the chance to establishBeing with people and having the chance to establish
relationships. relationships.
•
• Feeling empowered to change the way services are run.Feeling empowered to change the way services are run.
Types of Advocacy Types of Advocacy
Some of the other forms of advocac
Some of the other forms of advocacy include:y include: •
• Ideological advocacy:Ideological advocacy: in this approach, groups fight, sometimes during protests, to advancein this approach, groups fight, sometimes during protests, to advance their ideas in the decision-making
their ideas in the decision-making circles.
circles. •
• Mass advocacy:Mass advocacy: is any type of actionis any type of action taken by large groups (petitions, taken by large groups (petitions, demonstrations, etc.)
demonstrations, etc.) •
• Interest-group advocacy:Interest-group advocacy: lobbying islobbying is the main tool used by interests groups the main tool used by interests groups doing mass advocacy. It is a form of doing mass advocacy. It is a form of action that does not always succeed at action that does not always succeed at influencing political decision-makers influencing political decision-makers as it requires resources and as it requires resources and organization to be effective.
organization to be effective. •
• Bureaucratic Bureaucratic advocacy:advocacy: people people considered “experts” have more chance considered “experts” have more chance
to succeed at presenting their issues to decision-makers. They use bureaucratic advocacy to to succeed at presenting their issues to decision-makers. They use bureaucratic advocacy to influence the agenda, however at a slower pace.
influence the agenda, however at a slower pace. •
• Legislative advocacy:Legislative advocacy: legislative advocacy is the “reliance on the state or federal legislativelegislative advocacy is the “reliance on the state or federal legislative process” as part of a strategy to create chan
process” as part of a strategy to create change.ge. •
• Media advocacy:Media advocacy: is “the strategic use of the mass media as a resource to advance a social or is “the strategic use of the mass media as a resource to advance a social or public policy initiative”. For example, how media advocacy is used to prevent HIV AIDS and public policy initiative”. For example, how media advocacy is used to prevent HIV AIDS and
to fight alcohol and tobacco-related he
to fight alcohol and tobacco-related health issues.alth issues.
Advocacy groups Advocacy groups
Advocacy is led by advocates or, when they are organized in groups as is the case most of the Advocacy is led by advocates or, when they are organized in groups as is the case most of the time, advocacy groups. Advocacy groups as defined by Young and Everritt (2004, 5) are time, advocacy groups. Advocacy groups as defined by Young and Everritt (2004, 5) are different from political parties which "seek to influence government policy by governing." They different from political parties which "seek to influence government policy by governing." They are "any organization that seeks to influence government policy, but not to govern." This are "any organization that seeks to influence government policy, but not to govern." This definition includes social movements, sometimes network of organizations which are also definition includes social movements, sometimes network of organizations which are also focused on encouraging social change. Social movements try to either influence governments or, focused on encouraging social change. Social movements try to either influence governments or, like the environmental movement, to influence people’s ideas or actions.
like the environmental movement, to influence people’s ideas or actions.
In the recent past an increasing number of the In the recent past an increasing number of the population have become member of an population have become member of an
organization which has had an advocacy role and organization which has had an advocacy role and has tried to achieve political change. Such a level has tried to achieve political change. Such a level of participation is a positive indicator of the of participation is a positive indicator of the health of the democracy.
health of the democracy.
Transnational advocacy Transnational advocacy
Advocates and advocacy groups represent a wide Advocates and advocacy groups represent a wide range of categories and support several issues as range of categories and support several issues as listed on World Advocacy. The Advocacy Institute, a US-based global organization, is dedicated listed on World Advocacy. The Advocacy Institute, a US-based global organization, is dedicated to strengthening the capacity of political, social, and economic justice advocates to influence and to strengthening the capacity of political, social, and economic justice advocates to influence and
change public policy (Cohen, de la Vega & Watson, 2001.) change public policy (Cohen, de la Vega & Watson, 2001.)
The phenomenon of globalization draws a special attention to advocacy beyond countries’ The phenomenon of globalization draws a special attention to advocacy beyond countries’ borders. The core existence of networks such as World Advocacy or the Advocacy Institute borders. The core existence of networks such as World Advocacy or the Advocacy Institute demonstrates the increasing importance of transnational advocacy and international advocacy. demonstrates the increasing importance of transnational advocacy and international advocacy. Transnational advocacy networks are more likely to emerge around issues where external Transnational advocacy networks are more likely to emerge around issues where external influence is necessary to ease the communication between internal groups and their government. influence is necessary to ease the communication between internal groups and their government. Groups of advocates willing to further their mission also tend to promote networks and to meet Groups of advocates willing to further their mission also tend to promote networks and to meet with their internal counterparts to exchange ideas
with their internal counterparts to exchange ideas
Types of Advocacy including Lobbying Types of Advocacy including Lobbying Advocacy
Advocacy
Advocacy encompasses a broad range of activities that involve identifying, embracing, and Advocacy encompasses a broad range of activities that involve identifying, embracing, and promoting a cause. It is an effort to shape public perception to effect change that may or may not promoting a cause. It is an effort to shape public perception to effect change that may or may not require changes in the law. Advocacy is about using effective tools to create social change. require changes in the law. Advocacy is about using effective tools to create social change. Lobbying is only one of these activities.
Lobbying is only one of these activities. The following activities do not involve lobb The following activities do not involve lobb ying:ying:
• Public Education • Public Education
A nonprofit develops a public information campaign to raise awareness of the rise in childhood A nonprofit develops a public information campaign to raise awareness of the rise in childhood obesity. In this campaign they recommend a variety of ap
obesity. In this campaign they recommend a variety of ap proaches to reverse this trend.proaches to reverse this trend.
• Issue Research • Issue Research
A nonprofit regularly creates and distributes briefs describing policy barriers to improving A nonprofit regularly creates and distributes briefs describing policy barriers to improving end-of-life care to its state’s legislative committees on health, insurance, and aging.
of-life care to its state’s legislative committees on health, insurance, and aging.
• Policy Education • Policy Education
At the request of a congressional committee investigating how to move children out of foster At the request of a congressional committee investigating how to move children out of foster care into adoptive families more quickly, several nonprofit organizations from various states care into adoptive families more quickly, several nonprofit organizations from various states describe their innovative foster care reform models to help policymakers make a more informed describe their innovative foster care reform models to help policymakers make a more informed decision as they grapple with policy decisions on
decision as they grapple with policy decisions on this topic.this topic. ••Voter and Candidate EducationVoter and Candidate Education
Millennium Development Goals Millennium Development Goals
A nonprofit sends a questionnaire about their priority issue to all the mayoral candidates in a A nonprofit sends a questionnaire about their priority issue to all the mayoral candidates in a local election and published the received responses (unedited) in their newsletter or the local local election and published the received responses (unedited) in their newsletter or the local paper.
paper.
• Organizing and Mobilizing • Organizing and Mobilizing
A grantee nonprofit organized a series A grantee nonprofit organized a series of community meetings, public of community meetings, public hearings, interviews with target group hearings, interviews with target group members, scientific surveys, and events members, scientific surveys, and events that drew hundreds of child welfare that drew hundreds of child welfare system stakeholders together over a system stakeholders together over a period of months to “vision” a period of months to “vision” a
comprehensive strategy to reform child comprehensive strategy to reform child welfare system policies and practices in welfare system policies and practices in its state.
its state.
••Judicial AdvocacyJudicial Advocacy
The NAACP files a class action suit to The NAACP files a class action suit to compel a state to integrate public compel a state to integrate public schools.
schools.
•• Executive Executive (Administrative)(Administrative) Advocacy
Advocacy
A nonprofit representing patients and A nonprofit representing patients and loved ones struggling with Alzheimer’s loved ones struggling with Alzheimer’s disease consulted with state health disease consulted with state health department officials to help rewrite department officials to help rewrite eligibility rules to ensure better access eligibility rules to ensure better access to subsidized assisted living facilities. to subsidized assisted living facilities. Legislation is not discussed.
Legislation is not discussed.
A nonprofit promoting school-based health centers met with representatives from its state’s A nonprofit promoting school-based health centers met with representatives from its state’s Medicaid office to recommend an innovative way to structure a Medicaid waiver that will Medicaid office to recommend an innovative way to structure a Medicaid waiver that will increase funding to all centers in its state.
increase funding to all centers in its state.
A nonprofit urges the general public to send comments to the Department of Health and Human A nonprofit urges the general public to send comments to the Department of Health and Human Services on a proposed federal rulemaking that
Services on a proposed federal rulemaking that is open for public comment.is open for public comment.
When these kinds of advocacy (above) take positions on specific pieces of legislation, When these kinds of advocacy (above) take positions on specific pieces of legislation, particularly pending legislation, they become lobbying. For example, if the Alzheimer’s particularly pending legislation, they become lobbying. For example, if the Alzheimer’s association mentioned immediately above, took a position on pending legislation and asked for association mentioned immediately above, took a position on pending legislation and asked for health department officials’ support for their position, they would be lobb
health department officials’ support for their position, they would be lobb ying.ying.
Lobbying -Definition Lobbying -Definition
“Lobbying” is virtually any advocacy activity aimed at influencing a “legislator’s” vote on “Lobbying” is virtually any advocacy activity aimed at influencing a “legislator’s” vote on specific legislation.
specific legislation. “Legislator” refers to “Legislator” refers to
--Members of the Parliament /State legislators or their staff /Local legislative representatives / --Members of the Parliament /State legislators or their staff /Local legislative representatives / the public, in case of a
“Legislation” is defined as action by a legislative body including the introduction, amendment, “Legislation” is defined as action by a legislative body including the introduction, amendment, enactment, defeat or repeal of Acts, bills, resolutions, appropriations, and budgets.
enactment, defeat or repeal of Acts, bills, resolutions, appropriations, and budgets.
Direct Lobbying Direct Lobbying
Direct lobbying occurs when a nonprofit organization attempts to influence specific legislation Direct lobbying occurs when a nonprofit organization attempts to influence specific legislation by stating a position to a “legislator” or other government employee who participates in the by stating a position to a “legislator” or other government employee who participates in the formulation of legislation. Leaders from a nonprofit offer unsolicited testimony before the local formulation of legislation. Leaders from a nonprofit offer unsolicited testimony before the local city council meeting just before it was to vote on a proposed ban on soda in school vending city council meeting just before it was to vote on a proposed ban on soda in school vending machines.
machines.
There are four statutory exceptions: There are four statutory exceptions:
Nonpartisan analysis, study or research
Nonpartisan analysis, study or research – may have a point of view but must provide a full– may have a point of view but must provide a full and fair exposition of the underlying facts to enable reader to form an independent opinion or and fair exposition of the underlying facts to enable reader to form an independent opinion or conclusion on the subject and be widely disseminated and not limited to people on one side of an conclusion on the subject and be widely disseminated and not limited to people on one side of an issue.
issue.
Request for technical advice or assistance –
Request for technical advice or assistance – a written request from a legislative body that isa written request from a legislative body that is available to all members of the requesting bod
available to all members of the requesting bod y.y.
Self-defense –
Self-defense – communication on an action which could impact an organization’s existence,communication on an action which could impact an organization’s existence, powers, duties, tax-exempt status or the deductibility of contributions to the organization.
powers, duties, tax-exempt status or the deductibility of contributions to the organization.
Discussion of broad, social, economic, and similar problems –
Discussion of broad, social, economic, and similar problems – discussion on general topicsdiscussion on general topics which may be the subject of specific legislation but must not refer to specific legislation or which may be the subject of specific legislation but must not refer to specific legislation or directly encourage action.
directly encourage action.
Grass Roots Lobbying Grass Roots Lobbying
Grass roots lobbying occurs when a nonprofit organization
Grass roots lobbying occurs when a nonprofit organization urges the general public to take urges the general public to take actionaction on specific legislation.
on specific legislation.
Key indicators of Grass Roots Lobbying: Key indicators of Grass Roots Lobbying:
* Relates to specific legislation * Relates to specific legislation
* Reflects a point of view on the legislation’s merits * Reflects a point of view on the legislation’s merits * Encourages the general public
* Encourages the general public to contact legislatorsto contact legislators
Lobbying is legal and important Lobbying is legal and important
The term “lobbying” carries negative connotations for many people because it may raise the The term “lobbying” carries negative connotations for many people because it may raise the specter of violating federal law and losing tax-exempt status, or because it is often associated specter of violating federal law and losing tax-exempt status, or because it is often associated with scandals involving paid lobbyists representing corporate interests. Nonetheless, lobbying by with scandals involving paid lobbyists representing corporate interests. Nonetheless, lobbying by nonprofit organizations is a legal and acceptable activity that is often essential to creating good nonprofit organizations is a legal and acceptable activity that is often essential to creating good public policy and stronger, more democratic com
Advocacy in India Advocacy in India
In India, the rights approach to development seems to be taking shape within significant domains. To In India, the rights approach to development seems to be taking shape within significant domains. To illustrate, there is wide recognition today of elementary education as a fundamental right of all Indian illustrate, there is wide recognition today of elementary education as a fundamental right of all Indian children and this acknowledgement has played an important part in the comparatively rapid progress children and this acknowledgement has played an important part in the comparatively rapid progress of school attendance in the nineties (it is another matter that many children learn next to nothing at of school attendance in the nineties (it is another matter that many children learn next to nothing at school). Similarly, India’s "right to information" movement is a visionary response to the school). Similarly, India’s "right to information" movement is a visionary response to the disempowerment of the underprivileged in many walks of life due to the inaccessibility of public disempowerment of the underprivileged in many walks of life due to the inaccessibility of public records. More recently, the right to food has been invoked by citizen’s organizations to challenge the records. More recently, the right to food has been invoked by citizen’s organizations to challenge the scandalous persistence of endemic hunger in India – one of the most undernourished countries in the scandalous persistence of endemic hunger in India – one of the most undernourished countries in the world.
•
• People have a right to People have a right to adequate food.adequate food. •
• Governments are obligated to feed their people.Governments are obligated to feed their people. •
• Food safety is part of food rights.Food safety is part of food rights. •
• The United Nations is obligated to provide food The United Nations is obligated to provide food toto
countries that don"t have enough food. countries that don"t have enough food.
•
• The United States is one of the leading advocates of The United States is one of the leading advocates of
the right to food. the right to food.
•
• Under normal conditions, the major obligation of Under normal conditions, the major obligation of
national governments is to provide enabling national governments is to provide enabling
conditions so that people can provide for themselves conditions so that people can provide for themselves and their families.
and their families.
•
• Infants have the right to be Infants have the right to be breastfed.breastfed.
Areas of Concern -India Areas of Concern -India
Supreme Court Orders on the Right to Food Supreme Court Orders on the Right to Food Employment Guarantee Act:
Employment Guarantee Act:
Muster Roll Watch for Verification of Muster Roll Watch for Verification of NREGA Muster Rolls
NREGA Muster Rolls Anganwadis For All: Anganwadis For All: Mid-day Meals: Mid-day Meals:
Strategies for Children under Six: Strategies for Children under Six: Focus on Children under Six Focus on Children under Six The Right to Information Act: The Right to Information Act:
Right to Food
Right to Food
What is meant by Right
What is meant by Right to Food?to Food?
The right to food is about freedom from The right to food is about freedom from hunger. This can be interpreted in two hunger. This can be interpreted in two different ways, associated with different different ways, associated with different readings of the term "hunger". In a narrow readings of the term "hunger". In a narrow sense, hunger refers to the pangs of an empty sense, hunger refers to the pangs of an empty stomach. Correspondingly, the right to food stomach. Correspondingly, the right to food can be understood, roughly speaking, as the can be understood, roughly speaking, as the right to have two square meals a day right to have two square meals a day throughout the year. In a broader sense, throughout the year. In a broader sense, hunger refers to under nutrition. The right to hunger refers to under nutrition. The right to food (i.e. to be free from under nutrition) food (i.e. to be free from under nutrition) then links with a wide range of entitlements, then links with a wide range of entitlements,
not only to food itself but also to other requirements of good nutrition such as clean water, health not only to food itself but also to other requirements of good nutrition such as clean water, health care, and even elementary education
care, and even elementary education
Simply by being born, everyone has the right to food. Person doesn’t have to do anything to Simply by being born, everyone has the right to food. Person doesn’t have to do anything to “deserve ” it; The right to food is a birthright. But this
“deserve ” it; The right to food is a birthright. But this does not entitle a person to sit back and ask for free does not entitle a person to sit back and ask for free food. People are responsible or doing all they can to food. People are responsible or doing all they can to realize their own right to food. Governments that are realize their own right to food. Governments that are parties to the international Covenant on Economic, parties to the international Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are responsible for Social and Cultural Rights are responsible for ensuring that all those living within their borders have ensuring that all those living within their borders have the means to do so. Broadly speaking, governments the means to do so. Broadly speaking, governments should create peaceful, stable, free and prosperous should create peaceful, stable, free and prosperous environments in which people can feed themselves in environments in which people can feed themselves in
dignity. Even without a legal obligation to do so, countries have a moral obligation to ensure dignity. Even without a legal obligation to do so, countries have a moral obligation to ensure freedom from hunger.
freedom from hunger.
The right to food was formally recognized in the very first international human rights document, The right to food was formally recognized in the very first international human rights document, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948.Since then, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948.Since then, this pledge has been gradually strengthened at international and national level
this pledge has been gradually strengthened at international and national level The right was further elaborated in 1999
The right was further elaborated in 1999 with General Comment 12 by the with General Comment 12 by the UN Committee onUN Committee on
Right to adequate food is a human right, inherent in all people, to have regular, permanent and unrestricted Right to adequate food is a human right, inherent in all people, to have regular, permanent and unrestricted access, either directly or by means of financial purchases, to quantitatively and qualitatively adequate and access, either directly or by means of financial purchases, to quantitatively and qualitatively adequate and sufficient food corresponding to the cultural traditions of people to which the consumer belongs, and which sufficient food corresponding to the cultural traditions of people to which the consumer belongs, and which ensures a physical and mental, individual and collective fulfilling and dignified life free of fear.
Right to work ensures food security Right to work ensures food security
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which oversees implementation of the Covenant. It states Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which oversees implementation of the Covenant. It states that the right to adequate food is realized “when every man, woman and child, alone or in that the right to adequate food is realized “when every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, has the physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or community with others, has the physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement.” Governments have to enable this right – by adopting policies and means for its procurement.” Governments have to enable this right – by adopting policies and taking actions that ensure people can
taking actions that ensure people can either grow or buy sufficient food.either grow or buy sufficient food.
What is “adequate” food? It means an amount and variety of food sufficient to meet all of one ’s What is “adequate” food? It means an amount and variety of food sufficient to meet all of one ’s
nutritional needs for a healthy and
nutritional needs for a healthy and active life. The right to foodactive life. The right to food is more than the right to basic staples or to sufficient dietary is more than the right to basic staples or to sufficient dietary energy.
energy.
The Covenant calls for the right to food to be realized The Covenant calls for the right to food to be realized progressively to the maximum extent of available resources. progressively to the maximum extent of available resources. Even countries not experiencing economic growth can Even countries not experiencing economic growth can progressively realize the right to food by eliminating obstacles progressively realize the right to food by eliminating obstacles
any person or group might encounter. any person or group might encounter.
Indian Acts with Relevance for the Right to Food Indian Acts with Relevance for the Right to Food
The Indian Wild Life Protection) Act 1972 The Indian Wild Life Protection) Act 1972
The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 The Forest Conservation Act 980
The Forest Conservation Act 980
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 The Environment Protection) Act 986
The Environment Protection) Act 986
The Plant varieties Protection and Farmers Rights Act 2001 The Plant varieties Protection and Farmers Rights Act 2001 Biological Diversity Act 2002
Right to information also ensures food Right to information also ensures food
security security
Indian Forest Act, 1927 Indian Forest Act, 1927
The Minimum Wages Act 1948 The Minimum Wages Act 1948 Workmen Compensation Act 1923 Workmen Compensation Act 1923 Maternity Benefit Act 1961
Maternity Benefit Act 1961 Equal Remuneration Act 1976 Equal Remuneration Act 1976
Contract Labor Abolition and Regulation Contract Labor Abolition and Regulation Act 1970
Act 1970
Bonded Labor System Abolition Act Bonded Labor System Abolition Act 1976
1976
Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation) Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986
Act 1986
The Equal Remuneration Act 1976 The Equal Remuneration Act 1976
Untouchability Amendment and Untouchability Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1976
Miscellaneous Provision Act 1976
Prevention of Block Marketing and Prevention of Block Marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act 1980
Commodities Act 1980
Forest Conservation Act 1980 Forest Conservation Act 1980
Maritime Zone of India (Regulation of Maritime Zone of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act 1981 Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act 1981 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989
Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 Special Economic Zone Act 2005 Special Economic Zone Act 2005
The Special Economic Zones Rules, The Special Economic Zones Rules, 2006.
2006.
Costal Aquaculture Authority Act Costal Aquaculture Authority Act 2005The Right to Information Act, 2005
2005The Right to Information Act, 2005 The Seeds Act, 1966,
The Seeds Act, 1966,
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
The State/UT Minor forest Produce (Ownership Rights of The State/UT Minor forest Produce (Ownership Rights of Forest Dependent Community) Act, 2005
Forest Dependent Community) Act, 2005 Panchayati Raj 73
Panchayati Raj 73rdrd Amendment) Act, 1992 The ScheduledAmendment) Act, 1992 The Scheduled Tribal and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Recognition of Tribal and other Traditional Forest Dwellers Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,
Forest Rights) Act, Other Relevant Acts Other Relevant Acts
Married Women’s Property Act, 1874 Married Women’s Property Act, 1874 Children Pledging of Labor) Act, 1933 Children Pledging of Labor) Act, 1933 Public Debt Act, 1945
Public Debt Act, 1945 Minimum Wages Act, 1948 Minimum Wages Act, 1948 Plantation Labor Act, 1951 Plantation Labor Act, 1951
Essential Commodities Act, 1955 Essential Commodities Act, 1955 Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 Married Women Property Extension Act, 1951
Married Women Property Extension Act, 1951 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
Food Security Food Security Food security happens when all people at a
Food security happens when all people at a ll times have access to ll times have access to enough food thatenough food that
•
• is affordable, safe and healthyis affordable, safe and healthy •
• is culturally acceptableis culturally acceptable •
• meets specific dietary needsmeets specific dietary needs •
• is obtained in a dignified manneris obtained in a dignified manner •
• is produced in ways that are environmentally sound and socially justis produced in ways that are environmentally sound and socially just
The food system The food system
Food security is not just a poverty issue; it is a much larger issue that involves the whole food system and Food security is not just a poverty issue; it is a much larger issue that involves the whole food system and affects every one of us in some way.
affects every one of us in some way. The food system includes…
The food system includes…
•
• Everyone who grows or catches food, like farmers, fishers, and huntersEveryone who grows or catches food, like farmers, fishers, and hunters •
• Earth, air, water, energy (the Earth, air, water, energy (the physical environment)physical environment) •
• Food processors, packagers, distributors, marketers, and advertisersFood processors, packagers, distributors, marketers, and advertisers •
• Food wholesalers and the warehouses where food is storedFood wholesalers and the warehouses where food is stored •
• The transportation system: trucks, planes, boats, trainsThe transportation system: trucks, planes, boats, trains •
• Places that sell food: grocery Places that sell food: grocery stores, markets, bakeries, farm stands, co-ops, stores, markets, bakeries, farm stands, co-ops, restaurantsrestaurants •
• Places where food is served: hospitals, nursing homesPlaces where food is served: hospitals, nursing homes •
• Governments, policies, taxes (the political and Governments, policies, taxes (the political and economic environment)economic environment) •
• The health care system, the workforce, schools, The health care system, the workforce, schools, technology (the social, educational and technology (the social, educational and culturalcultural
environment) environment)
•
• EveEverr one one who who eateats!s!
Food Corporation Act, 1967 Food Corporation Act, 1967 Consumer Protection Act, 1986 Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Public Distribution System Control) Order, 2001 Public Distribution System Control) Order, 2001
The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection
The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and of Rights and Full Participation)Full Participation) Act 1995.
Act 1995.
Specific Land related/ Property/Agriculture laws Specific Land related/ Property/Agriculture laws Waste and Claims Act, 1863
Waste and Claims Act, 1863
Land Improvement Loan Act, 1883 Land Improvement Loan Act, 1883 Agriculture Loans Act, 1884
Agriculture Loans Act, 1884 Indian Reserve Forest Act, 1884 Indian Reserve Forest Act, 1884 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 Indian Forest Act, 1927 Indian Forest Act, 1927
Resettlement of Displaced Persons Land Acquisition) Act, 1948 Resettlement of Displaced Persons Land Acquisition) Act, 1948
·· ··
Health
Health
Health
Health is "a state of complete phis "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not ysical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absencemerely the absence of disease or infirmity",
of disease or infirmity",
"Everyone has the right to a standard of living "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and his family...” Not only Universal Declaration of his family...” Not only Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12 in 1948, guarantee the Human Rights, Article 12 in 1948, guarantee the "right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest "right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health", but it also specifically attainable standard of health", but it also specifically called for the "provision for the reductions of . . . called for the "provision for the reductions of . . . infant mortality and for the healthy development of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child; the improvement of all aspects of the child; the improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene; the environmental and industrial hygiene; the prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational, and other diseases; and the creation of conditions which could assure to endemic, occupational, and other diseases; and the creation of conditions which could assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness."
all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness." Health advocacy
Health advocacy
Health advocacy encompasses direct service to the individual or family as well as activities that Health advocacy encompasses direct service to the individual or family as well as activities that promote health and access to health care in communities and the larger public. Advocates promote health and access to health care in communities and the larger public. Advocates support and promote the rights of the patient in the health care arena, help build capacity to support and promote the rights of the patient in the health care arena, help build capacity to improve community health and enhance health policy initiatives focused on available, safe and improve community health and enhance health policy initiatives focused on available, safe and quality care. quality care. Patient representatives, Patient representatives, ombudsmen, educators, ombudsmen, educators, care managers, patient care managers, patient navigators and health navigators and health advisers are health advisers are health advocates who work in advocates who work in direct patient care direct patient care environments, including environments, including hospitals, community hospitals, community health centers, long term health centers, long term care facilities or patient care facilities or patient services programs of services programs of non-profit organizations. non-profit organizations. They collaborate with They collaborate with other health care other health care providers to mediate providers to mediate conflict and facilitate positive change, and as educators and health information specialists, conflict and facilitate positive change, and as educators and health information specialists, advocates work to empower others.
In the policy arenas health advocates work for positive change in the health care system, In the policy arenas health advocates work for positive change in the health care system, improved access to quality care, protection and enhancement of patient's rights from positions in improved access to quality care, protection and enhancement of patient's rights from positions in government agencies, disease-specific
government agencies, disease-specific voluntary associations, grassroots and voluntary associations, grassroots and national health policy organizations and the national health policy organizations and the media.
media.
Some make the distinction between patient Some make the distinction between patient advocates, who work specifically with or on advocates, who work specifically with or on behalf of individual patients and families, or behalf of individual patients and families, or in disease-specific voluntary associations, in disease-specific voluntary associations, and health advocates, whose work is more and health advocates, whose work is more focused on communities, policies or the focused on communities, policies or the system as a whole. Often, however, the terms system as a whole. Often, however, the terms "patient advocate" and "health advocate" are "patient advocate" and "health advocate" are used interchangeably or depending on used interchangeably or depending on immediate context.
immediate context.
Rapidly growing areas of health advocacy Rapidly growing areas of health advocacy include advocates in clinical research include advocates in clinical research settings, particularly those focused on settings, particularly those focused on protecting the human subjects of medical protecting the human subjects of medical research, advocates in the many research, advocates in the many disease-specific associations, particularly those specific associations, particularly those centered on genetic disorders or widespread centered on genetic disorders or widespread chronic conditions, and advocates who serve chronic conditions, and advocates who serve
clients in private practice, alone or in larger companies. clients in private practice, alone or in larger companies.
Education
Education
Education narrowly refers
Education narrowly refers to formal instto formal institutional instructions. itutional instructions. The 1960 UNESCO ConventionThe 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as: "all types and levels of against Discrimination in Education defines education in Article 1(2) as: "all types and levels of education, (including) access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the education, (including) access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given."
conditions under which it is given."
In a wider sense education means "all activities by which a human group transmits to its In a wider sense education means "all activities by which a human group transmits to its descendants a body of knowledge and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist". descendants a body of knowledge and skills and a moral code which enable the group to subsist". In this sense education refers to the transmission to a subsequent generation of those skills In this sense education refers to the transmission to a subsequent generation of those skills needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and needed to perform tasks of daily living, and further passing on the social, cultural, spiritual and philosophical values of
philosophical values of the particular the particular community. community. The article The article states that states that education implies:education implies: "the entire process of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to "the entire process of social life by means of which individuals and social groups learn to develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international communities, develop consciously within, and for the benefit of, the national and international communities, the whole of their personal capabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and
the whole of their personal capabilities, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge."knowledge."
The fulfillment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts The fulfillment of the right to education can be assessed using the 4 As framework, which asserts
NGOs Strategies NGOs Strategies Education Person to Person: Education Person to Person: Educating in Slums
Educating in Slums Education for Victims Education for Victims Educating Girl Child Educating Girl Child Informal Work Life Informal Work Life
Child Labor-back to school Child Labor-back to school Sex Exploitation
Sex Exploitation
Putting Child Rights into Action Putting Child Rights into Action Media
Media
Parental / Community Participation Parental / Community Participation International Participation
International Participation Protect Children from War Protect Children from War Lobbying
Lobbying
Making us to listen the voices of Kids Making us to listen the voices of Kids
that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and that for education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable.
adaptable.
The 4 As framework
The 4 As framework proposes that governments, as the prime duty-bearer, has to respect,proposes that governments, as the prime duty-bearer, has to respect, protect and
protect and fulfill the right
fulfill the right to education by to education by making educati making educati -on available, on available, accessible, accessible, acceptable and acceptable and adaptable. The adaptable. The framework also framework also places duties on places duties on other stakehold other stakehold ers in the ers in the education education process: the process: the child, which as child, which as the privileged the privileged subject of the subject of the right to right to
education has the duty to comply with compulsory education requirements, the parents as the education has the duty to comply with compulsory education requirements, the parents as the ‘first educators’, and professional educators, namely teachers.
‘first educators’, and professional educators, namely teachers. The
The 4 As4 Ashave been further elaborated as follows:have been further elaborated as follows:
Availability –
Availability – education is free and government-fundededucation is free and government-funded and there is adequate infrastructure and trained teachers and there is adequate infrastructure and trained teachers able to support education delivery.
able to support education delivery.
Accessibility –
Accessibility – the system is non-discriminatory andthe system is non-discriminatory and accessible to all, and positive steps are
accessible to all, and positive steps are taken to include the most marginalized. taken to include the most marginalized.
Acceptability –
Acceptability – the content of education is relevant, non-the content of education is relevant, non-discriminatory and culturally appropriate, and of quality. discriminatory and culturally appropriate, and of quality. The school itself is safe and teachers are
The school itself is safe and teachers are professional.professional.
Adaptability –
Adaptability – education can evolve with the changingeducation can evolve with the changing needs of society and contribute to challenging inequalities, needs of society and contribute to challenging inequalities, such as gender discrimination, and can be adapted locally such as gender discrimination, and can be adapted locally to suit specific contexts.
to suit specific contexts.
Many international NGOs work with the right to education, often by using a rights-based Many international NGOs work with the right to education, often by using a rights-based approach to development.
Natural Resources Natural Resources
Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount and form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation. Thus, mining, petroleum purification, as opposed to creation. Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1970s book Small is Beautiful. The term is Schumacher in his 1970s book Small is Beautiful. The term is defined in the United States by the United States Geological defined in the United States by the United States Geological Survey as "The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, Survey as "The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota.
energy, land, water, and biota.
Sustainable Development Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aimsaims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not
that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in theonly in the present, but in the indefinite future. The term was used by the
indefinite future. The term was used by the BrundtlandBrundtland Commission
Commission(Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939) is (Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939) is a politician,a politician, former Prime Minister of
former Prime Minister of Norway, Norwegian diplomat andNorway, Norwegian diplomat and physician and an international leader in
physician and an international leader in sustainablsustainablee development and public hea
development and public health and lth and served as the Dserved as the Directorirector General of the World Health Organization)
General of the World Health Organization) which coined whatwhich coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
to meet their own needs."
Natural Resource Management& Environment
Natural Resource Management& Environment
Natural resource management is a discipline in
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of naturalthe management of natural resources such as
resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals,land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular with a particular focus on how management
focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present andaffects the quality of life for both present and future generations. The discipline has given rise to
future generations. The discipline has given rise to the notion of the notion of sustainablesustainable development
development, a, a principle which principle which forms the basis forms the basis for land management and for land management and environ-mental governance throughout the mental governance throughout the world.
world.
Natural resource management Natural resource management
specifically focuses on a scientific specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of and technical understanding of resources and ecology and the resources and ecology and the life-supporting capacity of those
supporting capacity of those resources.
resources.
The United Nations Division for The United Nations Division for Sustainable Development lists the Sustainable Development lists the following areas as coming within the following areas as coming within the scope of sustainable development scope of sustainable development :*Agriculture *Atmosphere
:*Agriculture *Atmosphere
*Biodiversity * Biotechnology * Capacity-building * Climate Change *Biodiversity * Biotechnology * Capacity-building * Climate Change
List of Natural Resource Management Areas List of Natural Resource Management Areas
Agriculture Agriculture Biotechnology Biotechnology Oceans and Seas Oceans and Seas Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism Transport Transport Waste - Hazards Waste - Hazards Atmosphere Atmosphere Climate Change Climate Change Energy Energy Human Settlements Human Settlements Water Water Fisheries Fisheries Biodiversity Biodiversity Demographics Demographics Fresh Water Fresh Water Industry Industry Mountains Mountains Mining Mining Capacity-building Capacity-building Forests Forests Health Health Poverty Poverty Sanitation Sanitation Wild Life Wild Life
Environmental movements of various countries have emerged due to different Environmental movements of various countries have emerged due to different reasons. It is basically due to prevailing environmental quality of the locality. The reasons. It is basically due to prevailing environmental quality of the locality. The environmental movements in the north are basically on the issue of quality of life. environmental movements in the north are basically on the issue of quality of life. Whereas the
Whereas the environment movements in environment movements in the south the south arise arise due to due to some other some other reasons, such as due to conflicts for controling of natural resources and many reasons, such as due to conflicts for controling of natural resources and many more. It is being said that the, environmental movements in U.S.A arises, when the more. It is being said that the, environmental movements in U.S.A arises, when the book silent spring written by Rachel Carson came in the market in the year 1962. book silent spring written by Rachel Carson came in the market in the year 1962. In this book she had written about the impacts of poisonous chemicals, particularly In this book she had written about the impacts of poisonous chemicals, particularly the DDT on the environment. This book had raised the public consciousness. And the DDT on the environment. This book had raised the public consciousness. And it leads to the emergence of environmental movements in the U.S.A. The it leads to the emergence of environmental movements in the U.S.A. The participants of these movements in North are the middle class and upper class participants of these movements in North are the middle class and upper class people, who have concern for the nature. But in the south the protesters are people, who have concern for the nature. But in the south the protesters are generally the marginal population – hill peasants, tribal communities, fishermen generally the marginal population – hill peasants, tribal communities, fishermen and other underprivileged people. The different environmental movements in our and other underprivileged people. The different environmental movements in our own country support this argument. The examples could be taken as Chipko, own country support this argument. The examples could be taken as Chipko, N.B.A. , Mitti Bachao Andolan, Koel-Karo Andolan etc. That is why the N.B.A. , Mitti Bachao Andolan, Koel-Karo Andolan etc. That is why the environmentalism of the North is refereed as “full stomach” environmentalism and environmentalism of the North is refereed as “full stomach” environmentalism and the environmentalism of the south is called as “empty – belly” environmentalism. the environmentalism of the south is called as “empty – belly” environmentalism. Environmental movements in India, therefore, are not necessarily for the 'green' or Environmental movements in India, therefore, are not necessarily for the 'green' or 'clean' earth or for saving mankinds' heritage and endangered species as in the 'clean' earth or for saving mankinds' heritage and endangered species as in the west, but for the very survival of the local poor (Rao, 1994). Even amon g these west, but for the very survival of the local poor (Rao, 1994). Even amon g these ecological movements, only a few can claim success in achieving some of their ecological movements, only a few can claim success in achieving some of their objectives. On the other hand, the overwhelming popularity or coverage received objectives. On the other hand, the overwhelming popularity or coverage received by some of these movements overshadows the importance of other environmental by some of these movements overshadows the importance of other environmental problems whi ch may be equally, if not more strident. And the success of the problems whi ch may be equally, if not more strident. And the success of the movement is often movement is often linked with its' linked with its' popularity rather popularity rather
than the importance than the importance of the issue.
The first lesson is that the main source of environmental The first lesson is that the main source of environmental destruction in the world is the demand for natural resources destruction in the world is the demand for natural resources generated
generated by the consum- by the consum- ption of the rich (weption of the rich (weather they areather they are rich nations or rich individuals and groups within nations)…. rich nations or rich individuals and groups within nations)…. The second lesson is that it is the poor who are affected the The second lesson is that it is the poor who are affected the most
most by by environmental environmental destruction. destruction. (Anil (Anil Agrawal, Agrawal, 1986)1986)
Some Popular Environmental Movements & NGOs in India Some Popular Environmental Movements & NGOs in India Chipko movement
Chipko movement
Tehri Dam (river Bhageerathi in the Garhwal region -Tehri Baandh Virodhi Tehri Dam (river Bhageerathi in the Garhwal region -Tehri Baandh Virodhi Sangarshan Samithi- Veerendra Datta Saklani,-Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna ),
Sangarshan Samithi- Veerendra Datta Saklani,-Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna ), Silent Valley Project Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishat (KSSP)
Silent Valley Project Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishat (KSSP) Narmada Bacho Andolan .Medha Patkar
Narmada Bacho Andolan .Medha Patkar
Ralegan Sidhi experiment (named after the village Shri Anna Hazare); Ralegan Sidhi experiment (named after the village Shri Anna Hazare);
Panchayat (w ater council),Shri Vilasrao Salunke (the force behind Panchayat (w ater council),Shri Vilasrao Salunke (the force behind Pani-Panchayat)
Panchayat)
Rajendra Singh Tarun Bharat Sangh Rajendra Singh Tarun Bharat Sangh C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre
Indian NGOs Working For Saving the Environment Indian NGOs Working For Saving the Environment
India has a number of NGOs that work in the field of environmental conservation and ecology. India has a number of NGOs that work in the field of environmental conservation and ecology. Here is a comprehensive list:
Here is a comprehensive list: Assam Science Society Assam Science Society
BAIF Development Research Foundation Kamdahnu BAIF Development Research Foundation Kamdahnu Bombay Natural History Society
Bombay Natural History Society
Centre for Environmental Education (CEE) Centre for Environmental Education (CEE) Centre for Science and Environment
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)(CSE) Clean Ahmedabad Abhiyan
Clean Ahmedabad Abhiyan
CPR Environmental Education Centre (C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation) CPR Environmental Education Centre (C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation) Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal
Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal
Darpana Academy of Performing Arts Darpana Academy of Performing Arts Development Alternatives
Development Alternatives
Friendicoes, Society for the Eradication of Cruelty to Animals Friendicoes, Society for the Eradication of Cruelty to Animals Friends of the Doon
Friends of the Doon
Gandhi Peace Foundation – Environment Cell Gandhi Peace Foundation – Environment Cell Green Future Foundation
Green Future Foundation
Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
Jammu and Kashmir Environment and Wasteland Development Society Jammu and Kashmir Environment and Wasteland Development Society Environment and Wasteland Development Society
Environment and Wasteland Development Society Kerala Sastra Sahitiya Parishad
Kerala Sastra Sahitiya Parishad Kalpavriksh
Kalpavriksh
Ladakh Ecology Development Group (LEDG) Ladakh Ecology Development Group (LEDG) Madras Naturalists Society (MNS)
Madras Naturalists Society (MNS) Narmada Bachao Andalon
Narmada Bachao Andalon
Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association
Orissa Environmental Society Orissa Environmental Society
Rajasthan Environment Preservation Society Rajasthan Environment Preservation Society Ramakrishna Mission Lokashiksha Parishad Ramakrishna Mission Lokashiksha Parishad Srishti
Srishti
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Theatre in Education Company
Theatre in Education Company Tarun Bharat Sangh
Tarun Bharat Sangh Tiger link
Tiger link
Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi Vanarai
Vanarai Vatavaran Vatavaran
World Wide Fund for Nature World Wide Fund for Nature
