To: Meg Turner, JRGC Date: November 24, 2020
Project #: 34486.02 From: Joey Thompson, PWS
jathompson@vhb.com 804-543-6306
Re: Williams Island Floristic Inventory
Introduction:
This memo summarizes the work done by VHB with funding from the James River and Tuckahoe Garden Clubs to
conduct an initial inventory of the plant species of Williams Island in the James River Park System (JRPS) in Richmond,
Virginia. Williams Island is an approximately 100-acre island in the JRPS with no land-based access. It sits in the fall
zone of the James River, within Richmond city limits, about 4000 ft downstream of the Huguenot Bridge. Two
hundred and thirty (230) species were found over three visits which spanned the growing season of 2020. With the
help of Ben Sagara, each of these species was logged on iNaturalist (within the JRPS Project), a citizen scientist social
media platform for logging and tracking the locations of the
world’s
species. Of the 230 species observed, 187 are
native and 43 are introduced, 23 of which are listed as invasive in Virginia (Heffernan et al. 2014) and one of which is a
recent introduction that is evidently invasive (
Corydalis incisa
). The species list provided in Table 1 is alphabetized first
by species (Table 1.1) and second by family (Table 1.2), so that one does not need to know the family of a plant to see
if it was found on the island, but if they would like to see which grass sp
ecies were found they can go to “Poaceae” in
the second list.
Methods:
VHB botanist Joey Thompson conducted a site visit on April 5
th, August 30
th, and October 1
st, 2020, with the volunteer
effort of Environmental Scientist Ben Sagara to take inventory of plant species on Williams Island. Different flowering
times were captured by visiting the island at several points throughout the growing season. The island was
circumnavigated and transected during each site visit. Each species observed was logged one time on iNaturalist with
a photo included. Generally, only species in flower or fruit were recorded. Species were identified using The Flora of
Virginia App, a digital version of the Flora of Virginia (Weakley et al. 2012). Species habitats and ranges were verified
through the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, which documents confirmed locations of every species known to
Virginia on a county-level basis (Virginia Botanical Associates 2020). Since the City of Richmond is not recognized in
the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, Williams Island falls within the boundaries of Henrico County. Any specimens
documented as county records have been deposited at the University of Richmond Herbarium (URV).
Results and Discussion:
Two hundred and thirty (230) species of 83 families were documented on Williams Island. The three most speciose
families are grasses (Poaceae, 34 species), composites (Asteraceae, 21 species), and sedges (Cyperaceae, 16 species).
Of the 230 total species, 187 (81.3%) are native, 43 (18.7%) non-native (introduced), and 23 (10%) non-native invasive
species (Table 1). Nine (9) species have not previously been recorded within Henrico County, 6 of which are native
(Table 1). Four of those species were suitable for collection and have been pressed and deposited at URV to record
their presence in Henrico County. These species include rough dropseed (
Sporobolus clandestinus
, Thompson 1236),
reflexed sedge (
Cyperus refractus
,
Thompson 1237), American basswood (
Tilia americana
var.
americana
,
Thompson
1238), and Shumard oak (
Quercus shumardii
, Thompson 1239). Reflexed sedge is ranked as S3 and is on the state
watch-list, meaning it is
“decidedly
uncommon
”
and therefore tracked by the Virginia Department of Conservation
and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (Townsend 2020). Ohio spiderwort (
Tradescantia ohiensis
) would be a
county record but should be considered a tentative identification. Only a single individual of this slightly disjunct
species was observed in the riverside woodland, and to confuse identification further it co-occurred with Virginia
spiderwort (
Tradescantia virginiana
). Already known from Williams Island (Nakahata 2020), small-flowered halfchaff
(
Lipocarpha micrantha
) is rare in Virginia (S2) and found along the shoreline when water levels are low in the Fall.
Likewise, wooly threeawn (
Aristida lanosa
) is found on a high sandy terrace and is listed as S3, a state watchlist species
(Townsend 2020).
Several high-quality natural habitats were observed on Williams Island that are certainly among the least disturbed in
the JRPS. Particularly, the grassy riverside woodlands along the southeast portion of the island are exceptional in
quality. This area has an open canopy dominated by bitternut hickory (
Carya cordiformis
), with various grasses in the
understory including river oats (
Chasmanthium latifolium
), needlegrass (
Piptochaetium avenaceum
), big bluestem
(
Andropogon gerardii
), eastern gamagrass (
Tripsacum dactyloides
), and numerous rosette grasses (
Dichanthelium
spp.).
One small section of this woodland is a unique habitat, likely old growth in origin, dominated by wooly threeawn and
slender Indiangrass (
Sorghastrum elliottii
) along with numerous other uncommon species (e.g.
Cyperus refractus
,
Penstemon pallidus
,
Sporobolus clandestinus
).
We found that the composition of species on Williams Island is 18.7% non-native. This number is low compared to
the park system as a whole (30.6% non-native), according to the recently published Floristic Inventory of the JRPS
(Nakahata et al. 2020). I have several opinions about how natural communities remain intact on Williams Island, but
they should be taken as nothing more. Foremost, the landmass is an island with no access by foot travel, so that
ornamental and invasive species cannot disperse vegetatively from residential areas as they can throughout much of
the JRPS. In this sense the James River acts as a preliminary barrier to dispersal. Reduced foot travel probably plays a
part in decreasing invasive species dispersal. Periodic flooding may also help maintain an open understory in certain
areas and provide a competitive advantage for the many native, floodplain-adapted species. Nonetheless, garlic
mustard (
Alliaria petiolata
) is abundant on the island, and Japanese stiltgrass (
Microstegium
vimineum), autumn olive
(
Elaeagnus
spp.), sericea lespedeza (
Lespedeza cuneata
), and bush honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii), along with other
invasive species, are common and threatening to the resident natural areas. Additionally, a large patch (~4 acres) of
golden bamboo (
Phyllostachys aurea
) has formed a spreading monoculture on the interior of the island.
Concluding Remarks:
Williams Island is a natural treasure in a largely disturbed urban setting. It is important to recognize that some
habitats on Williams island, if small, resemble intact natural communities (Fleming and Paterson, 2017). It would not
be wrong to think of these communities as
“old growth”, in the sense that the populations of native plants
(especially
the herbaceous species) have occurred there for a long time. While the mainland JRPS hosts a largely native overstory
of trees, seemingly undisturbed at a distance, much of the herbaceous flora has been decimated by invasive species
and other human disturbance. Several habitats on Williams Island could potentially serve as reference sites for
restoration projects of similar landscapes in the JRPS. Still, targeted removal of invasive species from certain
high-quality areas on Williams Island should be considered. Given the robust native community observed, a small effort
towards invasive removal could yield successful regeneration of native species in target areas.
References Cited:
Fleming, G.P. and Patterson, K.D. 2017. Natural Communities of Virginia: Ecological Groups and Community Types.
Natural Heritage Technical Report 17-07. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of
Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA.
Heffernan, K., E. Engle, C. Richardson. (2014). Virginia Invasive Plant Species List. Virginia Department of Conservation
and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Natural Heritage Technical Document 14-11. Richmond.
Nakahata, E. S., DeBerry, D. A., & Thompson, J. A. (2020). Floristic Inventory of the James River Park System, Richmond,
Virginia. Castanea, 85(2), 244-258.
Townsend, John F., 2020. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Plants. Natural Heritage Rare Species Lists
(2020-Fall). Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond,
Virginia. 9 pp. plus rare species lists and appendices.
Virginia Botanical Associates. (2020). Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (http://www.vaplantatlas.org). c/o Virginia
Botanical Associates, Blacksburg.
Weakley, A. S., Ludwig, J. C., Townsend, J. F., & Crowder, B. (2012). Flora of Virginia. Botanical Research Institute of
Texas Press.
Species
Common Name
Family
Status
Co. Record
Acalypha gracilens Gray Slender Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native
Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native
Acer negundo L. var. negundo Boxelder, Eastern Boxelder Sapindaceae Native
Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Sapindaceae Native
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissim White Snakeroot Asteraceae Native
Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman var. perennans Autumn Bentgrass Poaceae Native
Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle Tree‐of‐heaven Simaroubaceae Invasive
Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard, Hedge Garlic Brassicaceae Invasive
Allium vineale L. Field Garlic, Onion Grass, Wild Onion Amaryllidaceae Introduced
Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae Introduced
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog‐peanut Fabaceae Native
Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot Poaceae Native
Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Bluestem Poaceae Native
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain‐leaved Pussytoes Asteraceae Native
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Poaceae Introduced
Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Mouse‐ear Cress Brassicaceae Introduced
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green Dragon Araceae Native
Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Ell. Woolly Three‐awn Grass Poaceae Native
Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Common Mugwort Asteraceae Introduced
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. hispidus Joint‐head Grass Poaceae Invasive
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pawpaw, Common Pawpaw Annonaceae Native
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae Native
Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eaton Southern Lady Fern Woodsiaceae Native
Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Brassicaceae Introduced
Berberis bealei Fortune Chinese Mahonia Berberidaceae Introduced Henrico
Berberis thunbergii DC Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae Invasive
Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch Betulaceae Native
Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles Asteraceae Native
Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al‐Shehbaz Smooth Rock Cress Brassicaceae Native
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Urticaceae Native
Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub Rattlesnake Fern Ophioglossaceae Native
Bromus pubescens Sprengel Hairy Woodland Brome Poaceae Native Henrico
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston var. arvensis Corn‐gromwell Boraginaceae Native
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet‐creeper Bignoniaceae Native
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex. Muhlenberg) Britton, Spring Cress, Bulbous Bittercress Brassicaceae Native
Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Cut‐leaf Toothwort Brassicaceae Native
Cardamine hirsuta Linnaeus Hairy Bittercress Brassicaceae Introduced
Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae Native
Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Long‐fringed Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex grayi Carey Gray's Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz Black‐edged Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex styloflexa Buckley Bent Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex typhina Michaux Cattail Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam, Ironwood Betulaceae Native
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Bitternut Hickory Juglandaceae Native
Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory Juglandaceae Native
Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern Catalpa Bignoniaceae Native
Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry Cannabaceae Native
Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis Eastern Redbud Fabaceae Native
Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates River Oats Poaceae Native
Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass Poaceae Native
Claytonia virginica L. Virginia Spring Beauty Montiaceae Native
Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng ssp. anceps Beaked Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Mistflower, Ageratum Asteraceae Native
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed, Common Horseweed Asteraceae Native
Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae Native
Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC Yellow Corydalis, Yellow Fumewort Fumariaceae Native
Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Incised fumewort Fumariaceae Invasive Henrico
Species
Common Name
Family
Status
Co. Record
Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species)
Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Honeyvine, Sandvine Apocynaceae Native
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg Red‐root Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus lancastriensis Porter ex Gray Many‐flowered Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl. Reflexed Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Henrico
Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torrey Rough Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus squarrosus L. Awned Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus strigosus L. Straw‐colored Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Deer‐Tongue Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. Variable Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Small‐fruited Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould Open‐flower Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Diospyros virginiana L. American Persimmon Ebenaceae Native
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum Three‐way Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mexican Tea, Wormseed, Epazote Amaranthaceae Introduced
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata Rough Barnyard Grass Poaceae Native
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. False Daisy, Yerba‐de‐tajo Asteraceae Native
Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Thorny Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive
Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina Elephant's‐foot Asteraceae Native
Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea, Waterpod, Aunt Lucy Boraginaceae Native Henrico
Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Poaceae Native
Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy Wild Rye, Downy Wild Rye Poaceae Native
Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Poaceae Native
Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & R. Tall Scouring Rush Equisetaceae Native
Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple Lovegrass, Tumblegrass Poaceae Native
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus Daisy Fleabane Asteraceae Native
Erythronium americanum Ker‐Gawl. ssp. americanum Yellow Trout Lily, American Trout Lily Liliaceae Native
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.‐Maz. Winter Creeper, Climbing Euonymus Celastraceae Invasive
Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small Dog‐fennel Asteraceae Native
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late Thoroughwort Asteraceae Native
Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted Spurge, Milk‐purslane Euphorbiaceae Native
Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom White Wood Aster Asteraceae Native
Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev Nodding Fescue Poaceae Native
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae Native
Forsteronia difformis (Walt.) A. DC. Climbing Dogbane Apocynaceae Native
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash, Red Ash Oleaceae Native
Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. var. volubilis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae Native
Galium aparine L. Cleavers Rubiaceae Native
Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw Rubiaceae Native
Glechoma hederacea L. Gill‐over‐the‐ground, Ground‐ivy Lamiaceae Invasive
Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. var. suberosus Eastern Anglepod Apocynaceae Native
Helenium autumnale L. Autumn Sneezeweed Asteraceae Native
Hibiscus laevis Allioni Halberd‐leaf Rose‐mallow Malvaceae Native
Hieracium gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed Asteraceae Native
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hops Cannabaceae Invasive
Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native
Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native
Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly, Possum‐haw Aquifoliaceae Native
Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae Native
Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Introduced
Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Juglandaceae Native
Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie Leathery Rush Juncaceae Native
Juncus effusus L. Common Rush, Soft Rush Juncaceae Native
Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush, Slender Rush, Poverty Rush Juncaceae Native
Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Eastern Redcedar Cupressaceae Native
Justicia americana (L.)Vahl American Water‐willow Acanthaceae Native
Species
Common Name
Family
Status
Co. Record
Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species)
Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead‐nettle, Purple Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced
Leersia virginica Willd. Virginia Cutgrass Poaceae Native
Lemna valdiviana Phil. Pale Duckweed Araceae Native
Lepidium campestre (Linnaeus) R. Brown Field Pepperweed Brassicaceae Introduced
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.‐Cours.) G. Don Sericea Lespedeza, Chinese Lespedeza Fabaceae Invasive
Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Creeping Lespedeza, Creeping Bush‐clover Fabaceae Native
Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow‐leaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae Introduced
Ligustrum sinense Louriere Chinese Privet Oleaceae Invasive
Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker Small‐flower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Altingiaceae Native
Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip‐Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Tuliptree Magnoliaceae Native
Liriope sp. Lilyturf Ruscaceae Introduced
Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Campanulaceae Native
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maximowicz Amur Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Marsh Seedbox, Common Water‐purslane Onagraceae Native
Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth Bulbous Woodrush Juncaceae Native
Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Invasive
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife Primulaceae Native
Marchantia polymorpha L. Umbrella Liverwort Marchantiaceae Native
Melica mutica Walt. Two‐flower Melic Poaceae Native
Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed Menispermaceae Native
Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip Boraginaceae Native
Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus Japanese Stiltgrass Poaceae Invasive
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese Silvergrass, Eulalia, Maiden Grass Poaceae Introduced
Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Moraceae Native
Murdannia keisak (Hasskarl) Handel‐Mazzetti Marsh Dewflower Commelinaceae Invasive
Nemophila apylla (L.) Brummitt Small‐flower Baby‐blue‐eyes Boraginaceae Native
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum, Sour Gum Nyssaceae Native
Oenothera biennis L. complex Common Evening‐primrose Onagraceae Native
Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. & D. Love Southern Adder's‐tongue Ophioglossaceae Native
Ostrya virginiana (P.Mill.) K.Koch Hop‐hornbeam Betulaceae Native
Oxalis florida Salisbury Slender Yellow Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native
Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia‐creeper Vitaceae Native
Paspalum repens P.J. Bergius Water Paspalum, Horsetail Paspalum Poaceae Native
Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passionflower Passifloraceae Native
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree Paulowniaceae Invasive
Penstemon pallidus Small Eastern Pale Beard‐tongue Plantaginaceae Native
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Perilla, Beefsteak Plant Lamiaceae Invasive
Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Mild Water‐pepper Polygonaceae Native
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Dock‐leaf Smartweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae Native
Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Long‐bristled Smartweed Polygonaceae Invasive
Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riviere Golden Bamboo Poaceae Invasive
Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground‐cherry Solanaceae Native
Pinus echinata Miller Shortleaf Pine Pinaceae Native
Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine Pinaceae Native
Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Eastern Needlegrass Poaceae Native
Plantago rugelii Dcne. American Plantain Plantaginaceae Native
Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, American Sycamore Platanaceae Native
Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Camphorweed, Camphor Pluchea Asteraceae Native
Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple Berberidaceae Native
Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Horn‐leaf Riverweed, Threadfoot Podostemaceae Native
Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's‐seal Ruscaceae Native
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern Dryopteridaceae Native
Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Salicaceae Native
Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf Cinquefoil, Canada Cinquefoil Rosaceae Native
Species
Common Name
Family
Status
Co. Record
Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species)
Quercus falcata Michaux Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus nigra Linnaeus Water Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus phellos Linnaeus Willow Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus rubra Linnaeus var. rubra Northern Red Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard Oak Fagaceae Native Henrico
Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf Buttercup Ranunculaceae Native
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Fabaceae Native
Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Multiflora Rose Rosaceae Invasive
Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Pennsylvania Blackberry Rosaceae Native
Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow Salicaceae Native
Salvia lyrata L. Lyre‐leaf Sage Lamiaceae Native
Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Papaveraceae Native
Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Black Snakeroot Apiaceae Native
Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's‐tail, Water‐dragon Saururaceae Native
Scleria triglomerata Michaux Tall Nutrush Cyperaceae Native
Scutellaria integrifolia L. Hyssop Skullcap Lamiaceae Native
Sicyos angulatus L. Bur Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Native
Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion Caryophyllaceae Native
Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Needle‐tip Blue‐eyed‐grass Iridaceae Native
Smilax bona‐nox L. Catbrier, Fringed Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native
Smilax hispida Raf. Bristly Greenbrier, Chinaroot Smilacaceae Native
Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native
Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Horse‐nettle, Carolina Horse‐nettle Solanaceae Native
Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Eastern Black Nightshade Solanaceae Native
Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Blue‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native
Solidago rugosa P. Mill. Rough‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native
Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash Slender Indian Grass Poaceae Native
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass, Yellow Indian Grass Poaceae Native
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass Poaceae Invasive
Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry Caryophyllaceae Introduced Henrico
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata Prairie Wedgegrass Poaceae Native
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Rough Dropseed Poaceae Native Henrico
Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut Staphyleaceae Native
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Invasive
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Coralberry Caprifoliaceae Native
Teucrium canadense L. Canada Germander, American Germander Lamiaceae Native
Tilia americana L. var. americana American Basswood Malvaceae Native Henrico
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt Cranefly Orchid Orchidaceae Native
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Poison Ivy, Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae Native
Tradescantia ohiensis Rafinesque Ohio Spiderwort, Smooth Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Henrico
Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native
Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Poaceae Native
Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass Poaceae Native
Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm Ulmaceae Native
Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm, Red Elm Ulmaceae Native
Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile Bellwort, Wild‐oats Colchicaceae Native
Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Introduced
Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain Verbenaceae Native
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney Wingstem Asteraceae Native
Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Yellow Crownbeard Asteraceae Native
Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw Adoxaceae Native
Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy Violaceae Introduced
Viola sororia Willd. Common Blue Violet, Confererate Violet Violaceae Native
Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong Vitaceae Native
Vitis vulpina L. Winter Grape, Frost Grape Vitaceae Native
Xanthium strumarium L. Common Cocklebur Asteraceae Native
Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record
Justicia americana (L.)Vahl American Water‐willow Acanthaceae Native
Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw Adoxaceae Native
Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Altingiaceae Native
Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae Introduced
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mexican Tea, Wormseed, Epazote Amaranthaceae Introduced
Allium vineale L. Field Garlic, Onion Grass, Wild Onion Amaryllidaceae Introduced
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Poison Ivy, Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae Native
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pawpaw, Common Pawpaw Annonaceae Native
Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Black Snakeroot Apiaceae Native
Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Honeyvine, Sandvine Apocynaceae Native
Forsteronia difformis (Walt.) A. DC. Climbing Dogbane Apocynaceae Native
Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. var. suberosus Eastern Anglepod Apocynaceae Native
Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly, Possum‐haw Aquifoliaceae Native
Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae Native
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green Dragon Araceae Native
Lemna valdiviana Phil. Pale Duckweed Araceae Native
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae Native
Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissim White Snakeroot Asteraceae Native
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain‐leaved Pussytoes Asteraceae Native
Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Common Mugwort Asteraceae Introduced
Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles Asteraceae Native
Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Mistflower, Ageratum Asteraceae Native
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed, Common Horseweed Asteraceae Native
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. False Daisy, Yerba‐de‐tajo Asteraceae Native
Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina Elephant's‐foot Asteraceae Native
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus Daisy Fleabane Asteraceae Native
Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small Dog‐fennel Asteraceae Native
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late Thoroughwort Asteraceae Native
Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom White Wood Aster Asteraceae Native
Helenium autumnale L. Autumn Sneezeweed Asteraceae Native
Hieracium gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed Asteraceae Native
Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Camphorweed, Camphor Pluchea Asteraceae Native
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt Rabbit Tobacco Asteraceae Native
Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Blue‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native
Solidago rugosa P. Mill. Rough‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney Wingstem Asteraceae Native
Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Yellow Crownbeard Asteraceae Native
Xanthium strumarium L. Common Cocklebur Asteraceae Native
Berberis bealei Fortune Chinese Mahonia Berberidaceae Introduced Henrico
Berberis thunbergii DC Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae Invasive
Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple Berberidaceae Native
Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch Betulaceae Native
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam, Ironwood Betulaceae Native
Ostrya virginiana (P.Mill.) K.Koch Hop‐hornbeam Betulaceae Native
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet‐creeper Bignoniaceae Native
Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern Catalpa Bignoniaceae Native
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston var. arvensis Corn‐gromwell Boraginaceae Native
Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea, Waterpod, Aunt Lucy Boraginaceae Native Henrico
Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip Boraginaceae Native
Nemophila apylla (L.) Brummitt Small‐flower Baby‐blue‐eyes Boraginaceae Native
Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard, Hedge Garlic Brassicaceae Invasive
Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Mouse‐ear Cress Brassicaceae Introduced
Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Brassicaceae Introduced
Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al‐Shehbaz Smooth Rock Cress Brassicaceae Native
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex. Muhlenberg) Britton, Spring Cress, Bulbous Bittercress Brassicaceae Native
Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Cut‐leaf Toothwort Brassicaceae Native
Cardamine hirsuta Linnaeus Hairy Bittercress Brassicaceae Introduced
Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae Native
Lepidium campestre (Linnaeus) R. Brown Field Pepperweed Brassicaceae Introduced
Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record
Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family)
Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Campanulaceae Native
Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry Cannabaceae Native
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hops Cannabaceae Invasive
Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive
Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maximowicz Amur Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Coralberry Caprifoliaceae Native
Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion Caryophyllaceae Native
Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry Caryophyllaceae Introduced Henrico
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Invasive
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.‐Maz. Winter Creeper, Climbing Euonymus Celastraceae Invasive
Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile Bellwort, Wild‐oats Colchicaceae Native
Murdannia keisak (Hasskarl) Handel‐Mazzetti Marsh Dewflower Commelinaceae Invasive
Tradescantia ohiensis Rafinesque Ohio Spiderwort, Smooth Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Henrico
Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native
Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae Native
Sicyos angulatus L. Bur Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Native
Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Eastern Redcedar Cupressaceae Native
Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Long‐fringed Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex grayi Carey Gray's Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz Black‐edged Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex styloflexa Buckley Bent Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Carex typhina Michaux Cattail Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg Red‐root Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus lancastriensis Porter ex Gray Many‐flowered Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl. Reflexed Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Henrico
Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torrey Rough Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus squarrosus L. Awned Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Cyperus strigosus L. Straw‐colored Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum Three‐way Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae Native
Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker Small‐flower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae Native
Scleria triglomerata Michaux Tall Nutrush Cyperaceae Native
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern Dryopteridaceae Native
Diospyros virginiana L. American Persimmon Ebenaceae Native
Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Thorny Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive
Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & R. Tall Scouring Rush Equisetaceae Native
Acalypha gracilens Gray Slender Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native
Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native
Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted Spurge, Milk‐purslane Euphorbiaceae Native
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog‐peanut Fabaceae Native
Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis Eastern Redbud Fabaceae Native
Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. var. volubilis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae Native
Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.‐Cours.) G. Don Sericea Lespedeza, Chinese Lespedeza Fabaceae Invasive
Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Creeping Lespedeza, Creeping Bush‐clover Fabaceae Native
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Fabaceae Native
Quercus falcata Michaux Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus nigra Linnaeus Water Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus phellos Linnaeus Willow Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus rubra Linnaeus var. rubra Northern Red Oak Fagaceae Native
Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard Oak Fagaceae Native Henrico
Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC Yellow Corydalis, Yellow Fumewort Fumariaceae Native
Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Incised fumewort Fumariaceae Invasive Henrico
Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native
Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native
Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Introduced
Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Needle‐tip Blue‐eyed‐grass Iridaceae Native
Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record
Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family)
Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory Juglandaceae Native
Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Juglandaceae Native
Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie Leathery Rush Juncaceae Native
Juncus effusus L. Common Rush, Soft Rush Juncaceae Native
Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush, Slender Rush, Poverty Rush Juncaceae Native
Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth Bulbous Woodrush Juncaceae Native
Glechoma hederacea L. Gill‐over‐the‐ground, Ground‐ivy Lamiaceae Invasive
Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit, Henbit Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced
Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead‐nettle, Purple Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Perilla, Beefsteak Plant Lamiaceae Invasive
Salvia lyrata L. Lyre‐leaf Sage Lamiaceae Native
Scutellaria integrifolia L. Hyssop Skullcap Lamiaceae Native
Teucrium canadense L. Canada Germander, American Germander Lamiaceae Native
Erythronium americanum Ker‐Gawl. ssp. americanum Yellow Trout Lily, American Trout Lily Liliaceae Native
Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip‐Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Tuliptree Magnoliaceae Native
Hibiscus laevis Allioni Halberd‐leaf Rose‐mallow Malvaceae Native
Tilia americana L. var. americana American Basswood Malvaceae Native Henrico
Marchantia polymorpha L. Umbrella Liverwort Marchantiaceae Native
Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed Menispermaceae Native
Claytonia virginica L. Virginia Spring Beauty Montiaceae Native
Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Moraceae Native
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum, Sour Gum Nyssaceae Native
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash, Red Ash Oleaceae Native
Ligustrum sinense Louriere Chinese Privet Oleaceae Invasive
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Marsh Seedbox, Common Water‐purslane Onagraceae Native
Oenothera biennis L. complex Common Evening‐primrose Onagraceae Native
Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub Rattlesnake Fern Ophioglossaceae Native
Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. & D. Love Southern Adder's‐tongue Ophioglossaceae Native
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt Cranefly Orchid Orchidaceae Native
Oxalis florida Salisbury Slender Yellow Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native
Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native
Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Papaveraceae Native
Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passionflower Passifloraceae Native
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree Paulowniaceae Invasive
Pinus echinata Miller Shortleaf Pine Pinaceae Native
Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine Pinaceae Native
Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow‐leaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae Introduced
Penstemon pallidus Small Eastern Pale Beard‐tongue Plantaginaceae Native
Plantago rugelii Dcne. American Plantain Plantaginaceae Native
Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, American Sycamore Platanaceae Native
Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman var. perennans Autumn Bentgrass Poaceae Native
Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot Poaceae Native
Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Bluestem Poaceae Native
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Poaceae Introduced
Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Ell. Woolly Three‐awn Grass Poaceae Native
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. hispidus Joint‐head Grass Poaceae Invasive
Bromus pubescens Sprengel Hairy Woodland Brome Poaceae Native Henrico
Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates River Oats Poaceae Native
Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass Poaceae Native
Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng ssp. anceps Beaked Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Deer‐Tongue Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. Variable Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Small‐fruited Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould Open‐flower Panic Grass Poaceae Native
Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata Rough Barnyard Grass Poaceae Native
Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Poaceae Native
Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy Wild Rye, Downy Wild Rye Poaceae Native
Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Poaceae Native
Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record
Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family)
Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev Nodding Fescue Poaceae Native
Leersia virginica Willd. Virginia Cutgrass Poaceae Native
Melica mutica Walt. Two‐flower Melic Poaceae Native
Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus Japanese Stiltgrass Poaceae Invasive
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese Silvergrass, Eulalia, Maiden Grass Poaceae Introduced
Paspalum repens P.J. Bergius Water Paspalum, Horsetail Paspalum Poaceae Native
Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riviere Golden Bamboo Poaceae Invasive
Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Eastern Needlegrass Poaceae Native
Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash Slender Indian Grass Poaceae Native
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass, Yellow Indian Grass Poaceae Native
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass Poaceae Invasive
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata Prairie Wedgegrass Poaceae Native
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Rough Dropseed Poaceae Native Henrico
Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Poaceae Native
Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass Poaceae Native
Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Horn‐leaf Riverweed, Threadfoot Podostemaceae Native
Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Mild Water‐pepper Polygonaceae Native
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Dock‐leaf Smartweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae Native
Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Long‐bristled Smartweed Polygonaceae Invasive
Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Invasive
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife Primulaceae Native
Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf Buttercup Ranunculaceae Native
Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf Cinquefoil, Canada Cinquefoil Rosaceae Native
Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Multiflora Rose Rosaceae Invasive
Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Pennsylvania Blackberry Rosaceae Native
Galium aparine L. Cleavers Rubiaceae Native
Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw Rubiaceae Native
Liriope sp. Lilyturf Ruscaceae Introduced
Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's‐seal Ruscaceae Native
Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Salicaceae Native
Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow Salicaceae Native
Acer negundo L. var. negundo Boxelder, Eastern Boxelder Sapindaceae Native
Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Sapindaceae Native
Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's‐tail, Water‐dragon Saururaceae Native
Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Introduced
Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle Tree‐of‐heaven Simaroubaceae Invasive
Smilax bona‐nox L. Catbrier, Fringed Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native
Smilax hispida Raf. Bristly Greenbrier, Chinaroot Smilacaceae Native
Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native
Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground‐cherry Solanaceae Native
Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Horse‐nettle, Carolina Horse‐nettle Solanaceae Native
Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Eastern Black Nightshade Solanaceae Native
Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut Staphyleaceae Native
Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm Ulmaceae Native
Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm, Red Elm Ulmaceae Native
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Urticaceae Native
Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain Verbenaceae Native
Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy Violaceae Introduced
Viola sororia Willd. Common Blue Violet, Confererate Violet Violaceae Native
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia‐creeper Vitaceae Native
Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong Vitaceae Native
Vitis vulpina L. Winter Grape, Frost Grape Vitaceae Native
Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eaton Southern Lady Fern Woodsiaceae Native