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(1)

To: Meg Turner, JRGC Date: November 24, 2020

Project #: 34486.02 From: Joey Thompson, PWS

jathompson@vhb.com 804-543-6306

Re: Williams Island Floristic Inventory

Introduction:

This memo summarizes the work done by VHB with funding from the James River and Tuckahoe Garden Clubs to

conduct an initial inventory of the plant species of Williams Island in the James River Park System (JRPS) in Richmond,

Virginia. Williams Island is an approximately 100-acre island in the JRPS with no land-based access. It sits in the fall

zone of the James River, within Richmond city limits, about 4000 ft downstream of the Huguenot Bridge. Two

hundred and thirty (230) species were found over three visits which spanned the growing season of 2020. With the

help of Ben Sagara, each of these species was logged on iNaturalist (within the JRPS Project), a citizen scientist social

media platform for logging and tracking the locations of the

world’s

species. Of the 230 species observed, 187 are

native and 43 are introduced, 23 of which are listed as invasive in Virginia (Heffernan et al. 2014) and one of which is a

recent introduction that is evidently invasive (

Corydalis incisa

). The species list provided in Table 1 is alphabetized first

by species (Table 1.1) and second by family (Table 1.2), so that one does not need to know the family of a plant to see

if it was found on the island, but if they would like to see which grass sp

ecies were found they can go to “Poaceae” in

the second list.

Methods:

VHB botanist Joey Thompson conducted a site visit on April 5

th

, August 30

th

, and October 1

st

, 2020, with the volunteer

effort of Environmental Scientist Ben Sagara to take inventory of plant species on Williams Island. Different flowering

times were captured by visiting the island at several points throughout the growing season. The island was

circumnavigated and transected during each site visit. Each species observed was logged one time on iNaturalist with

a photo included. Generally, only species in flower or fruit were recorded. Species were identified using The Flora of

Virginia App, a digital version of the Flora of Virginia (Weakley et al. 2012). Species habitats and ranges were verified

through the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, which documents confirmed locations of every species known to

Virginia on a county-level basis (Virginia Botanical Associates 2020). Since the City of Richmond is not recognized in

the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, Williams Island falls within the boundaries of Henrico County. Any specimens

documented as county records have been deposited at the University of Richmond Herbarium (URV).

Results and Discussion:

Two hundred and thirty (230) species of 83 families were documented on Williams Island. The three most speciose

families are grasses (Poaceae, 34 species), composites (Asteraceae, 21 species), and sedges (Cyperaceae, 16 species).

Of the 230 total species, 187 (81.3%) are native, 43 (18.7%) non-native (introduced), and 23 (10%) non-native invasive

species (Table 1). Nine (9) species have not previously been recorded within Henrico County, 6 of which are native

(Table 1). Four of those species were suitable for collection and have been pressed and deposited at URV to record

their presence in Henrico County. These species include rough dropseed (

Sporobolus clandestinus

, Thompson 1236),

reflexed sedge (

Cyperus refractus

,

Thompson 1237), American basswood (

Tilia americana

var.

americana

,

Thompson

1238), and Shumard oak (

Quercus shumardii

, Thompson 1239). Reflexed sedge is ranked as S3 and is on the state

(2)

watch-list, meaning it is

“decidedly

uncommon

and therefore tracked by the Virginia Department of Conservation

and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (Townsend 2020). Ohio spiderwort (

Tradescantia ohiensis

) would be a

county record but should be considered a tentative identification. Only a single individual of this slightly disjunct

species was observed in the riverside woodland, and to confuse identification further it co-occurred with Virginia

spiderwort (

Tradescantia virginiana

). Already known from Williams Island (Nakahata 2020), small-flowered halfchaff

(

Lipocarpha micrantha

) is rare in Virginia (S2) and found along the shoreline when water levels are low in the Fall.

Likewise, wooly threeawn (

Aristida lanosa

) is found on a high sandy terrace and is listed as S3, a state watchlist species

(Townsend 2020).

Several high-quality natural habitats were observed on Williams Island that are certainly among the least disturbed in

the JRPS. Particularly, the grassy riverside woodlands along the southeast portion of the island are exceptional in

quality. This area has an open canopy dominated by bitternut hickory (

Carya cordiformis

), with various grasses in the

understory including river oats (

Chasmanthium latifolium

), needlegrass (

Piptochaetium avenaceum

), big bluestem

(

Andropogon gerardii

), eastern gamagrass (

Tripsacum dactyloides

), and numerous rosette grasses (

Dichanthelium

spp.).

One small section of this woodland is a unique habitat, likely old growth in origin, dominated by wooly threeawn and

slender Indiangrass (

Sorghastrum elliottii

) along with numerous other uncommon species (e.g.

Cyperus refractus

,

Penstemon pallidus

,

Sporobolus clandestinus

).

We found that the composition of species on Williams Island is 18.7% non-native. This number is low compared to

the park system as a whole (30.6% non-native), according to the recently published Floristic Inventory of the JRPS

(Nakahata et al. 2020). I have several opinions about how natural communities remain intact on Williams Island, but

they should be taken as nothing more. Foremost, the landmass is an island with no access by foot travel, so that

ornamental and invasive species cannot disperse vegetatively from residential areas as they can throughout much of

the JRPS. In this sense the James River acts as a preliminary barrier to dispersal. Reduced foot travel probably plays a

part in decreasing invasive species dispersal. Periodic flooding may also help maintain an open understory in certain

areas and provide a competitive advantage for the many native, floodplain-adapted species. Nonetheless, garlic

mustard (

Alliaria petiolata

) is abundant on the island, and Japanese stiltgrass (

Microstegium

vimineum), autumn olive

(

Elaeagnus

spp.), sericea lespedeza (

Lespedeza cuneata

), and bush honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii), along with other

invasive species, are common and threatening to the resident natural areas. Additionally, a large patch (~4 acres) of

golden bamboo (

Phyllostachys aurea

) has formed a spreading monoculture on the interior of the island.

Concluding Remarks:

Williams Island is a natural treasure in a largely disturbed urban setting. It is important to recognize that some

habitats on Williams island, if small, resemble intact natural communities (Fleming and Paterson, 2017). It would not

be wrong to think of these communities as

“old growth”, in the sense that the populations of native plants

(especially

the herbaceous species) have occurred there for a long time. While the mainland JRPS hosts a largely native overstory

of trees, seemingly undisturbed at a distance, much of the herbaceous flora has been decimated by invasive species

and other human disturbance. Several habitats on Williams Island could potentially serve as reference sites for

restoration projects of similar landscapes in the JRPS. Still, targeted removal of invasive species from certain

high-quality areas on Williams Island should be considered. Given the robust native community observed, a small effort

towards invasive removal could yield successful regeneration of native species in target areas.

(3)

References Cited:

Fleming, G.P. and Patterson, K.D. 2017. Natural Communities of Virginia: Ecological Groups and Community Types.

Natural Heritage Technical Report 17-07. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of

Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA.

Heffernan, K., E. Engle, C. Richardson. (2014). Virginia Invasive Plant Species List. Virginia Department of Conservation

and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Natural Heritage Technical Document 14-11. Richmond.

Nakahata, E. S., DeBerry, D. A., & Thompson, J. A. (2020). Floristic Inventory of the James River Park System, Richmond,

Virginia. Castanea, 85(2), 244-258.

Townsend, John F., 2020. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Plants. Natural Heritage Rare Species Lists

(2020-Fall). Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond,

Virginia. 9 pp. plus rare species lists and appendices.

Virginia Botanical Associates. (2020). Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (http://www.vaplantatlas.org). c/o Virginia

Botanical Associates, Blacksburg.

Weakley, A. S., Ludwig, J. C., Townsend, J. F., & Crowder, B. (2012). Flora of Virginia. Botanical Research Institute of

Texas Press.

(4)

Species

Common Name

Family

Status

Co. Record

Acalypha gracilens Gray Slender Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native

Acer negundo L. var. negundo Boxelder, Eastern Boxelder Sapindaceae Native

Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Sapindaceae Native

Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissim White Snakeroot Asteraceae Native

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman var. perennans Autumn Bentgrass Poaceae Native

Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle Tree‐of‐heaven Simaroubaceae Invasive

Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard, Hedge Garlic Brassicaceae Invasive

Allium vineale L. Field Garlic, Onion Grass, Wild Onion Amaryllidaceae Introduced

Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae Introduced

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog‐peanut Fabaceae Native

Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot Poaceae Native

Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Bluestem Poaceae Native

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain‐leaved Pussytoes Asteraceae Native

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Poaceae Introduced

Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Mouse‐ear Cress Brassicaceae Introduced

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green Dragon Araceae Native

Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Ell. Woolly Three‐awn Grass Poaceae Native

Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Common Mugwort Asteraceae Introduced

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. hispidus Joint‐head Grass Poaceae Invasive

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pawpaw, Common Pawpaw Annonaceae Native

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae Native

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eaton Southern Lady Fern Woodsiaceae Native

Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Brassicaceae Introduced

Berberis bealei Fortune Chinese Mahonia Berberidaceae Introduced Henrico

Berberis thunbergii DC Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae Invasive

Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch Betulaceae Native

Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles Asteraceae Native

Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al‐Shehbaz Smooth Rock Cress Brassicaceae Native

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Urticaceae Native

Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub Rattlesnake Fern Ophioglossaceae Native

Bromus pubescens Sprengel Hairy Woodland Brome Poaceae Native Henrico

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston var. arvensis Corn‐gromwell Boraginaceae Native

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet‐creeper Bignoniaceae Native

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex. Muhlenberg) Britton, Spring Cress, Bulbous Bittercress Brassicaceae Native

Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Cut‐leaf Toothwort Brassicaceae Native

Cardamine hirsuta Linnaeus Hairy Bittercress Brassicaceae Introduced

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae Native

Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Long‐fringed Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex grayi Carey Gray's Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz Black‐edged Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex styloflexa Buckley Bent Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex typhina Michaux Cattail Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam, Ironwood Betulaceae Native

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Bitternut Hickory Juglandaceae Native

Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory Juglandaceae Native

Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern Catalpa Bignoniaceae Native

Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry Cannabaceae Native

Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis Eastern Redbud Fabaceae Native

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates River Oats Poaceae Native

Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass Poaceae Native

Claytonia virginica L. Virginia Spring Beauty Montiaceae Native

Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng ssp. anceps Beaked Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Mistflower, Ageratum Asteraceae Native

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed, Common Horseweed Asteraceae Native

Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae Native

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC Yellow Corydalis, Yellow Fumewort Fumariaceae Native

Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Incised fumewort Fumariaceae Invasive Henrico

(5)

Species

Common Name

Family

Status

Co. Record

Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species)

Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Honeyvine, Sandvine Apocynaceae Native

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg Red‐root Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus lancastriensis Porter ex Gray Many‐flowered Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl. Reflexed Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Henrico

Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torrey Rough Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus squarrosus L. Awned Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus strigosus L. Straw‐colored Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Deer‐Tongue Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var.  Variable Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Small‐fruited Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould Open‐flower Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Diospyros virginiana L. American Persimmon Ebenaceae Native

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum Three‐way Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mexican Tea, Wormseed, Epazote Amaranthaceae Introduced

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata Rough Barnyard Grass Poaceae Native

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. False Daisy, Yerba‐de‐tajo Asteraceae Native

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Thorny Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive

Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina Elephant's‐foot Asteraceae Native

Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea, Waterpod, Aunt Lucy Boraginaceae Native Henrico

Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Poaceae Native

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy Wild Rye, Downy Wild Rye Poaceae Native

Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Poaceae Native

Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & R. Tall Scouring Rush Equisetaceae Native

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple Lovegrass, Tumblegrass Poaceae Native

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus Daisy Fleabane Asteraceae Native

Erythronium americanum Ker‐Gawl. ssp. americanum Yellow Trout Lily, American Trout Lily Liliaceae Native

Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.‐Maz. Winter Creeper, Climbing Euonymus Celastraceae Invasive

Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small Dog‐fennel Asteraceae Native

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late Thoroughwort Asteraceae Native

Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted Spurge, Milk‐purslane Euphorbiaceae Native

Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom White Wood Aster Asteraceae Native

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev Nodding Fescue Poaceae Native

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae Native

Forsteronia difformis (Walt.) A. DC. Climbing Dogbane Apocynaceae Native

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash, Red Ash Oleaceae Native

Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. var. volubilis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae Native

Galium aparine L. Cleavers Rubiaceae Native

Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw Rubiaceae Native

Glechoma hederacea L. Gill‐over‐the‐ground, Ground‐ivy Lamiaceae Invasive

Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. var. suberosus Eastern Anglepod Apocynaceae Native

Helenium autumnale L. Autumn Sneezeweed Asteraceae Native

Hibiscus laevis Allioni Halberd‐leaf Rose‐mallow Malvaceae Native

Hieracium gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed Asteraceae Native

Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hops Cannabaceae Invasive

Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native

Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native

Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly, Possum‐haw Aquifoliaceae Native

Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae Native

Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Introduced

Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Juglandaceae Native

Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie Leathery Rush Juncaceae Native

Juncus effusus L. Common Rush, Soft Rush Juncaceae Native

Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush, Slender Rush, Poverty Rush Juncaceae Native

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Eastern Redcedar Cupressaceae Native

Justicia americana (L.)Vahl American Water‐willow Acanthaceae Native

(6)

Species

Common Name

Family

Status

Co. Record

Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species)

Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead‐nettle, Purple Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced

Leersia virginica Willd. Virginia Cutgrass Poaceae Native

Lemna valdiviana Phil. Pale Duckweed Araceae Native

Lepidium campestre (Linnaeus) R. Brown Field Pepperweed Brassicaceae Introduced

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.‐Cours.) G. Don Sericea Lespedeza, Chinese Lespedeza Fabaceae Invasive

Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Creeping Lespedeza, Creeping Bush‐clover Fabaceae Native

Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow‐leaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae Introduced

Ligustrum sinense Louriere Chinese Privet Oleaceae Invasive

Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker Small‐flower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Altingiaceae Native

Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip‐Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Tuliptree Magnoliaceae Native

Liriope sp. Lilyturf Ruscaceae Introduced

Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Campanulaceae Native

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maximowicz Amur Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Marsh Seedbox, Common Water‐purslane Onagraceae Native

Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth Bulbous Woodrush Juncaceae Native

Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Invasive

Lysimachia quadrifolia  L. Whorled Loosestrife Primulaceae Native

Marchantia polymorpha L. Umbrella Liverwort Marchantiaceae Native

Melica mutica Walt. Two‐flower Melic Poaceae Native

Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed Menispermaceae Native

Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip Boraginaceae Native

Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus Japanese Stiltgrass Poaceae Invasive

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese Silvergrass, Eulalia, Maiden Grass Poaceae Introduced

Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Moraceae Native

Murdannia keisak (Hasskarl) Handel‐Mazzetti Marsh Dewflower Commelinaceae Invasive

Nemophila apylla (L.) Brummitt Small‐flower Baby‐blue‐eyes Boraginaceae Native

Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum, Sour Gum Nyssaceae Native

Oenothera biennis L. complex Common Evening‐primrose Onagraceae Native

Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. & D. Love Southern Adder's‐tongue Ophioglossaceae Native

Ostrya virginiana (P.Mill.) K.Koch Hop‐hornbeam Betulaceae Native

Oxalis florida Salisbury Slender Yellow Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native

Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia‐creeper Vitaceae Native

Paspalum repens P.J. Bergius Water Paspalum, Horsetail Paspalum Poaceae Native

Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passionflower Passifloraceae Native

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree Paulowniaceae Invasive

Penstemon pallidus Small Eastern Pale Beard‐tongue Plantaginaceae Native

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Perilla, Beefsteak Plant Lamiaceae Invasive

Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Mild Water‐pepper Polygonaceae Native

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Dock‐leaf Smartweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae Native

Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Long‐bristled Smartweed Polygonaceae Invasive

Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riviere Golden Bamboo Poaceae Invasive

Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground‐cherry Solanaceae Native

Pinus echinata Miller Shortleaf Pine Pinaceae Native

Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine Pinaceae Native

Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Eastern Needlegrass Poaceae Native

Plantago rugelii Dcne. American Plantain Plantaginaceae Native

Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, American Sycamore Platanaceae Native

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Camphorweed, Camphor Pluchea Asteraceae Native

Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple Berberidaceae Native

Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Horn‐leaf Riverweed, Threadfoot Podostemaceae Native

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's‐seal Ruscaceae Native

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern Dryopteridaceae Native

Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Salicaceae Native

Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf Cinquefoil, Canada Cinquefoil Rosaceae Native

(7)

Species

Common Name

Family

Status

Co. Record

Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species)

Quercus falcata Michaux Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus nigra Linnaeus Water Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus phellos Linnaeus Willow Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus rubra Linnaeus var. rubra Northern Red Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard Oak Fagaceae Native Henrico

Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf Buttercup Ranunculaceae Native

Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Fabaceae Native

Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Multiflora Rose Rosaceae Invasive

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Pennsylvania Blackberry Rosaceae Native

Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow Salicaceae Native

Salvia lyrata L. Lyre‐leaf Sage Lamiaceae Native

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Papaveraceae Native

Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Black Snakeroot Apiaceae Native

Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's‐tail, Water‐dragon Saururaceae Native

Scleria triglomerata Michaux Tall Nutrush Cyperaceae Native

Scutellaria integrifolia L. Hyssop Skullcap Lamiaceae Native

Sicyos angulatus L. Bur Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Native

Silene stellata (L.) Ait.  f. Starry Campion Caryophyllaceae Native

Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Needle‐tip Blue‐eyed‐grass Iridaceae Native

Smilax bona‐nox L. Catbrier, Fringed Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native

Smilax hispida Raf. Bristly Greenbrier, Chinaroot Smilacaceae Native

Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native

Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Horse‐nettle, Carolina Horse‐nettle Solanaceae Native

Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Eastern Black Nightshade Solanaceae Native

Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Blue‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native

Solidago rugosa P. Mill. Rough‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native

Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash Slender Indian Grass Poaceae Native

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass, Yellow Indian Grass Poaceae Native

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass Poaceae Invasive

Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry Caryophyllaceae Introduced Henrico

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata Prairie Wedgegrass Poaceae Native

Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Rough Dropseed Poaceae Native Henrico

Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut Staphyleaceae Native

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Invasive

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Coralberry Caprifoliaceae Native

Teucrium canadense L. Canada Germander, American Germander Lamiaceae Native

Tilia americana L. var. americana American Basswood Malvaceae Native Henrico

Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt Cranefly Orchid Orchidaceae Native

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Poison Ivy, Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae Native

Tradescantia ohiensis Rafinesque Ohio Spiderwort, Smooth Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Henrico

Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native

Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Poaceae Native

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass Poaceae Native

Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm Ulmaceae Native

Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm, Red Elm Ulmaceae Native

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile Bellwort, Wild‐oats Colchicaceae Native

Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Introduced

Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain Verbenaceae Native

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney Wingstem Asteraceae Native

Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Yellow Crownbeard Asteraceae Native

Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw Adoxaceae Native

Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy Violaceae Introduced

Viola sororia Willd. Common Blue Violet, Confererate Violet Violaceae Native

Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong Vitaceae Native

Vitis vulpina L. Winter Grape, Frost Grape Vitaceae Native

Xanthium strumarium L. Common Cocklebur Asteraceae Native

(8)

Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record

Justicia americana (L.)Vahl American Water‐willow Acanthaceae Native

Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw Adoxaceae Native

Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Altingiaceae Native

Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae Introduced

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mexican Tea, Wormseed, Epazote Amaranthaceae Introduced

Allium vineale L. Field Garlic, Onion Grass, Wild Onion Amaryllidaceae Introduced

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Poison Ivy, Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae Native

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pawpaw, Common Pawpaw Annonaceae Native

Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Black Snakeroot Apiaceae Native

Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Honeyvine, Sandvine Apocynaceae Native

Forsteronia difformis (Walt.) A. DC. Climbing Dogbane Apocynaceae Native

Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. var. suberosus Eastern Anglepod Apocynaceae Native

Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly, Possum‐haw Aquifoliaceae Native

Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae Native

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green Dragon Araceae Native

Lemna valdiviana Phil. Pale Duckweed Araceae Native

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae Native

Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissim White Snakeroot Asteraceae Native

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain‐leaved Pussytoes Asteraceae Native

Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Common Mugwort Asteraceae Introduced

Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles Asteraceae Native

Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Mistflower, Ageratum Asteraceae Native

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed, Common Horseweed Asteraceae Native

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. False Daisy, Yerba‐de‐tajo Asteraceae Native

Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina Elephant's‐foot Asteraceae Native

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus Daisy Fleabane Asteraceae Native

Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small Dog‐fennel Asteraceae Native

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late Thoroughwort Asteraceae Native

Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom White Wood Aster Asteraceae Native

Helenium autumnale L. Autumn Sneezeweed Asteraceae Native

Hieracium gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed Asteraceae Native

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Camphorweed, Camphor Pluchea Asteraceae Native

Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt Rabbit Tobacco Asteraceae Native

Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Blue‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native

Solidago rugosa P. Mill. Rough‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney Wingstem Asteraceae Native

Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Yellow Crownbeard Asteraceae Native

Xanthium strumarium L. Common Cocklebur Asteraceae Native

Berberis bealei Fortune Chinese Mahonia Berberidaceae Introduced Henrico

Berberis thunbergii DC Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae Invasive

Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple Berberidaceae Native

Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch Betulaceae Native

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam, Ironwood Betulaceae Native

Ostrya virginiana (P.Mill.) K.Koch Hop‐hornbeam Betulaceae Native

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet‐creeper Bignoniaceae Native

Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern Catalpa Bignoniaceae Native

Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston var. arvensis Corn‐gromwell Boraginaceae Native

Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea, Waterpod, Aunt Lucy Boraginaceae Native Henrico

Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip Boraginaceae Native

Nemophila apylla (L.) Brummitt Small‐flower Baby‐blue‐eyes Boraginaceae Native

Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard, Hedge Garlic Brassicaceae Invasive

Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Mouse‐ear Cress Brassicaceae Introduced

Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Brassicaceae Introduced

Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al‐Shehbaz Smooth Rock Cress Brassicaceae Native

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex. Muhlenberg) Britton, Spring Cress, Bulbous Bittercress Brassicaceae Native

Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Cut‐leaf Toothwort Brassicaceae Native

Cardamine hirsuta Linnaeus Hairy Bittercress Brassicaceae Introduced

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae Native

Lepidium campestre (Linnaeus) R. Brown Field Pepperweed Brassicaceae Introduced

(9)

Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record

Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family)

Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Campanulaceae Native

Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry Cannabaceae Native

Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hops Cannabaceae Invasive

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maximowicz Amur Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Coralberry Caprifoliaceae Native

Silene stellata (L.) Ait.  f. Starry Campion Caryophyllaceae Native

Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry Caryophyllaceae Introduced Henrico

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Invasive

Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.‐Maz. Winter Creeper, Climbing Euonymus Celastraceae Invasive

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile Bellwort, Wild‐oats Colchicaceae Native

Murdannia keisak (Hasskarl) Handel‐Mazzetti Marsh Dewflower Commelinaceae Invasive

Tradescantia ohiensis Rafinesque Ohio Spiderwort, Smooth Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Henrico

Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native

Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae Native

Sicyos angulatus L. Bur Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Native

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Eastern Redcedar Cupressaceae Native

Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Long‐fringed Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex grayi Carey Gray's Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz Black‐edged Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex styloflexa Buckley Bent Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Carex typhina Michaux Cattail Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg Red‐root Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus lancastriensis Porter ex Gray Many‐flowered Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl. Reflexed Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Henrico

Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torrey Rough Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus squarrosus L. Awned Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Cyperus strigosus L. Straw‐colored Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum Three‐way Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae Native

Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker Small‐flower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae Native

Scleria triglomerata Michaux Tall Nutrush Cyperaceae Native

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern Dryopteridaceae Native

Diospyros virginiana L. American Persimmon Ebenaceae Native

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Thorny Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive

Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & R. Tall Scouring Rush Equisetaceae Native

Acalypha gracilens Gray Slender Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native

Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted Spurge, Milk‐purslane Euphorbiaceae Native

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog‐peanut Fabaceae Native

Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis Eastern Redbud Fabaceae Native

Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. var. volubilis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae Native

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.‐Cours.) G. Don Sericea Lespedeza, Chinese Lespedeza Fabaceae Invasive

Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Creeping Lespedeza, Creeping Bush‐clover Fabaceae Native

Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Fabaceae Native

Quercus falcata Michaux Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus nigra Linnaeus Water Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus phellos Linnaeus Willow Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus rubra Linnaeus var. rubra Northern Red Oak Fagaceae Native

Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard Oak Fagaceae Native Henrico

Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC Yellow Corydalis, Yellow Fumewort Fumariaceae Native

Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Incised fumewort Fumariaceae Invasive Henrico

Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native

Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native

Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Introduced

Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Needle‐tip Blue‐eyed‐grass Iridaceae Native

(10)

Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record

Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family)

Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory Juglandaceae Native

Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Juglandaceae Native

Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie Leathery Rush Juncaceae Native

Juncus effusus L. Common Rush, Soft Rush Juncaceae Native

Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush, Slender Rush, Poverty Rush Juncaceae Native

Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth Bulbous Woodrush Juncaceae Native

Glechoma hederacea L. Gill‐over‐the‐ground, Ground‐ivy Lamiaceae Invasive

Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit, Henbit Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced

Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead‐nettle, Purple Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Perilla, Beefsteak Plant Lamiaceae Invasive

Salvia lyrata L. Lyre‐leaf Sage Lamiaceae Native

Scutellaria integrifolia L. Hyssop Skullcap Lamiaceae Native

Teucrium canadense L. Canada Germander, American Germander Lamiaceae Native

Erythronium americanum Ker‐Gawl. ssp. americanum Yellow Trout Lily, American Trout Lily Liliaceae Native

Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip‐Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Tuliptree Magnoliaceae Native

Hibiscus laevis Allioni Halberd‐leaf Rose‐mallow Malvaceae Native

Tilia americana L. var. americana American Basswood Malvaceae Native Henrico

Marchantia polymorpha L. Umbrella Liverwort Marchantiaceae Native

Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed Menispermaceae Native

Claytonia virginica L. Virginia Spring Beauty Montiaceae Native

Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Moraceae Native

Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum, Sour Gum Nyssaceae Native

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash, Red Ash Oleaceae Native

Ligustrum sinense Louriere Chinese Privet Oleaceae Invasive

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Marsh Seedbox, Common Water‐purslane Onagraceae Native

Oenothera biennis L. complex Common Evening‐primrose Onagraceae Native

Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub Rattlesnake Fern Ophioglossaceae Native

Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. & D. Love Southern Adder's‐tongue Ophioglossaceae Native

Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt Cranefly Orchid Orchidaceae Native

Oxalis florida Salisbury Slender Yellow Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native

Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Papaveraceae Native

Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passionflower Passifloraceae Native

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree Paulowniaceae Invasive

Pinus echinata Miller Shortleaf Pine Pinaceae Native

Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine Pinaceae Native

Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow‐leaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae Introduced

Penstemon pallidus Small Eastern Pale Beard‐tongue Plantaginaceae Native

Plantago rugelii Dcne. American Plantain Plantaginaceae Native

Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, American Sycamore Platanaceae Native

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman var. perennans Autumn Bentgrass Poaceae Native

Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot Poaceae Native

Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Bluestem Poaceae Native

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Poaceae Introduced

Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Ell. Woolly Three‐awn Grass Poaceae Native

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. hispidus Joint‐head Grass Poaceae Invasive

Bromus pubescens Sprengel Hairy Woodland Brome Poaceae Native Henrico

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates River Oats Poaceae Native

Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass Poaceae Native

Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng ssp. anceps Beaked Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Deer‐Tongue Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var.  Variable Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Small‐fruited Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould Open‐flower Panic Grass Poaceae Native

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata Rough Barnyard Grass Poaceae Native

Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Poaceae Native

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy Wild Rye, Downy Wild Rye Poaceae Native

Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Poaceae Native

(11)

Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record

Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family)

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev Nodding Fescue Poaceae Native

Leersia virginica Willd. Virginia Cutgrass Poaceae Native

Melica mutica Walt. Two‐flower Melic Poaceae Native

Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus Japanese Stiltgrass Poaceae Invasive

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese Silvergrass, Eulalia, Maiden Grass Poaceae Introduced

Paspalum repens P.J. Bergius Water Paspalum, Horsetail Paspalum Poaceae Native

Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riviere Golden Bamboo Poaceae Invasive

Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Eastern Needlegrass Poaceae Native

Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash Slender Indian Grass Poaceae Native

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass, Yellow Indian Grass Poaceae Native

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass Poaceae Invasive

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata Prairie Wedgegrass Poaceae Native

Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Rough Dropseed Poaceae Native Henrico

Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Poaceae Native

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass Poaceae Native

Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Horn‐leaf Riverweed, Threadfoot Podostemaceae Native

Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Mild Water‐pepper Polygonaceae Native

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Dock‐leaf Smartweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae Native

Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Long‐bristled Smartweed Polygonaceae Invasive

Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Invasive

Lysimachia quadrifolia  L. Whorled Loosestrife Primulaceae Native

Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf Buttercup Ranunculaceae Native

Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf Cinquefoil, Canada Cinquefoil Rosaceae Native

Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Multiflora Rose Rosaceae Invasive

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Pennsylvania Blackberry Rosaceae Native

Galium aparine L. Cleavers Rubiaceae Native

Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw Rubiaceae Native

Liriope sp. Lilyturf Ruscaceae Introduced

Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's‐seal Ruscaceae Native

Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Salicaceae Native

Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow Salicaceae Native

Acer negundo L. var. negundo Boxelder, Eastern Boxelder Sapindaceae Native

Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Sapindaceae Native

Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's‐tail, Water‐dragon Saururaceae Native

Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Introduced

Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle Tree‐of‐heaven Simaroubaceae Invasive

Smilax bona‐nox L. Catbrier, Fringed Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native

Smilax hispida Raf. Bristly Greenbrier, Chinaroot Smilacaceae Native

Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native

Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground‐cherry Solanaceae Native

Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Horse‐nettle, Carolina Horse‐nettle Solanaceae Native

Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Eastern Black Nightshade Solanaceae Native

Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut Staphyleaceae Native

Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm Ulmaceae Native

Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm, Red Elm Ulmaceae Native

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Urticaceae Native

Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain Verbenaceae Native

Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy Violaceae Introduced

Viola sororia Willd. Common Blue Violet, Confererate Violet Violaceae Native

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia‐creeper Vitaceae Native

Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong Vitaceae Native

Vitis vulpina L. Winter Grape, Frost Grape Vitaceae Native

Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eaton Southern Lady Fern Woodsiaceae Native

References

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