!"#$%$"&$'#(%')*+,%*-'.*"/,*/$
01*-'0-23*3%*"4
!"#$$%&$'&($)*+,-.&!"/-0"-10/2-.3/,&$'&450"#-3,-.
450"#-3,-.&467&89:;&1<
!"!#$!#%&!&'!()*+,%-.'!/$
"!(0&1%-1'$!0$23
0--*"'5*12*6
!"#$$%&$'&($)*+,-.&!"/-0"-10/2-.3/,&$'&450"#-3,-.
450"#-3,-.&467&89:;&1<
4##!($5!"%!6*"!(0&1%-1'$
!0$23
072+%*&+
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
8'''''!"+%(9,&+4("
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
K-0"- & H/,#$+, & F5"GA.$+0> & G0$H%->A-; & 50@ 3H-./0A&,#-&Q+-.?&H$+%>&F-&/)*$33/F%-J
=5"G%/0A&,#/3&,53G&H/%%&$*-0&,#-&>$$.&,$&5**%/"@ 5,/$03&$'&,#-3-&/>-53&/0&25./$+3&5.-53&$'&C5,+.5%& :50A+5A- & 9.$"-33/0A & BC:9E & BZ5%-; & 4$/3% & 50>& !$)-.3;&NOOOE&3+"#&53&Q+-3,/$0&503H-./0A&B[\E;&
/0'$.)5,/$0&-I,.5",/$0&BD]E;&3+))5./35,/$0;&50>& 3-)50,/"&3-5."#J
450?&5**.$5"#-34-&F--0&3+AA-3,->&/0&,#-& %/,-.5,+.-&,$&5"#/-2-&,#/3&A$5%J&=#-3-&5**.$5"#-3& "50&F-&>/2/>->&/0,$&,H$&A.$+*3W
:3*--(;'*<<%(*&3$2=&H#/"#&5.-&F53->&$0&%-I/"5%& $2-.%5*;&*5,,-.0&)5,"#/0A;&>/3,./F+,/$05%&3/)/%5.@ /,?&50>&$,#-.3&BZ5A50&50>&^%/"G)50;&NOO_EJ
=#-3-&5**.$5"#-34-&5&0+)F-.&$'&%/)/,5,/$03& 50>&>/''/"+%,/-3J&D0&*5.,/"+%5.;
` =#-?&)5?&0$,&,5G-&3-)50,/"&.-*.-3-0,5@ ,/$0&/0,$&5""$+0,J
` =#-?&)5?&0$,&F-&3$+0>J
` =#-?&"500$,&-53/%?&)5G-&+3-&$'&"$)*%-I& F5"GA.$+0>&G0$H%->A-J
>$$<'*<<%(*&3$2;&H#/"#&5.-&F53->&$0&3-)50,/"& 505%?3/3; & %-I/"5% & 50> & H$.%> & G0$H%->A-; & %$A/"5%& /0'-.-0"-&50>&$,#-.3&Ba%5"GF+.0&-,&5%J;&NOO6EJ&
=#-3-&5**.$5"#-34-&5&0+)F-.&$'&%/)/,5,/$03& 50>&>/''/"+%,/-3&P$.&/03,50"-;&
! ($)*$3/,/$05%&,.503%5,/$0&,$&%$A/"5%&'$.)& .-Q+/.-3 & 3?0,5",/" & 505%?3/3 & H#/"# & "$0@ '$.)3&,$&5&A.5))5.&-I*.-33->&53&5&3-,&$'& .+%-3J&!+"#&505%?3-3&5.-&2-.?.>&,$&$F@ ,5/0&'$.&'.--%?&$""+../0A&,-I,3J
! P$.&"$)*%-I&3-0,-0"-3;&%$A/"5%&'$.)3&$'@ ,-0&,+.0&$+,&,$&F-&-I,.-)-%?&2-.F$3-;&50>& #-0"-&5.-&>/''/"+%,&'$.&3,50>5.>&,#-$.-)3& *.$2-.3&,$2>%-J
! b53, & 5)$+0,3 & $' & 5>>/,/$05% & G0$H%->A-& 5.-&.-Q+/.->J
=#/3&G/0>&$'&>--*&5**.$5"#&"50&3+""-->&/0&.-@ 3,./",->&>$)5/03;&F+,&/,&'5/%3&F5>%?&$0&$*-0&>$@ )5/0&*.$F%-)3J
?'''''@%(<(2$9'262+$1
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
@7="#$%AI%J,?!$C%G#);7!$)!"#$!
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
!"#$$%&'()$*+$%&,-.&-,'/$*0'/1232
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
!"!$$%&'()$4+$56,7'/32'&360
M+%(+,%TUM%?,?!$C-%!;$%4"!D"!%48%!;$%7+7!7(9%?!#")> !"#(9%(+(9,?7?%7?%97:$9,%!4%D#4<")$%?!#")!"#$?%!;(!% (#$%+4!%5$99>C(!);$<%!4%!;$%7+!$+<$<%7+8$#$+)$% $+=7+$2%F;7?%7?%)9$(#%84#%<$$D%(DD#4();$?-%5;$#$% (%)4+?7<$#(B9$%(C4"+!%48%C();7+$#,%7?%#$L"7#$<% 84#%!#(+?84#C7+=%D(#?$%!#$$?%7+!4%94=7)(9%84#C?-% B"!%7!%7?%(9?4%!#"$%84#%?;(9945%(DD#4();$?I% Alab-bas & Ramsay (2012), for instance, showed that induced dependency parsers work better if the head of the first element of a coordinated expres-sion is taken to be the head of the whole coordated expression, but almost all approaches to in-ference require the head of such an expression to be the conjunction itself. It is therefore nearly al-ways necessay to carry out some post-processing of the trees produced by the parser before carry-ing out the third stage of the overall task. M+%!;$% 8499457+=%?$)!74+?%5$%<$?)#7B$%!;#$$%?");%+4#C> (97?(!74+%!$);+7L"$?2
%8'//69$06,7'/32'&360$
T4#C(97?(!74+%7+%?;(9945%(DD#4();$?%7?%!,D7)(99,% 7+6496$? % D#4<")7+= % (B?!#()! % V$+!(79C$+! % !$C> D9(!$?V%8#4C% %?$!?%48%?$+!$+)$%D(7#?-%5;$#$%)4C> C4+%$9$C$+!%48%!;$%!54%?$+!$+)$?%7+%(%D(7#%(#$% #$D9()$<%B,%6(#7(B9$?%&W4",9$:46%(+<%'(=+7+7-% .//X12%
!"#$%&! %!"#$%&'()*%&*+%,&*-./0%122340& $'()'*& '567.8-9: % .- % &/;0 % 122<40&&*+& +)# & ,-.-/0.-12& 34./51%6!47-8&29 &-7:; &*<<=>;%=9: %.>&?7/.0%-$.% *9:?&/)!&-)9*%@9:%-$.%!.*-.*#.%'A?&147@21&AB&)?B 7/).!& C?&DE8F1&-&14759E48&94&AB40%C$)#$%)!%'D.?B 7/&-.!%C)-$%E&:)&F/.!4%)!%)//"!-:&-.+%)*%=)G":.%<;
%
=)G":.% <H %I9:?&/)!.% -$.% !.*-.*#.!% A?& 147@21&A& &?&DE8F1&-&14759E48&94&AB:
!""#$%&'()*+,)-+&%
I9:?&/)!&-)9*%)*%+..7%&77:9&#$.!%)!%+.@)*.+%&!% -:&*!/&-)9*%9@%*&-":&/%/&*G"&G.%.>7:.!!)9*!%)*-9% @9:?&/ % ?.&*)*G % :.7:.!.*-&-)9*! % '/9G)#&/ % @9:?4% 'J/F":*%.-%&/;0%12234;%D$.:.%&:.%&%/9-%9@%!K!B -.?!%&E&)/&F/.%!"#$%&!%#9*E.:!)9*%-9%#/&"!&/%@9:?% '("8&!9E&%.-%&/;0%123140%589/.?)!&-)9*%'L.G-K&:B .E0%(K&/.-!8)0%&*+%M9:98$9E.-!0%3NNN40%+)!-:)F"B -)9*%9@%*.G&-)9*%&*+%9-$.:!;%=9:%)*!-&*#.0 %6G408& 147@21&902&/.4H72I&J&G408&DE8F1&-&14759E48&94 & 902&/.4H72I>;
D$.%*9:?&/)6&-)9*%@9:%-$.%7:.E)9"!%!.*-.*#.!%)!H
!>0K'!9/E.'>0K4 % "%
#6'@)*+'>064$!9/"-)9*'64$-9'60K44 %
$$$$$$./'$%&'()*+0)-+&%
O*%9":%*9:?&/)6&-)9*%C.%-:&*!/&-.%&%@9:?%9@%&%*&-B ":&/%/&*G"&G.%)*-9%&%:.!-:)#-.+%!"F!.-%9@%-$.%!&?.% *&-":&/%/&*G"&G.0
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
3%WL)!#9E.:K%9@%O*@.:.*#.%X"/.!%@:9?%D.>-Y; 1%WD.>-"&/%S*-&)/?.*-%P*#$9:%5.-%S>-:&#-)9*Y;
#9*E.:-)*G%)*-9%-$.%@9:?%'%(Z5 %!% XZ5%4%&!%)*% =)G":.%U'#V4%&*+%=)G":.%U'+V40%%"!)*G%-$.%:"/.!%)*% =)G":.%['F0%#0%&*+%+4;%D$.*%)*%=)G":.%\]^%C.% !)?7/)@).+%-$.%!"FB-:..%'#4%&*+%'+4%-9%9F-&)*%-$.% /&!-%E.:!)9*%9@%!"FB-:..%'.4%]%'@4%&!%:.T"):.+%@9:% "!)*G%C)-$%9":%-$.9:.?%7:9E.:;
=)G":.%UH%Q9*E.:-%-$.%!.*-.*#.%)*-9%-$.%@9:?% '(Z5%'#V4%"%XZ5%'+V44;
=)G":.%[H%X"/.%%@9:%#9*E.:-)*G%-$.%!.*-.*#.%)*-9% -$.%@9:?%'&*-.#.+.*-%'#4%"%#9*!.T".*-%'+44;
!"#$%&'()*"+,-"."&/'0$12%&&3/45'"627'0$182%&&3.45' 19':,,-9"6#'2;&'%$-&'"6'3/5'<'3.5=
!"#$$$%&'()$*+$,-.)/)-0)$1-(2-)
>;&'?&9'27'2;&'@$%%&62',%7,70:-'"0'2;&'710&%A:2"76' 2;:2'2;&'@&62%:-'02&,'"6':-+702':--'@$%%&62'2;&7%&+' ,%7A&%0B'6:+&-9'2;:2'#"A&6'2C7'0&D$&620E@-:$0&0' !"#$#%#$#!&
"#''(#)"#*+#%#*+#),"#*+#-':6/'-.# $#!."#$#%#$#!.
&/'FFG' ')."#*+#%#*+#).,/''C;&%&' -' :6/ '-.' @:6'1&'$6"."&/'19'07+&'$6"."&% 'HB'97$' @:6'I@$2I'J'27'712:"6' 'H'3!"#$#%#$#!&
"#$#!."#$# %#$#!.
&/''(#)"#*+#%#*+#),"# #*+#)."#*+#%#*+# ).,/01
>;&%& ' :%& ' 6$+&%7$0 ' C:90 ' 7. ' "6A7?"6# ' 2;"0' %$-&)'2;&'?&9'"0'2;:2'.7%'2;&'A:02'+:K7%"29'7.'2;&7%8 &+',%7A&%0'2;"0'%$-&'"0'2;&'@7%&'7.'2;&',%7@&00=
L2'"0'C7%2;'672"6#'2;:2'2;&'&-&+&620'7.':'%$-&' 6&&/'672'1&'&M,%&00"760'7.'07+&'.7%+:-'-7#"@=' >;&9'$0$:--9':%&B'1$2'2;&%&'"0'67':',%"7%"'%&:076' C;9'2;&9'0;7$-/'1&='>;&9'@7$-/B'.7%'"602:6@&B'1&' 2;&'%$-&0'7.':'#:+&)':',%7#%:+'.7%',-:9"6#'@;&00' +"#;2' &M,-7"2 '%$-&0'C;"@; '/&0@%"1&' -&#:- '17:%/' 2%:60.7%+:2"760B ' : ' ,%7#%:+ ' .7% ' ."6/"6# ' %7$2&0' +"#;2'&M,-7"2'%$-&0'C;"@;'/&0@%"1&'-"6?0'1&2C&&6' ,-:@&0B'N'L6',:%2"@$-:%B'2;&9'+"#;2'1&'/&,&6/8 &6@9'2%&&0=
>;"0'"0'@-&:%'&67$#;'.7%'0"+,-&'%$-&0)'".'C&':-8 -7C'6:2$%:-'-:6#$:#&'$22&%:6@&0'27'@762:"6'A:%"8 :1-&0B'2;&6'C&'@:6'&:0"-9'C%"2&'%$-&0'-"?&
-#2&3#4#5673#8*#97#,2++:73#:;#-#2&3#4#<2=7#>*8# 3:=*+?73
O$-&0'-"?&'2;"0'@:6'&:0"-9'1&':,,-"&/'$0"6#'2;&' 02:6/:%/'%$-&'7.'@$2'+&62"76&/':17A&='P7%&'"68 2&%&02"6#-9B'C&'@:6':-07'$0'"2'27':,,-9'&00&62":--9' ;"#;&%87%/&%'%$-&0'0$@;':0
@#2+7#&*8#A#:;#@#5673#8*#97#A
Q& ' ;:A& ' ,%&A"7$0-9 ' 0;7C6 ' ;7C ' 27 ' &M2&6/' *R>STPU'3P:62;&9'<'V%9'WX((5'27'@7A&%'"68 2&60"76:-"29 ' 3O:+0:9 ' YZZW5= ' >;& ' 0:+& ' +:8 @;"6&%9'@:6'1&'&M,-7"2&/'27';:6/-&';"#;&%'%$-&0'7.' 2;& ' ?"6/ ' 0;7C6B ' C;"@; ' "0 ' @%$@":- ' .7% ' ;:6/-"6#' 6:2$%:- ' -:6#$:#&B ' C;&%& ' "62&60"76:-"29B ' 29,&8 0;".2"6#':6/'72;&%';"#;&%87%/&%'672"760':%&'%".&='
Q&':-07'"62&6/'27'#&6&%:-"0&'2;&'@76/"2"760'$68 /&%'C;"@;'@$2':,,-"&0='>;&'02:6/:%/'%$-&'%&D$"%&0' -':6/'-.'27'$6".9='Q"2;"6'2;&'@$%%&62'.%:+&C7%?B' -':6/'-.':%&'2%&&0='R0'0$@;B'C&'@:6'$0&':,,%7M8 "+:2&'+:2@;"6#B'&=#=':--7C"6#'-.'27'1&'0$10&2'7.' -'27':--7C'.7%'2;&'/&-&2"76'7.'+7/"."&%0B'7%'19':-8 -7C"6#'2;&'2&%+0'2;:2':,,&:%'"6' '-.'27'/&672&'0$18 0&20'7.'2;&'@7%%&0,76/"6#'2&%+0'"6'-1#
>;&0&'2C7'+7A&0'C"--':--7C'$0'27'C7%?'/"%8 &@2-9'C"2;'/&,&6/&6@9'2%&&0B'C"2;7$2'+:?"6#':69' :00$+,2"760':17$2'C;&%&'2;&0&'2%&&0'@:+&'.%7+=' Q&'@:6'2;$0':A7"/'2;&'6&&/'27'2%:60-:2&'"627'07+&' 2:%#&2'.7%+:-'-:6#$:#&)'".'07+&'&-&+&62'7.'2;&' :62&@&/&62'7.'76&'%$-&'+:2@;&0':6'&-&+&62'7.'2;&' @760&D$&62'7.':672;&%B'0$1K&@2'27'C;:2&A&%'@768 02%:"620'C&',$2'76'2;&'+:2@;"6#',%7@&00B'2;&6'C&' @:6'$0&'2;&'%$-&=
#$$$$*3-045623-Q&';:A&',%7,70&/':'02%:2	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
708-394):();)-&6
R--:6'O:+0:9I0'@762%"1$2"76'27'2;"0'C7%?'C:0' 0$,,7%2&/'19'[:2:%'\:2"76:-'O&0&:%@;'!7$6/:8 2"76'#%:62'\]O]'ZX8Z^_8_8ZZW='R+:-'R-0;:;%:6' "0'0$,,7%2&/'19':'#%:62'.%7+'2;&'#7A&%6+&62'7.' 2;&'`"6#/7+'7.'*:$/"'R%:1":=
<).)/)-0)6$
Alabbas, M & Ramsay A M, Arabic Treebank:
from Phrase-Structure Trees to Dependency
Trees, META-RESEARCH Workshop on
Ad-vanced Treebanking, LREC 2012, Istanbul, 61--68, 2012
Blackburn, P., Bos, J., Kohlhase, M., & De Niv-elle, H. (2001). Inference and computational
se-mantics. In Computing Meaning (pp. 11-28).
Springer Netherlands.
'
Dagan, I. and Glickman, O. (2004). Probabilistic
!"#$%&'(%&)*+,#%&-(&.(%&/&0*1$2,%&-(&.(&345,(6(& 37888!"#$%&'())*#)+#&%,-.%/#/%&0-%01#2.#31445 6&0"#787#9.144(
!$9:;"2$<% &=( & >(% & .;"#$:,?+% &=( & @(% & / & )*2*?A B*<$:,% & )( & C( & 3DEEE% & F"GH"2;6( &:;6'1&31 # %/5 0).6,<= # %&' # 41>-1&, # /)063%/ # 6&+1.1&31 # 41%.3<(& >G&.*9+I&J*2&K2*92"11+G9&"G5&=H:*1":$5&'$",A *G+G9&3LL(&MMAND6(&0L2+G9$2&O$2#+G&-$+5$#P$29(
!*#"G%&Q(&O(%&RH+2?%&S(%&"G5&O2*I?$::%&S((&788M"# ?&4-21.;641'#7)&4,.-3,6)&#)+#@%.01#9%.%2<.%41 # 7).2).%A # :B2/)6,6&0 # C%446;1/D # 9%.%//1/ # E1F4 # G)-.314(&>G&K2*I$$5+G9,&*J&ST.>UV&788M(
C*H;#$?*<%&)(%&/&)"9G+G+%&O(&3788W%&=L2+#6(&815 3)0&6H6&0#,1B,-%/#1&,%6/=1&,#F6,<#,.11#1'6,#'645 ,%&31 # %/0).6,<=4( & >G&K2*I$$5+G9, & *J & :B$ & X+2,:& SB"##$G9$&Q*2?,B*L&'$I*9G+,+G9&Y$Z:H"#&4G:"+#A 1$G:&3LL(&D[A786(
.+G%&!(&"G5&K"G:$#%&K(&3788D6(&IJ8K5'643);1.D#)+# 6&+1.1&31#.-/14#+.)=#,1B,"&>G&K2*I$$5+G9,&*J&:B$& [:B&=S)&0>VC!!&S*GJ$2$GI$&*G&CG*\#$59$& !+,I*<$2;&"G5&!":"&)+G+G9%&LL(&]7]^]7_%&0"G& X2"GI+,I*%&S"#+J*2G+"%&`0=(&
5*+aD8(DDMWbW87WD7(W87WWE(
.H?",*<"%&=(%&c"I$?%&)(%&@"d9#%&)(%&/&C*:;2P"%& )(&378D76(&814)/-,6)&#.1%4)&6&0#(D#8IL#7/%-45 %/ # L).= # @)063(&>G:$2G":+*G"# & F*H2G"# & *J & S*1A LH:$2&0I+$GI$%&E(
)"IS"2:G$;%&O(&3788E6(&E%,-.%/#/%&0-%01#6&+1.5 1&31&3!*I:*2"#&5+,,$2:":+*G%&0:"GJ*25&`G+<$2,+:;6(& )"G:B$;% & '(% & / & O2;% & X( & 3DE__% & F"GH"2;6(&
GMK7$CNA # % # ,<1).1= # 2.);1. # 6=2/1=1&,1' # 6& # 9.)/)0(&>G&E:B&>G:$2G":+*G"#&S*GJ$2$GI$&*G&=H:*A 1":$5&!$5HI:+*G&3LL(&MDWAM]M6(&0L2+G9$2&O$2#+G& -$+5$#P$29(
T<IB+GG+?*<"% & 4( & 378D76(&J&,10.%,6)& # )+ # F)./'# *&)F/1'01 # +). # &%,-.%/ # /%&0-%01 # -&'1.4,%&'5 6&0&3@*#(&]6(&0L2+G9$2(
Ramsay, A.M., Theorem proving for untyped constructive lambda-calculus: implementation and application, Logic Journal of the Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics, 9(1), 89-106, 2001
'"1,";%&=()(%&3DEEE6( &9%.46&0#F6,<#'643)&,6&-5 )-4 # 2<.%414"& U":H2"# & ."G9H"9$ & 4G9+G$$2+G9%& W3]6a7[D^]88%5*+aD8(D8D[b0D]WD]7ME888877M7(