635
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved
Production of Biodiesel from Dairy Waste Scum
1
Anirban Koley, 2 Tuhin Samanta, 3Dipak Kumar Singha
1,2Department of Biotechnology, College of Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences, India,
3
Asst. Professor, Department of Biotechnology, College of Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences, India.
Abstract— Biodiesel is an inexhaustible, clean consuming substitution to India reliance on remote oil, and making employments. It is set up from a different feedstock's including creature fats. The word biofuel covers a wide scope of creation, some of which by and by industrially accessible and some of which are still in research and advancements. Biodiesel powers wrecks to 75% cleaner than diesel fuel. Biodiesel, as it were, decreases unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate issues from the fumes gas. A sulfur dioxide outflow is totally dispensed with, 80% less carbon dioxide and gives a 90% decrease in disease dangers. In this investigation the principle point is to lessen the expense of biodiesel by utilizing milk rubbish. Biodiesel is ordinarily delivered by the transesterification procedure. Also, the transestrification are two sorts that acid transesterification and basic transesterification. Which sulfuric acid utilized for acid transesterification and KoH or NaoH utilized for basic transestrification. After delivered biodiesel, at that point refinement process is required. What's more, the most significant test is water remove test. At that point different test are required, that flash point, pour point, viscosity, density, moisture content, free fatty acid, specific gravity test etc.
Keywords— Biodiesel, Biofuel, Dairy Waste Scum, Transesterfication, Glycerine.
I. INTRODUCTION
636
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved
This response is broadly used to decrease the thickness of triglycerides got from inexhaustible feedstock, for example, vegetable oil and waste oil for use in pressure motor.
II. SCUMOIL
Yearly generation of milk in India is 150 million tons for every year. A huge number of extensive dairies are occupied with dealing with this milk the nation over. Crude chilled milk of dairy animals and wild oxen are institutionalized into market milk and milk items, for example, Butter, Ghee, Cream, Peda, Panner, Cheese, Yogurt, Ice cream and different items. Expansive dairies are taking care of number of types of gear for preparing, dealing with, capacity, pressing and transportation of milk and milk items. Gigantic amounts of water are utilized for housekeeping, disinfecting and washing supplies, amid this procedure leftover margarine and related fat which are washed and get gathered in profluent treatment plant as a rubbish. Rubbish is a less thick drifting strong mass typically framed by a blend fat, lipids, proteins, pressing materials and so on. An expansive dairy, which forms 5 lakh liters of milk every day, will deliver around 200 – 350 kgs of gushing rubbish every day, which makes it hard to arrange. The greater part of the dairies arrange this rubbish in strong waste transfer site or by burning. Thusly, it is monetarily inefficient and creates contaminations. Further, rubbish causes immediate just as backhanded operational challenges for gushing treatment.Biodiesel, a diesel fuel substitute that can be produced using an assortment of oils, fats, and oils, is important to ranchers for various reasons: It can give an extra market to vegetable oils and creature fats; it can enable ranchers to develop the fuel they requirement for homestead apparatus; and it can diminish U.S. reliance on imported oil since fuel feedstock can be developed locally. Biodiesel is an inexhaustible wellspring of vitality that can help decrease ozone depleting substance Emissions and limit the "carbon impression" of horticulture. It contributes less to a dangerous atmospheric devation on the grounds that the carbon in the fuel was expelled from the air by the plant feedstock.Two scientific experts, E. Duffy and J. Patrick, are acknowledged for first trying different things with trans-esterification utilizing vegetable oils to make cleanser in 1853.The resultant biofuel side-effect was later named biodiesel after an engine motor innovator. In 1983 in Austria, Dr. Mittelbach built up a business procedure to transform old cooking oil into biodiesel. Dr. Thomas Reed is credited just like the primary individual in the US to transform old cooking oil into biodiesel on a little scale in 1989.Rudolph Diesel, on August 10, 1893, first exhibited the utilization of nut oil to run his pressure start motor. 1900 Diesel motor showed on nut oil at the Paris Exhibition. This date has since come to be known as International Biodiesel Day Gas chromatography was utilized to decide the unsaturated fat structure of Dairy Waste Scum Oil.Results uncovered that the low free unsaturated fat substance was an infamous parameter to decide the suitability of antacid Transesterification. The yield of bio-diesel achieved 96.7% when 1.2 wt.% of Potassium Hydroxide, response temperature of 75C, 30 min of time and 6:1 Methanol oil proportion at 350 rpm. Thermo gravimetric examination pursued the assessment of Transesterification process.
III.OBJECTIVES
A. To successfully produce neat biodiesel from milk scum.
B. To blend the neat bio diesel with regular diesel and obtain the blended fuel samples.
C. To study the properties such as calorific value, viscosity, etc. of the blended fuel samples.
D. To successfully run performance tests and emission tests on compression ignition engine for different blend samples.
E. To compare the performance of blended fuel with that of diesel in order to distinguish effect of different blends on performance.
F. To generate cost analysis of the entire process in order to know the economic feasibility of the concept in reality.
G. To successfully arrive at a conclusion and put light on future possibilities and scope in this particular sector.
IV.MATERIALSANDMETHODS
A. Materials and Apparatus required
Milk Scum, Methanol(CH3OH), SodiumHydroxide (NaOH) or Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Methanol, Beaker, Conical flask,
Burette, glass rod, digital balance, measuring cylinder, water bath, and filter paper.
B. Production of Biodiesel
1) Milk Scum was collected from mother dairy.
2) Then Scum was filtered.
3) Weight 1gm KoH or NaoH by digital balance.
637
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved
5) Then methanol pours into a conical flask.
6) Next KoH/NaoH is added in to conical flask.
7) Then mixtures are continuing stirred by glass rod to 30-40 minutes.
8) Scum are heated at 600-700c for 20 minutes.
9) Then methanol and KoH / NaoH solution are poured to the heated scum.
10) This solution continues stirred 30-40 minutes.
11) Then the mixture was heated at 600 c, for 60-90 minutes to water bath.
12) Then the mixture solution was collected.
13) Biodiesel and glycerin were produced, which the upper layer was crude biodiesel and the lower layer was crude glycerin.
14) Then it was filtered.
15) And, the crude biodiesel was purified by water.
16) Then the pure biodiesel is collected.
Biodiesel Production Process
V. SCOPEFORFUTUREWORK
A. Variety in execution and emanation of the motor with variety of pressure proportion of the motor can be examined.
B. Different other biodiesel can be utilized as added substance for diesel-ethanol mixes to think about the execution and outflow attributes.
C. Execution and outflow attributes of the motor can be investigated by ANN-Modeling for Diesel-Biodiesel-ethanol mixes.
D. Execution and outflow attributes of the motors should be possible by changing the geometry of the cylinder for Diesel-Biodiesel-ethanol mixes.
638
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved
VI.CONCLUSIONS
Bio-diesel has turned out to be elective fuel as of late as a result of its natural advantages and the way that it is produced using sustainable assets. The rest of the difficulties are its expense and constrained accessibility of fat and oil assets. Present use of dairy squander rubbish as a feed stock lessens the expense of biodiesel. The base catalyzed trans-esterification response for biodiesel creation is frequently the technique chosen attributable to its lower cost of generation and basic handling conditions yielding higher change of oil to biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel likewise has its own focal points and impediments. The greatest favorable position of biodiesel is that it can assume a huge job in lessening the unsafe hydro carbon discharges. Be that as it may, there are still a few disadvantages of biodiesel which may turn into a prevention in the presentation of biodiesel as an option in contrast to the hurtful carbon emanating non-renewable energy sources. Greatest preferred standpoint of biodiesel fuel is that it is non-lethal and biodegradable, which makes it a standout amongst the most condition agreeable options of intensity age. The transesterification of dairy rubbish oil to biodiesel utilizing KOH as an impetus was examined. The impact of working parameters, for example, methanol content, impetus sum, and response temperature were found on biodiesel creation. The ideal feed transformation and biodiesel yield were acquired at 100 % overabundance over the stoichiometric proportion (12.5%) of methanol/rubbish oil proportion, 1.2wt% KOH, and 60°C response temperature and the ideal biodiesel yield is 84% and 480x103 liter of biodiesel can be delivered from 1 millionlitre of waste oil. Examinations of qualities of biodiesel delivered from dairy squander rubbish, uncovered that were similar with that of petro-diesel. The vast majority of the dairies arrange dairy squander rubbish in strong waste transfer site or by burning and it financially squanders fuel and produces toxins. Dairy enterprises can utilize these sorts of activities to tackle their biological issues in rubbish transfer and to improve their economy.
REFERENCES
[1] K Rahees, V Meera, “Production from dairy waste scum”, International Journal of scientific & engineering research, Vol. 5(7), pp. 194-199, 2014. [2] Sushma. S1
, Dr. R. Suresh2
, Yathish K V3
, “Production of biodiesel from hybrid oil (dairy waste scum and karanja) and characterization and study of its performance on diesel engine”, International journal of engineering research & technology, Vol. 3(7), pp. 686-690, 2014.
[3] K V Yathish1
, Dr. R Suresh2
, Amruth. E3
, “Optimization of biodiesel production from mixed oil (karanja & dairy waste scum oil) using Homogeneous catalyst”, Journal of Applied Chemistry, Vol. 3(6), pp. 09-15, 2013.
[4] Omkaresh. B. R1
, S.B.Arun2
, R Suresh3
, Yathish. K. V4
, “Biodiesel Production from dairy scum oil by using heterogeneous catalyst and its performance test on CI engine”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, pp. 810-814, 2015.
[5] Oniya. O. O, Adebayo. A. O, Ogunkunle. O, “Optimization of biodiesel production from milk bush (Thevetia peruviana) oil using snail shell as catalyst”, Advances in Multidisciplinary & Scientific Research Journal. Vol. 3(1), PP. 09-22.
[6] S.R.Tilak1#
, Dr.K.Chandrashekara2
, H. Yogish2
, “Evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from dairy scum oil on a computerized C.I engine”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, Vol. 1(7), pp. 119-128, 2017.
[7] M.A. Fangrui, A. Milford and Hanna, “Biodiesel production: review,” Elsevier bio resource technology, Vol. 70, pp. 1-19, 1999.
[8] K. Rajarshi, G. Oindrila and K.D. Mukundu “biodiesel production and process optimization,” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 2, pp. 01-06, 2012.
[9] T.A. Priyanka and A.P Gawande, “Production of biodiesel & glycerine by using dairy waste,” International journal for engineering applications and technology,Vol.1, 2013.
[10] C. Komintarachat and S. Chuepeng, “Methanol-Based Transesterification Optimization of Waste Used Cooking Oil over Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst,” American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.7, pp.1073-1078, 2010.
[11] M. Watkins and D. Nash, “Dairy Factory Wastewaters, Their Use on Land and Possible Environmental Impacts,” The Open Agriculture Journal, Vol.4, pp.1-9, 2010.
[12] T. Samukawa, M. Kaieda, T. Matsumoto, K. Ban, A. Kondo, Y. Shimada, H. Noda, H. Fukuda, Enzymatic transesterification of Jatropha oil J. Biosci. Bioeng. 90 (2000) 180–183.
[13] Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S. Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy (2008), 1646–1653. [14] F. Ma, M. Hanna, Bioresour. Technol. Biodiesel production: a review, Volume 70, Issue1, October (1999), 1-15.
[15] J. Kansedo, K.T. Lee, S. Bhatia, Biodiesel production from palm oil via heterogeneous transesterification, Biomass and Bioenergy 33 (2) (2009) 271–276. [16] G. Arzamendi, I. Campo, E. Arguiñarena, M. Sánchez, M. Montes, L.M. Gandía, Synthesis of biodiesel with heterogeneous NaOH/alumina catalysts:
Comparison with homogeneousNaOH, Chemical Engineering Journal 134 (1–3) (2007) 123–130.
[17] C.C. Akoh, S.W. Chang, LecG. c. and Shaw J.F. Enzymatic approch to biodiesel production,.J. Agric. Food Chem. (2007), 8995-9005.
[18] Kowzn M., Umemoto M,. Kasuno T., Tajika. M., Aihara Y., Sugimoto Y. and Hidaka. Biodiesel production from soybean oil using calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst,.J. Jpn. Inst. Energy(2006), 135-141.
[19] Demirbas, A. Energy ConVers. Manage. (2007), 937–941.
[20] Ateno T., Sasaki T. Process for producing fatty acid fuels comprising fatty acids esters. U.S. Patent 6, 818, 026, Nov 16, (2004).
[21] P. Sivakumar, K. Anbarasu, S. Ranganathan., Biodiesel production by alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Dairy waste Scum. Fuel, volume 90, Issue 1, (2011) 147-151.
[22] Jitputti, B. Kitiyanan, P. Rangsunvigit, K. Bunyakiat, L. Attanatho, P.Jenvanitpanjakul, Transesterification of oil by different solid catalysts, Chem. Eng. J. 116 (2006) 61–66.
[23] Vicente G, Martínez M, Aracil J (2004) Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of homogeneous catalyst systems. Bioresour Technol 92:297–305. [24] Wright HJ, Segur JB, Clark HV, Coburn SK, Langdom EE, DuPuis RN (1944) Oil and Soap 21:145–148.
639
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved
[26] Feuge RO, Gros AT (1949) Modification of vegetable oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 26(3):97–102.
[27] Gauglitz EJ, Lehman LW (1963) The preparation of alkyl esters from highly unsaturated triglicerides. J Am Oil Chem Soc 40:197–198. [28] Mittelbach M, Trathnigg B (1990) Kinetics of alkaline catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil. Fat Sci Technol 92(4):145–148.
[29] Nye MJ, Williamson TW, Deshpande S, Schrader JH (1983) Conversion of used frying oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: preliminary tests. J Am Oil Chem Soc 60(8):1598–1601.
[30] Schwab AW, Bagby MO, Freedman B (1987) Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 66(10):1372–1378. [31] Peterson CL, Feldman M, Korus R, Auld DL (1991) Batch type transesterification process for winter rape oil. Appl Eng Agric 7(6):711–716.
[32] Boocock DGB, Konar SK, Mao V, Sidi H (1996) Fast one phase oil rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters. Biomass Bioenergy 11(1):43–50.
[33] Cvengros J, Povazanec F (1996) Production and treatment of rapeseed oil methyl esters as alternative fuels for diesel engines. Bioresour Technol 55:145– 152.
[34] Noureddini H, Harkey D, Medikonduru V (1998) A countinuous process for the conversion of vegetable oils into methylesters of fatty acids. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75(12):1775–1783.
[35] Conde Cotes A, Wenzel L (1974) Cinética de la transesterificación del aceite de higuerilla. Revista Latinoamericana de Ingeniería Química y Química Aplicada 4:125–141.
[36] Harrington KJ, D’Arcy-Evans C (1985) A comparison of conventional and in situ methods of transesterification of seed oil from a series of sunflower cultivars. J Am Oil Chem Soc 62(6):1009–1013.
[37] Özgül S, Türkay S (1993) In situ esterification of rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol. J Am Oil Chem Soc 70(2):145–147.
BIOGRAPHIES [1] Anirban Koley1
Pursuing M.Pharm (Biotechnology) in (Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & A.H.S).
[2] Tuhin Samanta2
Pursuing M.Pharm (Biotechnology) in (Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & A.H.S).
[3] Dipak Kumar Singha3
