COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Index

(1)

Palembang 163 Abduh, Muhammad 298 Abdul Razak, Tun 418 Abdulfatah Ageng,

Sultan 155

Abdul Rahman, Tunku 347, 349 Abdul‐Rauf al‐Singkili, Sheikh 160 Abdul Rivai 297 Abd’ur‐rahman az‐Zahir, Habib 232 Abu Abd Allah Mas’ud

al‐Jawi 102 Abu Bakar, Temenggung

(later Sultan) 229 Aceh 72, 76, 82, 82, 106–9,

113–14, 152, 175, 197, 200, 242–3 1819 Treaty 242, 243 disease and mortality 273 Dutch war against 231–3,

243 gunpowder empire 10, 87 Islam in 108–9, 111, 113–4, 116–7, 159–60 literacy 171–2 queens of 89, 159–60 rice agriculture 15 sultanate of 88, 108–9, 159–60 trade in 146, 156 urban population 10, 83–4 written scholarship in 134 Acehnese 157, 171–2, 179 Adam Malik 418 Adityavarman 46–7, 53 Aetas of the Mount

Pinatubo 6

Age of Commerce 69, 74–6 agriculture

as basis of state and society 16–18 commercialization of 198–200, 207–11 crop failures 8 cultivation system (Java) 206–7 delta 3–4

female labor in xviii, 271 green revolution 376–7 Khmer 41

peasantization 204–7, 263–6

spread of 8–9, 10–13 see also crops; meat, rice,

and under individual crops and livestock Agtas of Northeast Luzon 6,

8, 12 Aguinaldo, Emilio 273 Agung, Sultan of Mataram 88, 105, 110, 145, 154–5, 161, 162, 170

Ahom in Assam, rice growing 14 Aidit, D.N. 340, 355 Airlangga, King 43 Ala’ud‐din Ri’ayat Syah

al‐Kahar, Sultan of Aceh 108 Alaungpaya, King 219 Albuquerque, Afonso de 120, 127, 134 al‐Hallaj, Mansur 103 Ali Akbar: “Book of

Cathay” (Hitayname) 133

Ali Haji, Raja 174 Alor 33 Amangkurat I, King 155, 162 Ambon 73, 120, 235, 164 missionaries in 111 Ambonese 175 Amerapura 85, 221 Amir Sjarifuddin 310, 334, 339, 340, 341 Ampel 161

Ananda Mahidol, King of Thailand 350, 367 Anaukhpetlun, King of Burma 153 Anawrahta, King of Pagan 42, 99, 167

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

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Ang Duang, King of Cambodia 227 Angkor 6, 31, 37, 39, 40–1, 46, 54–5, 62, 68, 83, 90, 149, 215, 248, 249 fall of 55, 67 hydraulic system 18, 54–5 mountain “savages” in 115 Angkor Borei 16 Anglo‐Burmese war first 220, 273 second 210, 220 third (1885) 273 Anglo‐Dutch Treaties 1814 241, 242 1824 (London) 242–3 1871 (Sumatra Treaty) 242–3 1891 244 Anglo‐Siamese Bowring Treaty (1855) 210, 217

animism, see Southeast Asian religion Anti‐Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) 335–6, 341, 344, 348, 351 Anwar Ibrahim 406 Aquino de Belen, Gaspar 165 Aquino, Corazon (Cory) 318, 359 Aquino, Senator Benigno

(“Ninoy”) 358, 359 Arakan 88, 90, 100, 124, 241 coinage 91 Aru 63, 70, 103 Arung Bakung 235 Arung Palakka 118, 155 Asahan 200

Asian Financial Crisis (1997–8) 417 Asoka of India 167 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 413–19 Aung San 312, 327, 335, 336, 341, 344, 347, 351, 380, 394, 415

Aung San Suu Kyi 318, 336, 380, 394, 419 Aung‐Thwin, Michael 172 Australo‐Melanesians 5 Australopithecus 6 Ava 83, 84, 152 Aw Boon Haw 275 Ayutthaya (Siam) 52, 65, 82, 86, 99, 107, 138–9, 149, 164, 175, 215 coinage 91 culture in 138–9, 170 destruction by Burmese (1767) 173, 214 gunpowder empires 87 population 9, 83 religion in 100 trade in 63, 66–7, 74, 75–6, 146 women in 128 Azahari, A.M. 363 Ba Maw, Dr 327, 328, 330, 334

Baab Ullah, Sultan of Ternate 109 Bagan Siapiapi 280 Baghdad, fall of 63, 69 Balambangan 118 Balangingi people 235 Bali 118, 157, 175 bronze in 33 Dutch conquest 233–5 Houses on ground 276 subak (irrigation guilds) 15 Bali-Java culture 43–5 Bama identity, 41–3, 51–2, 157, 247 kingship, 83, 219 language xxi, 12–13, 237, 247 nationalism 344 Ban Chiang 7, 32 Banda (Maluku) 63, 70, 235 Dutch conquest of 73, 145 nutmeg 70, 145 Bandanese 146 Bandula 220 Bangka 191, 192 Bangkok 214–6, 248, 265 housing 277 prostitution in 317 trade 190, 214–5 Bangkok Bank 275, 475 Bangsamoro 411 Banjarese 172 Banjarmasin 76, 109, 228 Banten 63, 65, 73, 82, 84, 106, coinage 90 fall of (1684) 146–7, 152, 155 gunpowder empire 87, 106–7, 175 Islam in 111, 118 performance in 132 population 10, 82–3 sultanate of 88, 118, 123 trade 72, 74, 75, 76, 82, 146, 148 Bao Dai, King of Viet

Nam 338, 364–5, 370 Baptist education 304 missionaries 119, 238 Barus 63, 64 Basco, José 203 Bassein 86 Batak 12, 49, 96, 116–17, 175 Batavia 76, 82, 145–6, 155, 205, 252, 253, 265 attack on 1629 161 Chinese in 74, 123–5, 126–7 earthquake (1699) 151 foundation (1619) 73, 75, 123–4, 145 population 83, 123–5, 152 slavery in 124, 132 women in 126–7, 128–9 see also VOC

Battambang 248, 249 Bayinnaung, King of Pegu, 100, 119, 153 Beijing 66, 82 Belawan 252, 254 Bengkulu (Bencoolen) 147, 242 Berthelot, Pierre 159

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Besemah (Pasemah) 33 Best, Thomas 128 Betawi of Batavia 175 betel 282, 283, 284 Bhamo 62 Bhumibol Adulyadej, King 367–9 Bima 172 birth rate 34, 84, 261, 262, 263, 273, 320, 377–8

see also population Bismarck, Otto von 246 Black Death (1346–8) 70 boat-building 33–4 Bodawpaya, King 172, 219 Bodhgaya, Mahabodhi Temple in 99 Bogor 118 Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei 363, 404 Bongaya Treaty 155 Bonifacio, Andres 273, 296 Bontius, Jacobus 129 Borneo British possession 243–4 bronze work in 32 climate 2 Dutch possession 244–5 geography 1 mining kongsi in 193–4 rice growing 15 Borobudur 35 Borommakot, King of Siam 166 Bosch, Johannes van

den 206

Bose, Subhas Chandra 327, 328

Boworadet, Prince 311 Bowring, John 217

Bowring Treaty (1855) 210, 217

British American Tobacco (BAT) 283–4 Brito, Philip de 153 broadcasting 396 bronze 25–6, 32–4 Brooke, James, Rajah of

Sarawak 243–4, 288 Brunei 63, 66, 72, 76, 86, 152, 191, 235 coinage 90 Islam in 103, 111 resistance to formation of Malaysia 363–4 sacking by Spanish 112, 145

Brunei People’s Party (PRB) 363 Buddhism 34–9, 40, 48, 166–7 and kingship 101, 222 Mahayana 37, 38, 41, 45, 47, 96, 98 texts 172 Theravada 13, 19, 20, 29, 37, 51, 52, 53, 55, 63, 86, 89, 96, 98–101, 113, 119, 154, 166, 167, 213, 219, 222, 238, 247, 249 see also sangha

Bugis people 110, 146, 157, 163

Bukhari al‐Jauhari: Taj as‐Salatin (Crown of Sultans) 141 Burgos, Fr José 296 Burma 191, 219–24

army (Tatmadaw) 351–2 boundary with Siam 246–9 British takeover 221–2, 223–4 Buddhism in 37–8, 41–3, 119, 307 coinage 90 corruption 387, 388 democracy and revolution 351–2 disease 273 drama in 170 dress 288 foreign trade 152 historical texts 173 Japanese occupation (1942–5) 324, 327, 331 Konbaung Dynasty 219–24 nationalism in 307–8, 312, 344–6 opium ban 201 population 9, 210–11, 263, 265 railways 253 rice production 8, 18, 210–11 Burma/Siam border 246–9 Burney, Henry 241 Cabral 106 Calicut 106 Cambodia (Khmer) 74, 75, 248, 191 agriculture 18 Buddhism in 51, 55, 99 coinage 90–1 elections 349 languages 11 in Ming period 67 Muslim traders in 103 population 8 trade in 159 see also Angkor Canton see Guangzhou capitalism 65–6, 89, 94, 268,

300, 302, 316, 334, 379, 392, 396 cash crops 76, 77, 79, 186,

194, 212

see also under individual crops Catholicism 89, 98, 110–14, 116, 130, 132, 136, 159, 164–6, 184, 189, 238, 245, 257, 304, 359, 402, 409 Cau Bana Cand 101 Cebu 63, 72 ceramics 148

see also earthenware Chachoengsao 254 Chaiya 46

Chakri Dynasty, of Siam/ Thailand 215 Champa 6, 31, 39, 45–6, 102, 179–80 coinage 90 measures of value in 90 rice growing 14 trade 17 Champassak 166

(4)

Chantaburi 191

Charles II of England 140, 155

Charles V, King of Spain 140 Che Bong Nga 46

Chen Ilao of Batavia 188 Chettiars 64, 65, 72 Chiang Mai 52, 83, 87, 99,

149, 214, 215, 254 Chin Peng (Ong Boon

Hua) 334 Chin people 12, 50, 96, 175, 247 China agriculture 14, 194 barriers to expansion 26–9 Cultural Revolution 391 gunpowder technology 86 influence of empires 26 silver prices 144 system of weights 92 trade 34, 39–40, 92, 121–2, 122–5, 148 Chinese Communist Party

(CCP) 301 Chinese Revolutionary

League 299 Chinese in Southeast Asia

commercial expansion (Chinese Century) 188–95 education 267, 304 labor 267 language 397–9 mining 191–4 nationalism 267, 304, 320–1, 324, 398 pogroms against 189 population 189, 267 revenue farmers 124, 202–3, 267 Ching Ming, Princess 170 Chola Dynasty 39–40 cholera 273, 274 Chou Anuvong 215 Christianity festivals 291 hostility to 225–6 localization of 164–8 spread of 111–13, see also Catholicism, etc

Christianization 111–14, 121, 127, 130, 135, 165, 262, 303 Chulalongkorn, Prince see

Rama V Cilacap 386

Cilegon rebellion in Banten (1888) 299 Cirebon 10 cities 81–5, Euro-Chinese 120–5 population 82–3, 265 “civilized” states 213–19, 243 climate 1–4, 54–5

global, and local crises 149–51 cloth 284–6 clothing 20, 21, 130–1, 284–6, 393, 401 modern 286–9 cloves 59, 62, 68, 71–3, 76, 77–8, 127, 146, 147, 238, 283 Cochin 72, 106 Cochin-China 75, 88, 149, 183–5, 191 Japanese surrender (1945) 338–9 southern frontier 183–5 women in 269

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 123, 124, 145, 324 coffee 197–8, 284 coinage 90–1, 254–5 Cold War 335, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 357–8, 366, 368, 372, 390, 419 commercial system 91–5 communication 171–2, 210, 251, 270

see also mobile phones; railways; telegraph Communism 299–302, 307–8, 313–14, 332–41, 350–2, 355–7, 370–2 Confucianism 48, 180, 224–7 Conrad, Joseph: Lord

Jim 233 copper 33, 191–2 corruption 387–9 Cosmopolis Arabic 133 Chinese 34 European 135 Islamic 134 Sanskrit 29, 34, 54, 133 Theravada 98–101 Council of Trent 111 Crawfurd, John 190, 191, 194, 220, 224–5, 269, 279–80, 413 crisis 13th/14th-century 53–6 17th century 142–56

global climate and 149–51

political

consequences 152–6 trade and 144–9 mid-20th century 319–41 Da’ud bin ‘Abd Allah,

Sheikh 163 Daendels, Herman Willem 205 Dagupan 253 Dahlan, Ahmad 298 Dai Viet 47–8, 86, 149, 191 15th-century revolution in 177–9 coinage 90 cosmopolitanism 149 firearms technology in 28 literati 48 population 9 rice growing 14 social structure 22 state aspirations 47–8 trade 17, 48, 148 Dammazeidi, King 86, 100 Damrong, Prince 217, 218, 270 dance 131, 167, 168, 290 Đàng Trong 181

see also Cochin-China Darsono Notosudirdjo,

Raden 301 Daud Beureu’eh,

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Davao 386 death rituals 97 Delta agriculture 3–4 Demak 10, 83, 86, 104, 109–10, 154 democracy 347–50, 359–60, 363, 368–70, 372, 388 demographic transition 10, 261, 377 see also population Deng Xiaoping 479 Desawarnana 44 de-urbanization 265 Deutsche Neuguinea‐ Compagnie 246 Devanika, King 36 Dhani Nivas, Prince 367 Dili 245 Dipanegara, Prince 205, 230 disease 27–8, 55–6, 128, 273 Diu 72 Djojohadikusumo, Professor Sumitro 375

Đoàn Thị Điê ̉m 169 Dobo 237

Đô ̉i Mới 379, 382, 394, 417 Doumer, Paul 259

Douwes Dekker, E.F.E. 306 Drake, Sir Francis 132 drama 167, 168, 169–70

see also theater dress

see clothing drinks 281–4

dual economy theory 268 Duong Van Minh,

General 357 Dutch East India Company

see VOC Dvaravati kingdom 90 Early Modernity 74, 96, 111, 139–40, 141, 157–8 earthenware 32–3 earthquakes 2, 7, 151, 276–7 East India Company

(English) 155, 196, 200, 202, 284 Ecole Française d’Extrême‐

Orient (EFEO) 313

economic growth, post 1965 373–6

Edhie, Colonel Sarwo 356 Edo (Tokyo) 82 education 296–7, 302–5, 394–400 Arabic 101, 113–14, 302, 395, 400, 402 Chinese 226, 297, 302 vernacular 303, 305, 396 Eijkman, Christiaan 279 El Niño 2, 150, 151 Elizabeth I, Queen 140 English language 220, 304, 395, 397, 399, 400 environment xvii, 1–8, 15, 384–7 see also climate Erédia, Juão de 127 Erédia, Manuel Godinho

de 127 ethnicities 256–60 exports see trade Fa Ngum 52–3 fascism 311, 324, 329, 347–8 anti-fascism 313, 330, 333, 334–5, 339 fashion, dress 286–9 Fe del Mundo, Dr 288 federalism 344, 352, 357, 362, 411

Federated Malay States 243 Federation of Malaya 361 feudalism 392 Filipino language 397 film 292–4 firearms 28, 201 trade in 86–8 fishing 19, 280–1 Flores 6, 7, 33 foods 18–21, 277–9 Ford Foundation 376 forest-dwellers 4–6,

see also hunter-gatherers Forrest, Thomas 132 Franco‐Chinese war (1885) 251 Franco‐Siamese Treaty (1867) 248 Fujian 14, 59, 121 Funan 6, 31, 37 rice growing 16 Gajah Mada 43 gambir 194, 195 Gandhi, Mahatma 288, 321 “gateway” or “heartland” state strategy 214, 219, 227, 231, 236 GATT 374 GDP (1970–2010) 381 Geertz, Clifford 140, 206, 272

gender relations xviii, 24–5, 183, 268–72, 282, 284, 378, 383–4, 421 General Council of Buddhist

Associations (GCBA) 307, 308 Ghazali, Abu Hamid al- 103 Gia Dinh 186

Gia Long, King 187, 224, 227 Giri 161

Giyanti peace (1755) 199, 202, 261

global comparisons 419–22 globalization 96, 400–12,

see also cosmopolis Goa, India 72,120 gold 34 mining 193–4 Gowa, Sulawesi 110, 135, 155 Gracey, General 338 Great Depression 320 Gresik 10, 63, 68, 70, 82, 84, 86, 88, 103, 106, 127 Gross, Edward 292 Guangdong 11, 28 Guangzhou (Canton) 48, 65, 69 Guerlach, Fr 238 Gujarat 107–8, 146 merchants 91–2 gunpowder empires/ states 63, 82, 85–7, 98–100, 139–41, 168 guns see firearms

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Ha Tien 192 haciendas 207–9 Hairun, Sultan 109 Haji Misbach 300 Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan 360, 364 Hamid II, Sultan of

Pontianak 343 Hamzah Fansuri 103, 113, 159, 160 Hang Tuah 72 Hanoi 17, 248, 254, 265 Hasanuddin of Gowa, Sultan 155 Hasjim Asjari, Kiai 298 Hastings, Warren 201 Hatta, Mohammad 310,

328, 329–30, 334, 339, 340, 343, 348, 352

Hayam Wuruk, King of Majapahit 44 Heinrich of Prussia,

Prince 287 Henry IV, King of France 140 herbalism 129

Heutsz, General J.B. van 244 High Modernity 390–4 highland-lowland interaction

xix, 114–19, 237–9 Hikayat Meukota Alam 172 Hinduism 36, 40, 403

see also Shaivism

history-writing 157, 142–3, 171–4, 392–3 HIV/AIDS 384 Hmong 49, 96 H`ô Chí Minh 256, 300, 301, 302, 313, 323, 338–9, 341, 347, 364, 370, 371, 392, 401, 415 H`ô Quý Ly 48 Hoa-lu 47 Hoi An (Cochin‐China) 25, 74, 75, 122, 181 Homo erectus 6 Homo floresiensis 6 Hong Kong 253 Hoorn, Governor‐General van 198 Hormuz 72 seizure by Portuguese (1515) 120 housing 23, 276–7 Hsaya San 307, 308, 321, 327 Hsipaw 51 Hso Hkan Hpa 51 Hue 224, 289 Hun Sen 379, 417 hunter-gatherers 4, 5, 10, 53 Ibn al‐Arabi 103 Ibn Battuta 6, 101–2 Ibrahim, Sultan 101, 232 Ibrahim al‐Kurani 160 Ibrahim Yaacob 330 Ifugaos (Luzon) 49, 96 Ignacia del Espíritu Santo,

Mother 165

Illanun (Iranun) people 235 Imam Bonjol, Tuanku 230 Independence of Malaya Party 362 India 29 nationalism 320–1 religion 29 “Indianization” of Southeast Asia 31–2, 34 Indians in Southeast Asia 64–5, 210–11, 309, 320–1 Indigenous Peoples 409–10 UN Declaration on 409 Indochina 241 Japanese occupation of (1942–5) 323, 331 national identity conflicts

in 255–6 trade of 252 transportation network 254 Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) 301 Indonesia anti-imperial nationalism 310–13 armed forces (ABRI)

352–3

Chinese schools 398 cinema 293–4

Constitution (1945) 353 corruption 387–8 coup and massacres

(1965) 354–7 decentralization 410–11 declaration of independence (1945) 332–3, 339–41 dress 187–8 economic transformation 375–6 Federal and Republican 342–4 Islamic movements in 402–5 Japanese occupation of (1942–5) 327–9, 331 Japanese surrender (1945) 337–8 postwar politics 340–1, 348, 352–7, 392–4 Indra Bangsawan 291 Indrapura 45 infanticide 8 influenza pandemic (1918) 274 infrastructure 251–5 Internet access 405–6 iron 32–4 Irrawaddy Flotilla Company 253 Iskandar Muda, Sultan of

Aceh, 84, 89, 94, 128, 159

Iskandar Thani, Sultan of Aceh, 159, 160 Islam 159–64 “Age of Discovery” 133–5 boundary with highlanders 116–18 conflict with Portuguese 106–9, 114 jihad 108, 230, 236, 402, 404, 413 law (shari’a) 159–60, 162, 404 literature 103–4, 113, 141 localization of 113–14, 159–64

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Islam (cont’d ) mysticism (Sufism) 102–5, 160 reformist legalism 159, 163, 230–1, 298, 402–4

Southeast Asia, expansion in 101–11, 116–18 Jakarta 107, 123, 145 environmental risk 386 housing 277 Jamaluddin, Sheikh 159 Jambi 76, 156 James I, King of England 140 Japan Edo era 157 occupation of Southeast Asia (1942–5) 321–2, 323–31 silver mining 74–5 surrender (1945) 331–41, 360 trade 74–6, 122 Japara (Java) 10, 63, 70, 103, 106, 154 Jarai 119 Jatakas 172 Java 253 agricultural involution 264–5 British occupation 196 bronze work in 32, 33 coinage 90 colonial agriculture 204–7, 209 court culture 154–5 crops 19 environment 1–2, 4 fishing 280 housing 276, 277 Japanese occupation (1942–5) 330–1 literature 168, 170–1, 174, 400 mystic synthesis 160–3 opium in 201–3 population 6, 10, 261–2, 265, 273–4 railway system 253 rice agriculture 15 trade in livestock 20 trade missions 67–8 wayang (theater) 161, 171 women 269, 270 Java War 261–2, 273 Java-Bali culture 43–5 “Java-man” 6 Javanese 157, 175, 237, 400 Jayavarman VII, of Angkor 41, 42, 55 Jiaozhi 47 Johor 58, 72, 76, 82, 125, 191, 243 coinage 90 firearms 87 sultanate 88

Johor al‐Alam, Sultan of Aceh 242 Jones Act (1916)

(Philippines) 306 Junkceylon see Phuket junks 92–3

Kachin people 12, 222, 247 Kadazan/Dusun 50, 400 Kahar Muzakar 349 Kali Jaga, Sunan 104 Kanaung, Prince 221 Kang Youwei 299 Karen people 12, 49, 96, 119, 175, 222, 238, 247, 344 Kartosuwirjo, S. M. 349 Kayan 50 Kedah 59, 79, 80, 228, 243, 249 coinage 90 Kediri 88, 104, 105 Kelantan 191, 243, 249 Kendari 235 Kenyah people 50 Kertanagara 43, 44 Khin Kyi, Daw 336 Khmer 40–2, 83, 157, 175

ethnic nationalism 313–14 Khrushchev, Nikita 370 Khuang Aphaiwong 336 Khun Chang Khun Phaen 169 Ki Bagus Hadikusumo 328 Ki Hadjar Dewantoro 303

King, George Pocock 233 kingship 40, 359–70 Buddhist 101, 222 Burmese 219–24 Confucian 224–7 “gateway” 219, 227, 231, 236 “protected” 227–9, 243, 359–64 Malay 228–9, 242–4, 359 Thai 214–19, 246–7, 367–70 see also queens

Kinwun Mingyi 222, 223 Kon Tum 238

Korean War 351

Kota China (Sumatra) 46 Kota Gede (Yogyakarta) 84 KPM (Royal Packet Company) 252–1 Kuala Kurau 280 Kuala Lumpur 243, 383, 405, 414 Kublai Khan 43, 81 Kubu 12

Kuo Min Tang (KMT) 308 Kupang 245 Kuta 383 Kyaukse 100 La Galigo epic 172 Lai Teck 334 Lamri (Sumatra) 70, 103 Lan Na 9, 14,

see also Chiang Mai Lancaster, James 114 Lange, Mads 233 Langkasuka 16

Langkat (East Sumatra) 360 Langkawi 383 languages 130, 171–2, 255, 394–400, 418–19 spread with agriculture 10–13 commerce and 91–2 modernity and 397 print 305

see also under individual languages

Lanxang kingdom 166, see also Vientiane

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Laos 360, 365–6, elections 349

independence 255–6, 365 Thai-French conflict

over 248–9 see also Lanxiang Larantuka (Flores) 164 Lashio 253 Latief, Colonel 355 Laurel, José P. 327, 328, 330 Lava, Jesus 335 Lê Dynasty 180 Lê Lợi 86 Lê Quy Don 169 172 Lê Thánh Tông 178, 179 Lê Văn Duyệt 225, 226 Lê Văn Hưu 48 Leach, Edmund 237 Lee Kuan Yew 349, 362,

373, 374, 391, 399, 401, 414

Legazpi see López Lenin, V.I. 300

Leonowens, Anna 217, 268 Leube Dapa 197

Lifao (Timor) 164

life expectancy 263, 379, 382 Lim Boon Keng, Dr 299,

303, 398 Linyi 16 Lisbon 71 literacy 51, 100, 163, 166, 171, 394–5, 397, 400, 409 literature 168–9, 168–74, 400 livestock 19–21 Lombok 44 Lon Nol 357, 367 London Treaty (1824) 206 Lopes de Sequeira, Diogo 127 López de Legazpi, Miguel

de 72, 121 López, Eugenio 208 Louis XIV of France 140,

218 Loyola, Ignatius 111 Luang Prabang 53, 99, 119, 166, 229, 248, 289, 365 French/Siamese partition 365 Lubis, Mochtar 395 Lukman, M.H. 340 Lumière Brothers 292 Luzon people 8, 114, 146, 253 Ly Dynasty 48 Ma Huan 102, 115 Mac Cuu 185 Macao 121, 245 Macapagal‐Arroyo, Gloria 318 MacArthur, General Douglas 324

MacMichael, Sir Harold 361 Madrid Protocol (1885) 244 Madura, trade in

livestock 20 Mae Khwe 170

Maeda, Admiral Tadashi 329 Magellan, Fernão 72 Magindanao 235 Magsaysay, Ramon 335 Mahabharata 161, 172 Mahathir Mohamad, Dr 345, 364, 404, 406 Mahayana Buddhism 37, 38, 41, 45, 47, 96, 98 Mahieu, Auguste 291 Mahmud, Sultan 232 Majapahit 39, 43, 44, 45, 88, 47, 104 Makassar 10, 72, 82, 83, 84, 89, 125, 146, 152, 164, 235, 252 coinage 90 “enlightenment” 135–8 fall 162 firearms 87 religion 110–11 spice trade 155 Makassarese 10, 163 Malacca see Melaka Malay

ethnic nationalism 313–14 literature in 163, 174–5 loss of sovereignty 361 Malay Film Productions (Singapore) 293 Malay language 171, 237, 255 Malay Reservations Enactment (1913) 284 Malaya

Cold War and 334–5 rice growing 15 Malaya/Malaysia idea of nationhood 345–6 postwar elections 349 Malayan Chinese Association 362 Malayan Communist Party 301, 334–5 Malayan Indian Congress 362 Malayan Union 361 Malaysia 241 economic success 374–5 formation of 362–3 indigenous peoples 409 privileges of rulers 364 puritanism in 402 school system 398–9 Maluku (Moluccas) 13, 44, 68, 70, 82, 109, 236, 237, 241 women in 127 Mandalay 85, 220, 222, 223, 247, 248, 253, 265 British conquest of 250 population 265 Mangrai 52, 99 Manila 63, 66, 73, 86, 265 anti-Chinese pogroms 189 British occupation 196 Chinese trade 121–3, 148 destruction (1945) 322 docks 253 earthquake (1645) 151 environmental risk 386 housing 277 Japanese trade 122 population 10, 152 tobacco 203–4 women in 126

Mansur Shah, Sultan Ala’ad‐ din, of Aceh 231 Manuel I, King 120, 134 Mao Zedong 370, 391

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Marco Polo 46, 69 Marcos, Ferdinand 288, 358–9, 366, 387, 407 Marcos, Imelda 358 Marks, John 220 Martaban 86 Marx, Karl 300 Marxism 268, 302, 392 Masjumi 331 Mataram (Java) 6, 17, 31, 62, 82, 107, 118, 146 gunpowder empire 87 Matoaya, Karaeng, of Tallo’ 85, 110, 136, 155 Maurits, Prince 140 Mayréna, Marie‐Charles de 238 meat consumption 19–21, 279 Mecca, pilgrimage to 111, 134, 163, 230, 232, 402 Mechai Viravaidya 384 Medina 230 Megawati Sukarnoputri 318 Mejid I, Ottoman Sultan 231 Mekkaya, Prince 220 Mekong 101, 248–9 Melaka (Malacca) 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 86, 106, 125, 242 Acehnese attack on 108, 109 British occupation 196 coinage 90 dress in 130 firearms in 87 languages in 105 missionaries in 111 population 10 Portuguese conquest (1511) 120, 121, 145 women in 126, 127 Melayu (Sumatra) 47 Mendes, Francisco 136 middle class, absence

of 266–8 rise of 375–6 migration 9 Chinese 121, 122–3, 210, 215, 267 Indian 307, 317 Millenarianism 238–9, 320, 392, 408 Minangkabau 46, 172, 175 Minbu 100 Mindanao 235, 236, 253 Mindon, King of Burma 220–2 Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 28, 58, 66, 74, 86, 123, 125, 177 fall of 143, 144, 148 Minh Ma_{̣ng, King of Viet}

Nam 187–8, 224–6, 227

mining 79–80, 191–5 Mirrors of Princes genre

(Mirat al‐Muluk) 141 Missionaries, Christian

111–13, 238–9, 247 mobile phones 406–7 modernity 276–94, 295–318

see also Early modernity; High modernity. Modigliani, Elio 238 Mogaung 51 Molina, Titar 292 Mon (Pegu) 90, 146, 152–3, 175

monarchy, see kingship Mongkut, King of Siam 216–17, 247, 250, 268, 272, 286–7 Mongol empire 27, 28 break-up of 63 monogamy 98 Mook, H.J. van 342 mortality rate 128–9 Moulmein 253 Mountbatten, Lord Louis 415 Mrauk‐U (Arakan) 88, 175 muang 51–2, 53 Muara Jambi 35, 46 Muara Takus 35, 46 Muhammadiyah 298, 299, 304, 315, 330 Muna 235 Munshi Abdullah 173, 174 Muscat 72 music 131, 132, 167, 291 Musso 310, 340, 341 Muzong, Emperor 75 Myawadi Mingyi U Sa 170 Myitkina 253 Nagapattinam 40 nagara state form 39–45,

51–2, 53, 55, 84 Nagasaki 121

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) 299, 330–1

Nakhon Sithammarat (Ligor) 46, 59, 79, 215

nam tiến (marching south) 179–83 naming systems 272 Nandabayin, King 153 Nanjing 66

Nanyue 28

Napoleon III, Emperor 227 Napoleonic wars 241 Narai, King of Siam 138,

139, 146, 154, 166, 172

Naresuan, King of Siam 89, 100

Nasution, Colonel A.H. 340 352, 353, 354 national identity 394–400 Natsir, Mohammad 393, 403 Ne Win, General 312, 330,

341, 344, 351–2, 380 Negara Islam Indonesia 349 negeri form of polity 45–7,

76, 85 colonial “protection” of 227–9 Negri Sembilan 243 Negritos (Australo‐ Melanesians) 5, 8, 12 Nehru, Pandit 415, 416 Neo-traditionalism 188, 213, 296 Nepomuceno brothers 292 Netherlands Trading Company (NHM) 206

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New Guinea, partitioning 245–6 newspapers 297–8, 305, 365–6 Nghe An 181 Ngô Đình Diệm 357, 365, 393, 401

Nguyễn Ai Quoc see Ho Chi Minh

Nguyễn Ánh 186, 187 Nguyễn Du: Kim Van Kieu or

“Tale of Kieu,” 169 Nguyễn Dynasty 88 Nguyễn Hoàng 75, 88, 181 Nguyễn Nhạc 186 Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 181 Nguyễn Thái Học 256, 308 Nguyễn Thi Bình 318 Nguyễn Trai 178 Nias Island 117 Nicholas II, Tsar 217 Nicobar Islands 59 Nienhuys, Jacobus 208 NISM 252 Njoto 340, 355 Non‐Government Organizations (NGOs) 407 Norodom of Cambodia, King 227, 229, 248 North Borneo Chartered

Company 244 Nu, U 312, 341, 351–2, 368 Nuku of Tidore, 236–7 Nurcholish Majid 403, 404 Nusantara 44, 241–6, 255, 260, 265, 298, 299, 307, 320, 330 Oc Eo 6, 16, 31 Oei Tiong Ham 275 oil shock (1973) 374, 376 Omar Ali Saifuddin,

Sultan 363 Omar Dhani 355 Ong Boon Hua 334 Ong Kaeo 299

Onn bin Jaafar, Dato 362 opium 199, 200–3 Osmena, Sergio 309 Osoet Pegu 128, 133 Padang 254, 386 British occupation 196 Padang Lawas 35, 46 Pagan 18, 39, 41–3, 46, 62, 64, 149 nagara 55 measures of value in 90 Pagarruyung 46, 230 Pahang 33, 76, 79, 82, 243 sultanate 88 Pajang 109 Palawan bronze casting in 33 Palembang 17, 35, 46, 63, 68, 76, 86, 104, 125, 228, 254 destruction of 156 Pampanga 200 Panduranga 179, 180, 183 Pangkor 280, 383 Panji 172 Papua 236 Pararaton 43 Parlindungan, Mangaradja 102 Partai Nasional Indonesia

(PNI) 310 Pasai (Sumatra) 44, 63, 65, 70, 86, 103, 106, 107 coinage 90 Pasuruan 118 Patani 59, 72, 76, 79, 82, 86, 125, 152, 216, 249 coinage 90 firearms 87 queens 89 sultanate 88 Pathet Lao 357, 365–6, 371 Pattaya 383 Pattinggalloang, Karaeng 85, 136–8, 155 Pavie, August 249 pax neerlandica 206 Payne‐Aldrich law for zero

tariffs 252 peasantization 280 Pegu 63, 65, 76, 82, 83, 107, 149, 152, 175 devastation of 145 gunpowder empires 87 Muslim traders in 103 population 9 trade 86 Penang 199, 252 pepper, trade in 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 144, 147, 197–8 Perak 79, 80, 193, 243 performance culture 289–94

see also drama; theatre Perlak 70, 103

Perlis 243, 249

Phan Bội Châu 297, 308 Phan Huy Chú 224 Phaulkon, Constance 139 Phetracha, King 154 Phetsarath, Prince 365 Phibun Songkhram 287, 311, 312, 323–4, 336, 337, 347, 350–1, 367–8

Philip II, King of Spain 112, 306 Philippines Christianity 111–13, 164–6 cinema 292, 293 climate 2, 7 dictatorship 358–9 dress 130–1, 288 economic transformation 375 education 302–3, 400 environment 1, 151 fisheries 281 housing 277 Japanese occupation (1942–5) 322, 326, 327 music 132 naming system 272 nationalism 309–10 opium 203 population 5–6, 262, 273–4 postwar politics 349–50 rice production 376 sugar industry 207–8, 270–1 textile industry 270 theater/performance in 291

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Philippines (cont’d ) tobacco industry 203–4, 270 trade with US 252 women 271, 317 Phitsanulok 214 Phnom Penh 9, 63, 149, 175, 215, 226 trade in 101 Pho Hien 148 Phu Xuan 186 Phuket (Junkceylon) 79, 191, 192, 383 Pidie (Pedir) 103, 107 Pigneau de Behaine, Pierre 227 pilgrimage 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 111, 163, 230, 274, 298, 383, 402 Pinpin, Tomas 165 Pinto, Mendes 116 piracy 17, 23, 71, 123, 212 Pires, Tomé 76, 116, 148 PKI (Indonesian Communist

Party) 301, 307, 339–41, 355–7 plantations 207–9 Plassey, Battle of (1757) 201 poetry 170–1 Pol Pot 372, 378, 391, 394, 401, 417 polygamy 272, 315 polygyny 126 Ponce, Mariano 297 Pontianak 192, 194 population 6–10, 261–3, 377–8 Portuguese conflict with Muslims 106–7 firearms 87 military mercenaries 87 missionaries 111–12 trade routes 71–2 Pou Komboto 299 poverty 263–6, 272–5, 319–23 Prajadhipok, King of Siam 311

Pramoedya Ananta Toer 395 Pramoj, Seni 336

Prapanca, Mpu 44 Prasat Thong, King of

Siam 154 Prem Tinsulanond, General 368–9 Pridi Banomyong 311, 336–7, 350, 367, 415 prostitution 169, 292, 317, 383–4 Ptolemy 117 Pulau Ketam 280 Punan of Borneo 12 Puritanism 400–5,

see also Islam Purwasastra: Babad

Balambangan 173 Pyu civilization 27–8, 90 Qadariyyah Sufi order 160 Quang Nam 181

Quanzhou 48, 64, 65, 86, 102

Qudrat, Sultan 112 queens, preference for

89–90, 159–60 Quezón, Manuel 309, 316 Qutb, Sayyid 403 Quy Nhon 186, 187 Raden Patah 104 Raffles, Thomas Stamford 205, 241–2, 373, 374 railways 211, 223, 251, 253–4, 322 Rajapatni 44 Rajaratnam, Sinnapah 418 Ram Khamhaeng, King

52, 99

Rama I of Siam 173, 215 Rama III, King of Siam 216 Rama V (Chulalongkorn), King of Siam 217–18, 220, 221, 222, 229, 247, 248–9, 256, 270, 272, 287, 311 Ramadhipati 101 Ramayana 43, 161, 172 Ramlee, P. 293 Ramos, Fidel 359 Ramos, Narciso 418 Ranggawarsita 171

“Book of Kings” (Pustaka Raja). 173

Rangoon 153, 222, 253, 265 prostitution in 317 Raniri, Nuru’d‐ din ar‐

159–60

Bustan as‐Salatin (Garden of Sultans) 141 regionalism 414–19 Rejang 46 religion 97–8 modernism and 393 women and 158–9 see also under individual

religions

religious revolution 96–106, 113, 114, 171 revenue farming 202–3 revolution 87, 107, 146, 149

15th century in Dai Viet 177–9 European and American 196, 299–300 Southeast Asian 331–46 Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 196, 198, 202 Reyes, Severino 291 Rhenische Mission to Sumatra 238 Rhodes, Alexandre de 134–5, 136 Riau 191, 192, 194, 228 Riau‐Johor 89 rice

aids population and state-forming 11, 13–15, 49, 50

cultivation 3–4, 8, 209–11, 376

and disease 278–9 language families and 11 terraces 116–17 rituals 131, 168 death 97 religious 97–8 Rizal, José 271, 296, 309 road networks 254 Rockefeller Foundation 376

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Ronquillo, Governor 122 Roxas, Manuel 327 rubber 274–5

Rumphius (Georg Eberhard Rumpf) 129, 133 Russian Revolution 301 Ryukyu (Okinawa) 66–7, 75 Sabatier, Léopold 259 sago 18, 19 Saigon 186, 248, 254 growth 190 housing 277 Salazar, Bishop 122 salt 279–80 Sangermano, Bishop 119 sangha (monkhood) 35, 53, 99, 100–1, 119, 166–7, 173–4, 217, 222, 224, 368 Sanjaya, King 36 Sanskrit 16, 34–40 Santoso, Maria Ulfah 288,

317 Sanur, Bali 383 Saragossa, Treaty of (1529) 72 Sarawak 243 cessation of sovereignty 361 Sarekat Islam 300, 301, 315 Sarekat Islam Conference

(1917) 302 Sarit Thannarat, Field

Marshall 351, 368, 376, 387

Sarraut, Albert 306 Sasak people, Lombok 172 “savage”/“civilized” dichotomy 53, 114–19 Sayf al‐Rijal 160 Selangor 79, 80, 243 loss of sovereignty 360 Selim II, Ottoman

Sultan 109, 133 Semang people 6 Semarang 253 Semaun 300, 301 Senopati, Panembahan 109–10 September 11, 2001 404 Serrão, Francisco 127 Shaivism 36, 38, 39–45, 51, 54, 55, 101, 167 shamanism 97 Shamsud‐din al‐ Samatrani 114, 159 Shan people 13, 51, 175, 222, 237–8 Sharafs, Gujarati 65 Shatariyya Sufi order 160 Shaw Brothers films 293 Shinawatra, Yingluck 318 Shinsawbu, Queen 86, 100 shipping 62–73, 80–2, 92–3, 144–5 Chinese 65–9, 75–6, 81, 188–90 Muslim 69–71, 106 Portuguese 71–2, 106–7 Shiva, see Shaivism Siak, Sumatra 200, 228 Siam 67, 200 boundary with Burma 246–9 Buddhism in 166–7 Burmese conquest of 9, 214 Christianity in 164 “civilized” status 214–19 coinage 90 literature 169–70, 173–4 migrants into 215 naming system 272 opium 201 polygamy 272 rice exports 209–10 sugar export 200 theatre of state in 140 trade 103, 153–4 transport 254 women 270 see also Thailand Sidayu 84 Siemreap 248, 249 Sihanouk, King Norodom 322, 347, 349, 357, 360, 366–7, 373 silk road 58 silver mining 74, 191 trade 144 Simatupang, Colonel T.B. 340, 352 Singamangaradja XII, Batak

priest-king 239 Singapore 252, 265 combating corruption 388 economic success 374, 388, 414 enters ASEAN 416–7 housing transformation 391 independence through Malaysia 345–6, 349, 362–3 opium 203 school system 398–9 trade 200 tourism 383 Singh, Karpal 364 Sino‐Viet Nam war

(1978) 378 Sisavang Vatthana, King of

Laos 366 Sisavong Vong, King of

Laos 365 Siti Jenar 103, 104 Sjahrir, Sutan 310, 334, 339, 340, 373, 415 Sjam 357 slavery 22, 23, 53, 115, 124, 132, 216, 239 Sneevliet, Hendricus 300 Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan 244 Soe, Thakin 335 Soepomo, Professor 329 Soewardi Soerjaningrat (later

Ki Hadjar

Dewantoro) 287, 300, 304, 306

Solor 120, 164

Son Ngoc Thanh 349, 366 Song Dynasty (960–1279)

28, 39, 58, 62–3, 64, 74

Sophonpanich, Chin (Tan Piak Chin) 275 Soumokil, Dr 343

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Souphanouvong, Prince 365 Southeast Asia Command

(SEAC) 415 Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization (SEATO) 416 Southeast Asian religion

97–8 Souvanna Phouma,

Prince 357, 365 sovereign space 256–9, 390 Spanish trade routes 72–3 Spanish-American War (1896) 296 spices, trade in 70–1, 72–5, 77, 144, 146–7, 155, 196, 245 sport 416 Sri Lanka 64 Buddhism 168 historical sources 173 Sriwijaya 6, 31, 35, 39, 40, 58 Buddhism in 35 trade 17 Stalin, Josef 307, 335, 370 statelessness 27, 115, 118, 176, 237–9, 256–9 Sudirman, General 330, 340, 352, 355 Sufism, see Islam, mysticism sugar industry 79, 200,

270–1

Suharto, Major General, later President 330, 355, 356, 357, 359, 364, 374, 375, 376, 380, 387, 394, 395, 398, 402, 403, 404, 410 suicide 234–5 Sukarno, President 288, 310, 328, 329–30, 339–40, 341, 343, 347, 348, 352–7, 366, 373, 375, 392, 393, 402, 416 Sukhothai 52, 99, 149 Sulawesi highland populations 117–18, 262 meat 20

Suleiman “the Magnificent”, Ottoman Sultan 108 Sulu 66, 76, 190–1, 235, 236, 253 Sumatra 76 bronze work in 32, 33 Buddhism 46–7 conflict with Java 46 environment 1–2 gold 34 highland populations 15, 262 Islamic reform in 230–3 Sumatra Treaty (1871) 232, 243 Sumba 20 Sumbawa 33 livestock trade 20 Sun Yat Sen 299, 307 Sundanese people 118, 172, 175 Sungei Ujung 193 Supalayat, Queen 223 Surabaya 10, 68, 82, 88, 145, 154, 252, 253 Surakarta 84,171, 265, 289 “Renaissance” 170 Surat, India 94 Surat Thani 254 Surinyavongsa, King 166 surnames, imposition of 272 Sutasoma 45 Syriam 86, 153 Tabinshweihti, King of Toungoo 87 Tagalog language 175, 397 Taha of Jambi, Sultan 232 Tai 11, 83

see also Shan; Thai Taiwan 27

Taksin, King Phaya 172–3, 186, 189, 190, 214–15 Takuapa 64

Tallo’, Sulawesi 89, 135 Taman Siswa school

movement 304 Tamil

language 399–400 migrants in Malaya 209 traders 64

Tan Kah Kee 398

Tan Malaka 301, 339, 340, 393

Tan Piak Chin 275

Tang Dynasty (618–907) 28, 39 Tanjung Priok 252 Tantular, Mpu 44, 45 taro 18–19 Taruc, Luis 335 Tay Son rebels 186, 187 tea 282 tectonics 7, 55 telegraph 251 television 396 Tembayat, Java 161 Tenasserim 70, 241 Ternate 63, 70, 72, 105, 106, 120, 235, 236, 237, 245 Terqa 62 textiles trade 60–1, 270 women and 270–1 Thai 157 language 237 monarchy 214–19, 367–70 Thailand army 350–1 Chinese schools 398 democracy 349 dress 287 economic transformation 375 Japanese period (1941–5) 322, 323–5, 336–7, 360 nationalism 311 tourism 384 wartime expansion 325 see also Siam

Thaksin Shinawatra 368 Thalun 153

Thanat Khoman 418 Thang Long (Hanoi) 48, 82,

84, 85, 186, 187 Thanom Kittikachorn, General 351 Thaton 173 theater 131–2, 161, 169–70, 289–92

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“theater state” 140–1 Thein Sein, General 380 Theravada Buddhism 13, 19, 20, 29, 37, 51, 52, 53, 55, 63, 86, 89, 96, 98–101, 113, 119, 154, 166, 167, 213, 219, 222, 238, 247, 249

Thibaw, King of Burma 222, 223, 248

Thieu‐Tri 226

Thio Thiau Siat (Chang Pi‐shih) 203 Thonburi 214 Thuan Hoa 181 Tidore 70, 72, 105, 235, 245 Tientsin, Treaty of 251 Tilokaraja, King 99 Timor 33, 120, 245 tin 79, 192–3

Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan 304 Tirto Adhi Soerjo 297 Tjipto Mangunkusumo 300, 303, 306 Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S. 300, 310 tobacco 200, 203–4, 270, 282–4 Tōjō, Hideki 328 Tongking (Red River

Delta) 28, 88, 183, 188, 224

disease and mortality 274 dyke-building in 28 French conquest of 251 housing 276 Tonle Sap 101 Torajans (Sulawesi) 49, 96, 117–18 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494) 240 Tourism 235, 254, 289, 381, 383–4, 394, 409 Tra Kieu 16 trade 16–17, 39–40, 44, 76–80, 199–200 ceramics 61 Chinese 65–9, 75–6, 81, 188–90 cities and 81–5 Indian 63–5 integration of markets 62–3

land and sea routes 57–9, 60 livestock 20 metals 61–2 Muslim 69–71, 106 organization 85–95 Portuguese 71–2, 106–7 profitability of 144–9 specialized production 59–62 textiles 60–1 Trailok, King 99 Tran Dynasty 48 Tran Van Giau 415 Trang 46, 59 Trenggana, Sultan 104–5, 109 Trengganu 33, 191, 192, 193, 194, 200, 228, 243, 249 Trimurti, S.K. 317 Trinh Dynasty 88 Tri_{̣nh Trang 135} Truong Chinh 370, 371 tsunamis 7, 151, 196 1674 129 2004 2, 55, 151, 421 Tự Đức, King 227, 251, 289

Tuanku nan Renceh 230 Tuban 63, 68, 84, 88, 145 Tunijallo’, King of Gowa 85 Tunipalangga, King 85 Turkey, Ottoman

alliance with Aceh 87, 109, 231–2 influence in Southeast Asia 133–4, 229, 230–1 intervention in Indian Ocean 106–9, 133 typhoons 7

U Kala: “Great Royal Chronicle” 172 U Ottama 307 Udayana 43 Un Huan 52, 53

United Malays National Organization (UMNO) 361–2 United States of America

administration of Philippines 273–4, 303 Civil War 270 diplomacy 341 films 292–3 military involvement 322, 323–4, 350–1, 357–9 shipping 197–8 Unkham, King 229 Untung, Lt Col 354, 355 urbanization 265, 401

see also cities; de-urbanization Urdaneta, Fr Andres de 112 Uttaradit 254 Utto, Datu 236 Vajiravudh, King 272, 311 Van Don 148 Vasco da Gama 71, 106 Venice, trade 70–1

vernacular cultural turn 158 Victoria, Queen 229 Vientiane 99, 149, 166, 175, 215 Viet people 175 expansion 179–83 population 9 Viet Nam 185–8, 200 Confucianism and 224–7 declaration of independence (1945) 332, 333

disease and mortality 273 economy 378–9 French conquest 211, 251 hostility to Christianity 225–6 Japanese surrender (1945) 338 Nguyễn regime 185–8, 224–7 opium ban 201

see also Dai Viet, Indochina Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang

(VNQDD) 308 Viet Nam War 366, 390

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Vietnamese

ceramic export 86 language 157, 237 literature 169 Vijaya (Quy Nhon) 45

fall of 179 Vijayanagar 109

Visayan Islands 115, 397 crops 19

Vliet, Jeremias van 100, 128, 133 Võ Nguyên Giáp 338 VOC 77, 101, 123, 124, 125, 128, 136, 142, 143, 145–7, 154, 155, 198, 201, 241, 245 volcanic soils 1, 4, 208 volcanoes, eruptions of 55, 150–1 Billy Mitchell 159 Kanlaon 8 Krakatau (1883) 7, 150, 262 Pinatubo (1992) 8, 384 Rinjani (Lombok) (1257) 54 Tambora (1815) 7, 150, 233, 262 Wahhabis 230 Wahid, Abdurrahman 403, 404 Wajo’, Sulawesi 138 Wallace, Alfred Russell 237

Wan Waithayakon 328 Wang Jingwei 328 water 281–2

wayang kulit (Java shadow theatre) 131, 161, 168, 171

Wazir Jahan Karim 316 wealth 21–2 Westphalia 240, 250–1 Wichit Wathakan, Luang 311–12, 315 Winsemius, Albert 373 women as cultural mediators 125–9 dress 183 economic autonomy 24, 317–18, 383–4 labor 21–3, 269, 270–1 life expectancy 382 modernity and 314–18 property 24, 183 religion and 98 roles of 24–5, 129 rule 159–60,

see also queens subordination of 268–72 in textile industry 270–1 as traders 25–6 Wong Brothers 293–4 World Bank 376 World Health Organization 283

World War One 246, 247, 252, 299 written culture 49–51, 113–14, 134–5 Xavier, Francis 111 Xiamen (Amoy) 125 yams 18, 19 Yani, Achmad 354 Yao people 50 Yap Gwan Thay 291 Ye 86

Yi Jing 35

Yogyakarta 17, 109, 161, 289

Yosadharapura 40 Yotfa see Rama I Young Men’s Buddhist

Association (YMBA) 288, 315, 307 Yuan Dynasty 28, 74 Yunnan 32, 191, 248 mining in 58 Yusuf of Makassar, Sheikh 160, 163 Zarzuela 291 Zhang Jinghui 328 Zheng family 148 Zheng He 70 Zhou Daguan 53, 55, 99, 115 Zhou Enlai 367, 371, 416