Name________________________________Period_______________Date_______________
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17
Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise,
1877-1900
A. True-False
Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immediately below. __ 1. In 1856, an American inventor John Murray Forbes designed a furnace, the Forbes converter that
refined raw pig iron into an essentially new product steel.
__ 2. Steam engines became the leading energy source as industries previously used water power have now converted to steam.
__ 3. Railroad companies were funded by free enterprise which allowed for investors and corporations to give large amounts of money to construct.
__ 4. Many railroads were saddled with minor debts and about a mere 5% failed to pay interest even in a flourishing year like 1889.
__ 5. Stromile Swift, a Chicago cattle dealer built a network of branch houses and a fleet of delivery wagons to sell his chilled meat.
__ 6. Rockefeller had a sharp eye for able partners, genius for finance, and strong nerves on betting on the industry’s future.
__ 7. In the late 1800s, pioneers such as John Wanamaker developed the department store which later led to brand names and bill-board cluttered urban landscapes.
__ 8. About a hundred of the largest companies controlled about a third of the nation’s total productive capacity which eliminated many small manufacturers.
__ 9. To attract southern laborers, many mill wages had to exceed farm earnings by large amounts.
__ 10. The sources of immigration began to shift by the early 20th century from southern and eastern Europe
to immigrants from western Europe.
__ 11. The roles of wives remained the same in the late 19th century as fewer than 5% worked outside the
home in comparison to African American wives as 30% worked for wages.
__ 12. In the shop many workers abided to a stint, which was a self-imposed limit on how much they will produce.
__ 13. To get the maximum work from individual workers, Taylor suggested two reforms: eliminate the brain at work and to give authority to workers on the shop floor.
__ 14. The Knights of Labor main objective was to appeal to the fraternal spirit of 19th century workers.
__ 15. Trade unionism tended to the needs of everyday life for workers, by keeping out higher-wage and competent workers.
__ 16. Pure-and-simple unionism focused mainly on the work place where workers held a large amount of power.
__ 17. Haymarket affair started in protests by local anarchist that soon led to several casualties including policeman.
__ 18. Carnegie feared that his skilled workers would be replaced by advanced machinery.
__ 19. Pullman cut wages but not government housing when business fell off during the economic depression.
__ 20. Due to the powerful new corporations taking over, miner wages began to drop causing a violent turn.
B. Multiple Choice
Select the best answer and write the proper letter in the space provided ___ 21. New construction materials known as capital goods
a. allowed national productivity to increase b. slowed the technological revolution c. made hands on labor more difficult d. were only used by farmers
___22. The famous steel manufacturer from Europe was a. Henry Bessemer
b. John D. Rockefeller c. Eugene V. Debs d. Andrew Carnegie
___23. Railroads were financed by all of the following except a. United States government
b. labor unions c. private inverstors d. the states
___24. All of the following helped to perfect the railway system except a. time zones
b. piled debts
c. a standard track gauge d. fast freight firms
a. herding cattle to the east coast b. smoking the freshly cut meat
c. investing in a fleet of refrigerator cars d. overfeeding the cattle
___26. John D. Rockefeller shut down competition by a. greatly decreasing oil prices
b. causing labor unrest in oil firms c. blackmailing corporations d. asking them to sell out politely
___27. Mass marketing did not led to which of the following a. identical goods from catalogs
b. allowed standardized goods to be universally welcomed c. the department store
d. advertisements in newspapers and magazines
___28. Effective management was achieved through a. stricter regulations
b. the construction of railroads c. decreasing the flow of trade d. departmentalized control
___29. White collar jobs had a heavy concentration of a. men
b. immigrants c. children d. women
___30. Sources of immigration in the early 20th century shifted to
a. southeaster Europe b. Latin America c. Western Europe d. Northern Europe
___31. When older women worked it was thought that a. they decided to make money for themselves b. something had happened to her husband c. she was bored from domestic work d. forced to by her husband
___32. In the late 1800’s, most craft workers a. disrespected each other b. were very selfish and unethical c. worked side by side with women
d. a common sense of brotherhood and dignity
a. the stopwatch standard.
b. the amount of hours put in the work area. c. the difficulty of labor required.
d. their ethnic group.
___ 34. The Knights of Labor believed that American society would transform into a cooperative commonwealth if
a. unions accepted both skilled and unskilled workers
b. factories and shops were owned and ran by the employees. c. higher wages were offered to the laborers.
d. work places were limited to a single ethnic group. ___ 35. All of the following are true about closed shops except a. they were open to unskilled workers
b. they kept out lower-wage workers c. they did not allow incompetent workers d. they reserved all jobs for union members
___ 36. In December of 1886, the national trade unions formed the a. American Railway Union (ARU).
b. International Typographical Union. c. Knights of Labor.
d. American Federation of Labor (AFL).
___ 37. The defeat at Homestead marked the beginning of the end of a. unskilled laborers.
b. community laborers. c. 60-hour work weeks.
d. trade unions in the steel industry. ___ 38. The Haymarket affair was incited by a. socialists.
b. anarchists. c. populists. d. unionists.
___ 39. The Great Pullman Boycott failed a. due to a lack of leadership.
b. because of the American Railway Union’s (ARU) interference. c. when the government interfered and began to jail the strikers. d. when George Pullman failed to set an organization date. ___ 40. Eugene V. Debs left his post to join an industrial union, a union
a. opposed to membership of women workers.
b. that is open to all railroad workers regardless of skill. c. that offered higher wages.
d. accepting only skilled labor.
Supply the correct identification for each numbered description
________ 41. Method created by Frederick W. Taylor that applied an engineer’s approach to the labor force.
________ 42. The “de-skilling” of the labor force popularized by Henry Ford. ________ 43. Leader of AFL who was a former cigar maker.
________ 44. Contracts that employers forced employees to sign to pledge not to join any labor organizations
________ 45. Strike that occurred in Pennsylvania at one of Andrew Carnegie’s steel mill. ________ 46. Term for goods that add to the nations productive capacity.
________ 47.Term for investors risking only their own money and not being liable for debt of the railroad. ________ 48. Railroad promoter, who although was a financial manipulator, also forced down rates by
putting his weak railroads against better established operations
________ 49. Enterprise created by Gustavus Swift that stressed handling all the functions of the industry. ________ 50. Economic condition where a specific market is dominated by a few people
________ 51. Firm operated by John D. Rockefeller that controlled 95% of the country’s refining capacity. ________ 52. Type of job where skills deal more with language and literacy then actual industrial skills. ________ 53. A self imposed limit on how much workers would produce each day.
________ 54. Nickname for Pittsburgh foremen who were known for driving their gangs mercilessly. ________ 55. Labor union that originally started as a secret society and then became popular by having a
spirit of comradeship.
________ 56. A type of boycott where force is applied to a second party to bring pressure on a primary target.
________ 57. Union that protected miners out west whose president Ed Boyce in 1897 called for members to arm themselves.
________ 58. Brand of workers radicalism that has a new society forming by workers through their industrial unions.
________ 59. Term used to describe places in eastern cities where cattle were sent and slaughtered. ________ 60. Slur used to describe the types of jobs immigrants such as Poles, Slovaks, and other ethnic
Slavs would take.
Match the person, place, or event in the left column with the proper description in the right column by inserting the correct letter on the blank line.
___ 61. George Westinghouse A. Incident that greatly set back the trade unions
___ 62. The South B. Area where new immigrants came from seeking labor work.
___ 63. Women C. The main working group in the white-collar sector ___ 64. Samuel Gompers D. Leader of the American Railway Union
___ 65. Lowel Massachusetts E. Pioneer who created the department store
___ 66. Wobblies F. Organization opened to a vast majority of laborers ___ 67. Daniel De Leon G. Name given to the Industrial Workers of the World
members
___ 68. Henry Bessemer H. British Inventor who designed a furnace that refined iron into steel
___ 69. John Wanamaker I. Champion railroad builder famous for the construction of the Great Northern, the best of the transcontinental ailroads
___ 70. John D. Rockefeller J. Region Where the natural resource industry flourished ___ 71. Haymarket Affair K. Cleveland grain dealer who became quickly interested in
the oil business
___ 72. James J. Hill L. Born in Scotland, a successful manufacturer who used the Bessemer converter as his centerpiece
___ 73. Gustavus Swift M. Inventor who successfully perfected the automatic coupler and other railroad necessities
___ 74. Eugene V. Debs N. Incident where a group of anarchists met but were broken up when a bomb went off.
___ 75. Andrew Carnegie O. Dogmatic Socialist party head who was revolted against after a long period of disarray
___ 76. Daniel C. McCallum P. Investor who circled his enterprise around the method of “Vertical Integration”
___ 77. Fredrick W. Taylor Q. Man who greatly contributed to the idea of “Middle Management:”
___ 78. Homestead Strike R. Dutch-Jewish labor leader who created the doctrine called “pure-and-simple” unionism
___ 79. Knights of Labor S. Site where a mechanist refused to work due to harsh regulations
___ 80. Southeast Europe T. Brilliant Pioneer who used his method of “Scientific Management”
Match the historical cause in the left column with the proper effect in the right column by writing the correct letter on the line.
Cause
Effect
___1. Investment bankers who came in A. The AFL became Americas most popular when railroads failed. Union but relegates women and blacks to
second class organizations. ___2.Wrought Iron is expensive because B. Standardized products come first into it is only produced by a few. effect.
___3.Steam engines gain in popularity in C. Output of manufacturing increases by the post-Civil War years. 150% over the next 15 years. ___4. New industries such as the railroad D. Henry Bessemer designs the furnace require locomotives while cities need that refined raw pig iron into steel. trolleys and sanitation systems.
___5. Americans demand year round, on E. Daniel McCallum stresses the
time transportation services. importance of having a system that will have them control widespread activities. ___6. The width of rails vary greatly and F. Industries psychology becomes further terminal point railroads are not connected. studied to get “better” labor from workers. ___7. A managerial crisis over takes the trunk G. Many Southern and Eastern European lines which are 500 miles long as they worry immigrants migrate to the United States. about how this big a system is unprecedented.
___8. Automatic coupler, air brake, and friction H. Leads to his enterprise of vertical gear are created. integration.
___9. Population increases from 40 million in 1870 I. Cost per ton-mile falls by 50% percent. to 60 million in 1890 as cities increase in size.
___10. A low wage industrial sector emerges in the South J. Its creation starts the trend of replacing after Reconstruction. iron mills with steel ones.
___11. European agriculture becomes commercialized and K. Persuaded investors to accept lower peasant economies fail. lower interest rates or put more money. ___12. Many independent working Americans are unable to L. Create a standard track gauge ( 4 feet, attain success because individuals are not able to 8 ½ inches) that is adopted immediately. compete with corporations.
___13. Scientific management fails as workers are resist M. The Knights of Labor form to help every job-analysis such as the time and motion study. citizen be economically independent. ___14. The Knights of Labor falls apart after the Haymarket N. The need of capital goods becomes Square incident. evident to help the productive capacity
of the nation.
___15. Workers in Pullman boycott due to cut wages but O. The Pullman strike is crushed thanks to not rent and employ secondary labor boycott tactics. the governments helping of the railroads. ___16. The Great Strike of 1877 ends and recovery comes P. Rail roads begin to increase in popularity
within months. as tracks are built on the east coast. ___17. Andrew Carnegie builds a massive steel mill outside Q. Textile mills in the South pay extremely of Pittsburgh. Low wages but have 40% lower labor costs. ___18. Swift perfects the refrigerator car which allows his R. Coal production doubles every decade meat to travel further distances. after 1870, exceeding 400 million yearly by
1910.
___19. John D. Rockefeller borrows heavily to expand his S. Companies begin spending money on capacity in business. advertising, reaching $90 million alone
in 1900.
___20. Geographic mobility ends Americans preference for T. The firm Standard Oil goes on to ends up local products. nearly taking over the entire market of oil.
Answers
Identification
41. scientific management 42. mass production 43. Samuel Gompers 44. Yellow Dog Contracts 45. The Homestead Strike 46. Capital Goods
47. Limited Liability 48. Jay Gould
49. Vertical Integration Firm 50. Oligopoly
51. Standard Oil 52. White Collar 53. Stint 54. Pushers
55. Knights of Labor
56. Secondary Labor Boycott 57. Western Federation of Miners 58. Syndicalism
59. Butchertowns 60. Hunky jobs
Matching People, Places,
and events
61. M 62. J 63. C 64. R 65. S 66. G 67. O 68. H 69. E 70. K 71. N 72. I 73. P 74. D 75. L 76. Q 77. T 78. A 79. F 80. BMatching Cause and
Effect
1.K 2.D 3.R 4.N 5.P 6.L 7.E 8.I 9.B 10.Q 11.G 12.M 13.F 14.A 15.O 16.C 17.J 18.H 19.T 20.STrue and False
1. F2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. F 14. T 15. F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T
Multiple choice
21. A22. D 23. B 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. A 36. D 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. B
