3.2_Organic Compouds

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In this unit, we look at the composition of

biological organisms!!

• _{Task #1: Make a table with 5 rows and three} columns. Across the top, label: Type of

Biomolecule, Elements, and Function.

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Biomolecules – What are the 4 main types of

biomolecules?

Carbohydrates

http://www.palaeos.com/Fungi/FPieces/CellWall.html

Lipids (fats and oils)

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Protein

http://biosciences-people.bham.ac.uk/About/ staff_profiles_research.asp?ID=88

Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

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3.2.1 Distinguish between

organic and

inorganic compounds.

• _{All organic compounds contain carbon and are found}

in living critters!

• Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, Sucrose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, lipids, proteins, DNA, etc. are organic!

• _{The following are NOT organic compounds: Oxides}

(ex: CO₂), Carbonates (ex: Na₂CO₃), and

hydrogencarbonates (bicarbonates) (ex: NaHCO₃)

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Is IT ORGANIC???

• H₂CO₃ • _CO

• C₂₀H₄₂ • C₈H₁₈ • K₂CO₃

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3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose,

ribose and fatty acids from diagrams

showing their structure.

• _{Specific names of amino acids and fatty acids are}

not expected.

• Simple sugars have an empirical formula of CH₂O

• _{Amino Acids have Nitrogen}

• _{Fatty acids have lots of C-H bonds and only a few}

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Amino Acids

• _{This is an amino acid. Notice the nitrogen!}

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Glucose/Ribose

• _{Glucose is shown here in} both ring and linear form.

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Fatty Acids

• _{The top picture}

shows a saturated fatty acid and then an unsaturated.

• _{The bottom shows}

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3.2.3 List three examples each of

monosaccharides, disaccharides and

polysaccharides.

• _{The examples used should be:}

• glucose, galactose and fructose (Mono) • maltose, lactose and sucrose (Di)

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• _{Monosaccharide} (Glucose) • Picture: http://lc.brooklyn.cuny.edu/smarttutor/corc1321/ macromolec.html • _Disaccharide (Sucrose)

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3.2.4 State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and

cellulose in plants.

• _{Glucose: Used to make ATP in aerobic cell respiration} • _{Lactose: Energy source found in milk.}

• _{Glycogen: Used for storage of energy in muscles and}

liver

• _{Fructose: Energy supply found in fruit and nectar} • _{Sucrose: Energy source found in sugar cane that}

flows in the plant’s phloem

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Making Larger Molecules:

• _{In order to create waxes, steroids, proteins,} and polysaccharides, smaller building blocks need to get stuck together to make the larger molecule…

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• _{3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and} hydrolysis in the relationships between

monosaccharides, disaccharides and

polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides.

• _{This can be dealt with using equations with} words or chemical formulas.

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Hydrolysis/Condensation Reactions

• _{HYDROLYSIS: A LARGE MOLECULE COMBINES WITH}

WATER TO MAKE TWO SMALLER MOLECULES.

• _{Protein + Waters} Amino Acids

• _{Lipid + Waters}__{Fatty Acids + Glycerol}

• _{Polysaccharides + Waters}__{Monosaccharides} • _{CONDENSATION REACTIONS: TWO (OR MORE)}

SMALLER MOLECULES ARE COMBINED TO MAKE A LARGER MOLECULE AND WATER

• _{Amino Acids} Polypeptide + Water

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Lipid Structures

http://blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2005/group3/2005/12/interesterifica.php

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3.2.6 State three functions of lipids.

• _{Energy Storage: Lipids have many C – H bonds. The}

electronegativity of these elements is similar so there is much energy released when the bonds break. As a result, lipids store about twice the energy as

carbohydrates.

• _{Thermal Insulation: Blubber on whales, etc.} • _{Phospholipids: Primary component of plasma}

membrane

• _{Hormones: many made using lipids such as}

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3.2.7 Compare the use of carbohydrates

and lipids in energy storage.

• _{When there is excess glucose,}

condensation synthesis is used to form polysaccharides such as starch and

glycogen.

• _{Starch: Primary energy storage in plant}

cells.

• _{Glycogen: the primary storage of}

energy in animals. It is found in the liver and muscle cells.

• _{4 calories/gram of energy}

• _{Easier to digest and to store than lipids}

• Picture:

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Lipids

• _{Triglycerides are the primary molecule used} for long term energy storage.

• _{Contain about 9 cal/gram or about twice the} energy of carbohydrates (and protein) so they are lighter storage for the same energy

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Protein Structure

• _{When protein is coded for, it is a single strand} of amino acids, yet when complete, you get the fabulous structures of finger nails, rippling biceps, hemoglobin, rhinoceros horns, and the like.

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Peptide Chains

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/proteinstruct.html

• The NH₂ end of the amino acid is known as the N-terminal, while the COOH side is known as the C-terminal. The N-terminal is written on the left, by convention.

• _{The stretch from the N-terminal to the C-terminal}

bonds with adjacent amino acids and becomes the “backbone” of the molecule, while the R group

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Protein Primary structure

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Protein-primary-structure.png

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Secondary Structures

• _{There are twirls and back and forth sheets}

that form in the chain of amino acids that are held together by hydrogen bonds.

• _{They are the secondary structures and begin} to give the protein a three dimensional

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The diagrams and the basic info for this are all largely from:

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Tertiary Structures

• _{This is the manner in}

which the whole

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Di-Sulfide Bridges

• _{Cisteine has an S in the R group. If two Cisteins}

end up next to each other, these can bond together to form a sulfur bridge. This is

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Tertiary Structures, Cont.

• _{How are they held together?}

• _{1 – Ionic interactions – positively charged R groups}

will be attracted to negatively charged ones.

• _{2 – Polar R groups will form hydrogen bonds with}

each other.

• _{3 – Disulfide Bridges – shown above}

• _{4 – van der Waals (dispersion) forces – fluctuating}

dipoles that are temporarily opposite.

• _{5 – Hydrophobic amino acids orient towards the}

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Quaternary Structures

• _{When more than one peptide chain makes up} a protein, this refers to how they all fit

together.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meNEUTn9Atg&feature=related

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The shape of the enzyme determines

function!

• http://www.yellowtang.org/images/lysozyme_enzyme_c_la_784.jpg

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Fibrous and Globular Proteins

• _{Fibrous: long and thin, not water soluble,}

sturdy; examples include collagen (in skin) and keratin (hair and nails).

• _{Globular – Compact, rounded and usually} water soluble; antibodies and enzymes are globular proteins

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In phospholipids, one of the fatty acid chains has been replaced by a phosphate group (http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/

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• _{Know at least three functions of lipids!}

• _{This must include thermal insulation and energy}

storage.

• _{Remember that lipids have twice the energy of}

carbs, and are used for long term energy storage while carbs are more soluble and are used for

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Carbohydrates

• _{Be able to list the following:}

• _{Monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, fructose} • _{Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose}

• _{Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose}

• _{Know the function of glucose, lactose and}