FUNDAMENTALS OF SATELLITE SYSTEMS
WEEK 3
Information
Recommended Study Material:
Book-1: Electronic Communication Systems, By George
Kennedy Book-2: Satellite Communications, By D.C Agarwal
Lecture Notes
FUNDAMENTALS OF SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Topics:
Evolution of Communication Satellites Synchronous Satellites
International Regulation Frequency
coordination and ITU-R
Satellite Frequency Allocations and Band
Spectrum
Overview
Satellite technology has progressed tremendously over the last 50 years since Arthur C. Clarke first proposed its idea in 1945 in his article in Wireless World.
Today, satellite systems can provide a variety of services including broadband communications, audio/video
distribution networks, maritime navigation, worldwide
customer service and support as well as military command and control.
Satellite systems are also expected to play an important role in the emerging 4G global infrastructure providing the wide area coverage necessary for the realization of the
“Optimally Connected Anywhere, Anytime” vision that drives the growth of modern telecom industry.
Evolution of Communication
Satellites
Pioneers in Satellite Communication
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935)
Russian visionary of space flight First described the multi-stage rocket as means of achieving orbit.
Link: The life of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Noordung (1892 - 1929) Postulated the geostationary orbit.
Link: The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor
Arthur C. Clarke (1917 – 19 March 2008)
Postulated the entire concept of international satellite telecommunications from geostationary satellite orbit including coverage, power, services, solar eclipse.
Satellite History Calendar
1957
October 4, 1957: - First satellite - the Russian Sputnik 01 First living creature in space: Sputnik 02
1958
First American satellite: Explorer 01
First telecommunication satellite: This satellite broadcast a taped message: Score
1959
First meteorology satellite: Explorer 07
1960
First successful passive satellite: Echo 1 First successful active satellite: Courier 1B First NASA satellite: Explorer 08
Satellite History Calendar
1962
First
telephone
communication & TV broadcast
via satellite: Echo 1
First telecommunication satellite, first real-time
active, AT&T: Telstar 1
First Canadian satellite: Alouette 1
On 7
thJune 1962 at 7:53p the two-stage rocket;
Rehbar-I was successfully launched from
Sonmiani Rocket Range. It carried a payload of
80 pounds of sodium and soared to about 130
km into the atmosphere. With the launching of
Rehbar-I, Pakistan had the honour of becoming
the third country in Asia and the tenth in the
world to conduct such a launching after USA,
USSR, UK, France, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Japan
and Israel.
Rehbar-II followed a successful launch on 9
thSatellite History Calendar
1963
Real-time active: Telstar 2
1964
Creation of Intelsat
First geostationary satellite, second satellite in stationary orbit: Syncom 3
Satellite History Calendar
1965
Intelsat 1 becomes first commercial comsat: Early Bird First real-time active for USSR: Molniya 1A
1967
First geostationary meteorology payload: ATS 3
1968
First European satellite: ESRO 2B
July 21, 1969: - First man on the moon
1970
First Japanese satellite: Ohsumi
Satellite History Calendar
1971
First UK launched satellite: Prospero
ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications INTELSAT IV Launched
INTERSPUTNIK - Soviet Union equivalent of INTELSAT
formed 1974
First direct broadcasting satellite: ATS 6
1976
MARISAT - First civil maritime communications satellite
Satellite History Calendar
1977
EUTELSAT - European regional satellite
ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications in the Satellite
Service 1979
Satellite History Calendar
1980
INTELSAT V launched - 3 axis stabilized satellite built by
Ford Aerospace 1983
ECS (EUTELSAT 1) launched - built by European
consortium supervised by ESA 1984
UK's UNISAT TV DBS satellite project abandoned First satellite repaired in orbit by the shuttle:
SMM
1985
Satellite History Calendar
1988
First Luxemburg satellite: Astra 1A
1989
INTELSAT VI - one of the last big "spinners" built by
Hughes
Creation of Panamsat - Begins Service
On 16 July 1990, Pakistan launched its first experimental
satellite, BADR-I from China 1990
IRIDIUM, TRITIUM, ODYSSEY and GLOBALSTAR S-PCN
projects proposed - CDMA designs more popular
Satellite History Calendar
1992
OLYMPUS finally launched - large European development
satellite with Ka-band, DBTV and Ku-band SS/TDMA payloads - fails within 3 years
1993
INMARSAT II - 39 dBW EIRP global beam mobile satellite -
built by Hughes/British Aerospace 1994
INTELSAT VIII launched - first INTELSAT satellite built to a
contractor's design
Hughes describe SPACEWAY design
DirecTV begins Direct Broadcast to Home
1995
Panamsat - First private company to provide global
Satellite History Calendar
1996
INMARSAT III launched - first of the multibeam mobile
satellites (built by GE/Marconi)
Echostar begins Diresct Broadcast Service
1997
IRIDIUM launches first test satellites ITU-WRC'97
1999
AceS launch first of the L-band MSS Super-GSOs - built
by Lockheed Martin
Satellite History Calendar
2000
Globalstar begins service
Thuraya launch L-band MSS Super-GSO
2001
XM Satellite Radio begins service
Pakistan’s 2nd Satellite, BADR-B was launched on 10
Dec 2001 at 9:15a from Baikonour Cosmodrome, Kazakistan
2002
Sirius Satellite Radio begins service
Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in
Satellite History Calendar
2004
Teledesic network planned to start operation
2005
Intelsat and Panamsat Merge
VUSat OSCAR-52 (HAMSAT) Launched
2006
CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (Cute-1.7) Launched
K7RR-Sat launched by California Politechnic University
2007
Prism was launched by University of Tokyo
2008
COMPASS-1; a project of Aachen University was launched
Satellite History Calendar
2008 - USA - Earth - Success - IBEX - launched - operating 2009 - Europe - L2 - Planck (spacecraft) - launched,
arrived, operating
2009 - Europe - L2 - Herschel Space Observatory - launched, arrived, operating
2009 - Iran - Earth - Omid - launched by Iranian made launcher Safir, first Iranian-launched satellite
2009 - USA - Earth - Success - Kepler - launched - operating
2009 - India - Earth - Success - RISAT-2 developed by Israel Aerospace Industries, launched by ISRO, India
2009 - India - Moon - Partial failure - Chandrayaan-1 developed and launched by ISRO, India
2009 - UK - Success - UK-DMC 2 orbiter, successor to
Satellite History Calendar
2010 - Japan - Venus - Akatsuki orbiter - failed orbital insertion
2010 - Japan - Venus IKAROS - launched - first solar-sail spacecraft
2010 - China - Moon - Chang'e-2 - success - lunar orbiter/impacter
2011 - USA - Jupiter - Juno - launched and en route
Basics: How do Satellites
Work
Two Stations on Earth want to
communicate through radio
broadcast but are too far
away to use conventional
means.
The two stations can use a
satellite as a relay station
for their communication.
One
Earth Station
sends a transmission to the
satellite. This is called a
Uplink
.
Basics: How Satellites are
used
Service Types
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
Example: Point to Point Communication
Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
Types of Satellites
Satellite Orbits
GEO
LEO
MEO
Molniya Orbit
Basics: Advantages of
Satellites
The advantages of satellite
communication over terrestrial
communication are:
The coverage area of a satellite greatly
exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is
independent of the distance from the
center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is very
precise.
Basics: Disadvantages of
Satellites
The disadvantages of satellite
communication:
Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming
used up.
There is a larger propagation delay in
Synchronous or Geostationary
Satellites
Geostationary Orbit
Orbit is synchronous with the earths rotation.
Orbital Period = 23h 56m 4.091s
= 1 sidereal day
Altitude is about 23,000 miles.
Sunlit over 99% of the time
Geostationary Satellites
A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a
Geostationary Satellites
Coverage
One Geostationary can cover 40% of the earth. Three satellites can cover the earth except
the poles.
Application
approximately 300 operational
geosynchronous satellites
communications, television
broadcasting and weather forecasting, and have
a number of important defense and
GEO (cont.)
Advantages
A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives
it a large coverage area.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a
particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite
GEO (cont.)
Disadvantages
A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it time
delay in connection with telephony.
GEO satellites, centered above the equator,
have difficulty broadcasting signals to near
polar regions.
Intelsat
INTELSAT is the original "Inter-governmental Satellite organization". It once owned and operated most of the World's satellites used for international communications, and still maintains a substantial fleet of satellites.
INTELSAT is moving towards "privatization", with increasing competition from commercial operators (e.g. Panamsat,
Loral Skynet, etc.). INTELSAT Timeline:
Interim organization formed in 1964 by 11 countries
Permanent structure formed in 1973
Commercial "spin-off", New Skies Satellites in 1998
Intersputnik
he Intersputnik International Organization of Space
Communications commonly known as Intersputnik is an international satellite communications services
organization founded on November 15, 1971, in Moscow by the Soviet Union along with a group of eight formerly
socialist states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Mongolia, and Cuba).
As of 2008 the organization has 25 member states, among them the Federal Republic of Germany as the legal
successor of the GDR
It operates 12 satellites in orbit and 41 transponders. These satellite have special shaped antenna beams to
Eutelsat
Eutelsat S.A. is a French-based satellite provider.
Providing coverage over the entire European continent, as well as the Middle East, Africa, India and significant parts of Asia and the Americas, it is one of the world's three leading satellite operators in terms of revenues
Type Public (Euronext: ETL) Industry Satellite communication
Founded 1977 Headqu
arters Paris, France Key
people
Michel de Rosen (CEO)
Arabsat
The Arab Satellite Communications
Organization (often abbreviated as Arabsat) is a leading communications satellite operator in the Arab World,
headquartered in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Arabsat owns and operates five satellites platforms at orbital
positions 20°, 26° and 30.5° East. Arabsat was created to deliver satellite-based, public and private
telecommunications services to the Arab States, in
accordance with International Standards. With more than 20 member countries, the organization plays a vital role of enhancing communications in the Arab World.
Industry Satellite
communication
Founded 1976
Headquarters Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Arabsat
The Arab Satellite Communications
Organization (often abbreviated as Arabsat) is a leading communications satellite operator in the Arab World,
headquartered in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Arabsat owns and operates five satellites platforms at orbital
positions 20°, 26° and 30.5° East. Arabsat was created to deliver satellite-based, public and private
telecommunications services to the Arab States, in
accordance with International Standards. With more than 20 member countries, the organization plays a vital role of enhancing communications in the Arab World.
Industry Satellite
communication
Founded 1976
Headquarters Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Domestic Satellite
System
There are over two dozen countries including Pakistan which have
their Domestic satellite system either operational or in advance planning stage.
To provide domestic coverage, telephony, data
and television broadcasting.
Types of Satellites
DSCS
The Defense Satellite Communications
System (DSCS) provides the United States with military communications to support globally distributed military users.
DSCS will be replaced by the Wideband Global SATCOM
system.
A total of 14 DSCS III satellites were launched between the early 1980s and 2003.
Two satellites were launched aboard the Space
Shuttle Atlantis in 1985 during STS-51J. According to the USAF, in early 2008 most of the satellites were still
working.
Types of Satellites
Broadcast Satellites
For domestic and regional coverage
Radiates high power signal to several small
receiving antennas.
Special Purpose Satellites
MARISAT, remote sensing satellite, tracking and
data relay satellites and experimental satellites
Example:
NASA’s Application Technology satellite (ATS) Communication Technology Satellites (CTS)
The European Space agency Orbital test satellite
(OTS)
Frequency Bands
Different kinds of satellites use different
frequency bands.
L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research
C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging,
ex: military and meteorological satellites
Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
International Regulation and Frequency
coordination
The International Telecommunication Union
Leading United Nations Agency for ICTs.
193 Member States, 547 Sector Members
Three sectors:
Radiocommunication
Standardization
Development
International Regulation and Frequency
coordination
ITU’s Global Presence
International Regulation and Frequency
coordination
ITU sectors
Radio communication (ITU-R) Managing the international
radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources.
Standardization (ITU-T) ITU's standards-making efforts are
its best-known — and oldest — activity; known prior to 1992 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or CCITT
Development (ITU-D) Established to help spread equitable,
sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT).
ITU TELECOMITU Telecom organizes major events for the
International Regulation and Frequency
coordination
Radio communication (ITU-R)
In 1932 the CCIR and several other organizations (including
the original ITU, which had been founded as the International Telegraph Union in 1865) merged to form what would in 1934 become known as the International Telecommunication
Union. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R.
World Administrative Radio Conference WARC
Described Satellite services under 17 categories namely
fixed, inter satellite, mobile, land mobile, maritime mobile, aeronautical
mobile, broadcasting, earth exploration, space research, meteorological,
space operation, armature, radio determination, radio navigation,
aeronautical radio.
Davison of Glob into three Regions Region 1
Europe, Africa, USSR and Magnolia
Region 2
North and south America and Greenland
Region 3
ASIA, Australia and the South Pacific
International Regulation and
Frequency coordination
Radio communication (ITU-R)
In 1932 the CCIR and several other organizations (including
the original ITU, which had been founded as the International Telegraph Union in 1865) merged to form what would in 1934 become known as the International Telecommunication
Union. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R.
World Administrative Radio Conference WARC
Described Satellite services under 17 categories namely
fixed, inter satellite, mobile, land mobile, maritime mobile, aeronautical
mobile, broadcasting, earth exploration, space research, meteorological,
space operation, armature, radio determination, radio navigation,
aeronautical radio.
Davison of Glob into three Regions Region 1
Europe, Africa, USSR and Magnolia
Region 2
North and south America and Greenland
Region 3
ASIA, Australia and the South Pacific
