Linde Engineering. LNG Technology.

MFC®and LIMUM®

are registered trademarks of Linde AG

Contents.

3 Introduction

4 Pretreatment and separation of natural gas

5 LNG plant block scheme

6 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®1

7 References

LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway

LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia

8 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®3

9 References

LNG plants in China

LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia

10

MFC

® process (mixed-fluid cascade)

11 LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway

12 Coil-wound heat exchanger

14 Plate-fin heat exchanger

16 Contact

3

Introduction.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases containing primarily

hydro-carbon gases. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form.

It is the cleanest fossil fuel with the lowest carbon dioxide

emissions. Natural gas is an important fuel source as well as

a major feedstock for fertilizers and petrochemicals.

For economic transportation over great distances natural gas

can be cooled and liquefied occupying only 1/600

th

of its

normal volume in gaseous form at a temperature of around

-162°C. Linde Engineering has a strong history in the LNG

industry having developed, built and started-up over 20 LNG

plants world-wide since 1967.

Linde Engineering´s natural gas liquefaction processes can

cover LNG plants ranging from 40 thousand to more than

10 million tons per year.

C3+ recovery plant in Kollsnes, Norway (Photo courtesy of STATOIL)

Pretreatment of natural gas

Prior to liquefaction natural gas often has to be pretreated.Such pretreatment typically consists of mercury removal, gas sweetening and drying. Depending on the downstream processing steps and the concentration of the sour gas compo-nents, it may be necessary to remove H2S and

CO2 from the natural gas. Scrubbing processes

such as MDEA, are offered for this application. Should only minor amounts of sour gas be pre-sent, they can be removed by adsorption along with the removal of water. Mercury guard beds are recommended to protect people and equip-ment.

Separation of natural gas

Cryogenic processes represent the most econo-mical solutions to reject or to recover natural gas components.

NGL, LPG, condensate or the pure components methane, ethane, propane and butane often have higher sales value compared to the pipe-line gas itself. Therefore they are frequently ex-tracted and fractionated in tailor made process-ing plants accordprocess-ing to the specific requirements of the regional market. NGL and LPG are ideal feedstocks for steam crackers producing olefins. Removal of nitrogen leads to reduced transpor-tation volumes and an increased heating value. Furthermore it is sometimes required for the usage as fuel gas feeding gas turbines. The gas turbines are installed to provide the required electrical or mechanical power of the LNG plants.

Pretreatment and separation

of natural gas.

Helium recovery is often combined with nitro-gen removal. High purity helium is produced by the combination of cryogenic and pressure swing adsorption process steps.

All manner of processes for the pretreatment and separation of natural gas as well as the extraction of NGL, LPG, nitrogen and helium are offered by the Engineering Division.

A typical LNG plant is comprised of the following units:

– Feed gas compression, in case the natural gas pressure is low

– CO2 removal, mostly by a wash process and

drying H2O removal by an adsorber (CO2 and

H2O would otherwise freeze and cause

clog-ging in the downstream liquefaction equip-ment)

– Natural gas liquefaction – Refrigeration system and refrigerant make-up unit – LNG storage

– LNG loading stations

– LNG metering stations

Sometimes in addition the following units are required:

– Condensate stabilisation – Fractionation

– N2 removal

LNG plant block scheme.

Waste water Hot oil system Natural gas Sour

gas Exhaustgas

Waste heat

recovery Gas turbine

Solvent

regeneration Refrigerationsystem

Boil-off gas (fuel gas) compression

Feed gas

compression NG purificationCO2 removal

NG purification

dryer liquefactionNG storageLNG

LNG loading station container Refrigerant

make-up unit Fire fighting Utilities Flare LNG loadingjetty

LNG loading station truck LNG meters LNG meters NG puri-fied NG hot oil ho t oil ho t oil fue l g as ho t oil fue l g as ric h sol vent vap . r efr . le an sol vent liq uid r efr . ho t oil flue gas dry NG LNG LNG LNG LNG LNG

LIMUM®1 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying plate-fin heat exchanger)

– The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air – Both phases of the compressed MR are jointly fed to a brazed aluminium

plate-fin heat exchanger, are fully liquefied and subcooled

– After expansion in a J-T valve the MR if fully vaporized under low pres-sure providing refrigeration for natural gas liquefaction and fractiona-tion, if required.

Basic single flow LNG process for less than 0.5 mtpa LNG

Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:

LIMUM®1

LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway

Capacity 40,000 tpa

Customer Naturgass Vest, now Gasnor

Start-up 2003

LNG is distributed by trucks and by small LNG transport ships to satellite stations. One innova-tive feature of this project is the use of LNG as fuel in ferry boats along the Norwegian coast. There are many advantages replacing diesel with LNG. The exhaust gas of the engines is clean and free of solid particles. NOx and CO2

emissions are reduced. The engines and there-fore the ferries have a reduced noise level.

References.

LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia

Capacity 62,500 tpa

Customer Westfarmers Gas Limited

Start-up 2008

LNG is produced from pipeline gas and is then distributed by truck to various customers, such as peak shaving power stations. Here the LNG replaces diesel and other fuels, which are less environmentally acceptable.

Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:

LIMUM®3

LIMUM®3 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying coil-wound heat exchanger)

– The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air – The heavy, liquid MR fraction os used in a coil-wound heat exchanger

to pre-cool natural gas and to condense the light, gaseous MR fraction partially

– The resulting, intermediately boiling MR fraction serves as liquefaction refrigerant, while the remaining light ends MR fraction sub-cools the liquefied natural gas

Advanced single flow LNG process for 0.2 to 1.0 mtpa LNG LNG N₂ NGL NG Fr ac tiona tor LP MR HP MR

LNG plants in China

Capacity 430,000 tpa

Customer Xin Jiang Guanghui

Start-up 2004

Capacity 430,000 tpa

Customer Xin Jiang Ji Munai Guanghui

Start-up 2013

Capacity 300,000 tpa

Customer Huineng Coal Chemical Co. Ltd.

Start-up 2013

Capacity 350,000 tpa

Customer Siehuang Tonghei Engery &

Technology Dev. Co. Ltd.

Start-up 2014

All of these LNG plants are highly flexible and excel due to their robustness. As special feature the plant in Jimunai has a nitrogen removal col-umn integrated into the liquefaction process. This is an economically attractive concept for nitrogen rich feed gases. LNG is transported by trucks to a large number of satellite stations. This LNG scheme creates new gas markets and provides a great improvement in the tight en-ergy supply situation in China.

References.

LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway

Capacity 300,000 tpa

Customer Lyse Gass AS

Start-up 2010

Due to the high feed gas pressure and based on the Linde proprietary LIMUM® process this LNG plant achieves an outstanding energy effi-ciency. The plant supplies LNG to both the local industry and AGA, an affiliate of the Linde Gas division. The AGA quota of the produced LNG is first shipped to an import terminal in Nynäs-hamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde Engineering.

LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia

Capacity 650,000 tpa

Customer MLNG

Start-up 2014

The plant is the world´s largest re-liquefaction plant for N2 rich boil-off gases from MLNG´s LNG complex in Bintulu, Malaysia.

MFC® (mixed-fluid cascade) process for 3 to 12 mtpa LNG

The MFC® process is highly efficient due to the use of the three mixed

refrigerant cycles.

The process is comprised of:

– Plate-fin heat exchangers for natural gas precooling

– CWHEs (coil-wound heat exchangers) for natural gas liquefaction and LNG subcooling

– Three separate mixed refrigerant cycles, each with different composi-tions, which result in minimum compressor shaft power requirement – Three cold suction centrifugal compressors

> 10 mtpa LNG can be produced in a single train.

MFC

®

process

(mixed-fluid cascade).

NG LNG

SMR SMR E

LMR E

LMR

Capacity 4.3 mtpa

(million tons per annum)

Customer Statoil

Start-up 2007

This is Europe‘s first and the world´s northern-most LNG baseload plant. The MFC® (mixed fluid cascade) process together with the low cooling water temperature at the site are the basis for the extremely low specific power consumption of the plant (less than 250 kWh/t).

This LNG project has another distinguishing fea-ture: the entire LNG baseload plant was pre-assembled in various shipyards in Europe and transported to its operating location on HLVs (heavy lift vessels). The process plant itself was installed on a barge in a shipyard, transported by HLV and finally grounded in a prepared dock at the site.

The ample choice of usable alloys including aluminium and stainless steel allow coil-wound heat exchangers to be used for a wide range of applications in cold as well as warm applications. The coil-wound heat exchanger is the core equipment in large base-load LNG plants. The Engineering Division has numerous references for coil-wound heat exchangers designed and manufactured in its own workshops.

Benefits

– Providing a large heating surface per shell

– Tolerant against thermal shocks due to its robust design

Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchanger in Linde workshop

Coil-wound heat exchanger.

The coil-wound heat exchanger

is the core equipment in large baseload

LNG plants.

Lifting trunnion

Baffle plate Hand hole_Bonnet

Bundle outlet nozzle Transition joint Drain Vent

Platform stubs Insulation support ring Vessel shell

2” multi nozzle

Temperature detector junction box Bundle inlet nozzle

Refrigerant inlet Manhole

Pre-distributor Tube bundle pigtail Mandrel Distributor Shroud Tube bundle with alter-nating winding direction

Vacuum ring

Refrigerant outlet Skirt

The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key compo-nents in many cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat ex-changers in small LNG plants.

Benefits

– Compactness, saving installation space and investment costs – Many process streams can be handled in a single unit, thus avoiding expensive interconnecting piping of different units

– Low equipment weight

Aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers assembled in Linde workshop

Plate-fin heat exchanger.

Scheme of an aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger

The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin

heat exchangers

are key components in many

cryogenic process plants. They are the

pre-ferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.

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Linde AG

Engineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, 82049 Pullach, Germany

Phone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: [email protected], www.linde-engineering.com LNG/1

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.e/13

Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how for the planning, project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.

The range of products comprises:

− Petrochemical plants

− LNG and natural gas processing plants

− Synthesis gas plants

− Hydrogen plants

− Gas processing plants

− Adsorption plants

− Air separation plants

− Cryogenic plants

− Biotechnology plants

− Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries

The Engineering Division and its subsidiaries manufacture:

− Packaged units, coldboxes

− Coil-wound heat exchangers

− Plate-fin heat exchangers

− Cryogenic standard tanks

− Air-heated vaporizers

− Spiral-welded aluminium pipes

More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in international plant construction.

Linde Engineering Schalchen Plant Tacherting, Germany

Phone +49.8621.85-0 Fax +49.8621.85-6620 [email protected] Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH Dresden, Germany Phone +49.351.250-30 Fax +49.351.250-4800 [email protected] SELAS-LINDE GmbH Pullach, Germany Phone +49.89.7447-470 Fax +49.89.7447-4717 [email protected] Cryostar SAS Hésingue, France Phone +33.389.70-2727 Fax +33.389.70-2777 [email protected] Linde CryoPlants, Ltd. Aldershot, United Kingdom Phone +44.1252.3313-51 Fax +44.1252.3430-62 [email protected]

Linde Impianti Italia S.L.R. Rome, Italy Phone +39.066.5613-1 Fax +39.066.5613-200 [email protected] Linde Kryotechnik AG Pfungen, Switzerland Phone +41.52.3040-555 Fax +41.52.3040-550 [email protected] Bertrams Heatec AG Pratteln, Switzerland Phone +41.61.467-7525 Fax +41.61.467-7500 [email protected] CRYO AB Gothenburg, Sweden Phone +46.3164-6800 Fax +46.3164-2220 [email protected] Linde Process Plants, Inc. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A. Phone +1.918.4771-200 Fax +1.918.4771-100 [email protected]

Linde Engineering North America, Inc. Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A. Phone +1.610.834-0300 Fax +1.610.834-0473 [email protected] Hydro-Chem Holly Springs, GA, U.S.A. Phone +1.770.345-2222 Fax +1.770.345-2778 [email protected] Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda. São Paulo, Brazil

Phone +55.21.3545-2255 Fax +55.21.3545-2257 [email protected] Linde Process Plants (Pty), Ltd. Johannesburg, South Africa Phone +27.11.490-0513 Fax +27.11.490-0412 [email protected] Moscow Rep. Office Moscow, Russia Phone +7.495.642-6242 Fax +7.495.642-6243 [email protected]

Linde Engineering RUS, OOO Samara, Russia

Phone +7.846.331-3355 [email protected]

Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd. Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone +966.3.887-1191 Fax +966.3.887-0133 [email protected]

Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone +966.1.419-1193 Fax +966.1.419-1384 [email protected]

Linde Engineering Middle East LLC Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Phone +971.2.6981-400 Fax +971.2.6981-499 [email protected]

Linde Engineering India Pvt., Ltd. Vadodara, Gujarat, India Phone +91.265.3056-789 Fax +91.265.2461-757 [email protected]

Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd. Seoul, South Korea

Phone +82.2780-0954 Fax +82.2780-0958 [email protected] Linde Engineering (Dalian) Co., Ltd.

Dalian, P.R. of China Phone +86.411.3953-8819 Fax +86.411.3953-8899 [email protected]

Linde Engineering (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.

Hangzhou, P.R. of China Phone +86.571.8501-9222 Fax +86.571.8501-9200 [email protected] Beijing Rep. Office Beijing, P.R. of China Phone +86.10.6437-7014 Fax +86.10.6437-6718 [email protected] Linde Engineering Taiwan Branch Taipei, Taiwan

Phone +886.2.2786-3131 Fax +886.2.2652-5871 [email protected]