ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CONTAINERS ON GHRITA COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

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ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CONTAINERS ON

GHRITA COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

Dr. Chavan Sunil*1 M.D., Prof. Dr. Nikam Vijay2 M.D., Dr. Sujata Vankudre3 M.D. and

Prof. Dr. Suryawanshi Shama4

1

Asst. Professor, Dept. of Agadtantra, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange, Ayurved Medical

College, Ashta.

2

Professor, Dept. of Agadtantra, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange, Ayurved Medical College,

Ashta.

3

P.G.Scholar Agad Tantra, CARC, Nigdi, Pune.

4

M.D. Dept.of Agadtantra, Govt.Ayurved College, Nagpur.

ABSTRACT

According to Sushrut Aacharya, when Ghrita placed in Bronze vessel

for ten days it becomes incompatible (karma Viruddha)1. A study was

conducted to see what changes exactly occur in Ghrita when placed in

Bronze vessel as well as in other containers. Laboratory findings

shows that after analysis of samples of Goghrita, there were gradually

increase in the levels of Copper (Cu) and Tin (Sn) as duration of

storage increases in respective containers.

KEYWORDS: Goghrita, Containers, Incompatibility (Karma

Virudha).

INTRODUCTION

According to Charakacharya and Sushrut Aacharya, articles of diet that are inimical to the

body elements tend to disagree with the system. This incompatibility is of several kinds,

some articles are mutually incompatible on account of their qualities. Some articles become

so when combined; some by the mode of preparation; and some by the conditioning factor of

place, time, dose etc. and some by vary nature.

Volume 7, Issue 1, 1531-1548. Research Article ISSN 2277–7105

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Chavan Sunil

Asst. Professor, Dept. of

Agadtantra, Hon. Shri.

Annasaheb Dange, Ayurved

Medical College, Ashta.

Article Received on 19 Nov. 2017,

Revised on 10 Dec. 2017, Accepted on 01 Jan. 2018,

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To find out changes occur when Ghrita placed in Bronze vessel as well as in other containers like

1) Copper.

2) Plastic.

3) Aluminium.

4) Stainless Steel.

5) Plastic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A)Collection of Goghrita

Sample of Goghrita required for study was collected from Govidnyan center, Nagpur.

B)Collection of Containers

For the storage of Goghrita containers of

1) Bronze (kansya)

2) Copper (Taamra)

3) Plastic (GMP approved of kissan company)

4) Aluminium and

5) Stainless steel

Was collected from market of Nagpur

5 Different Containers for Storage of Goghrita.

METHODS

1) Sample of Goghrita collected was send to laboratory for authentification and chemical

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2) After analysis primary readings recorded.

3) 100gm of Goghrita then placed in 3 containers of each.

a) Bronze.

b) Copper.

c) Plastic.

d) Aluminium and.

e) Stainless steel at the same time.

4) All 15 containers of five types filled with 100 gm Goghrita were air tightened with

transparent plastic paper.

5) All air tightened containers were placed in cup board of Agadtantra Evum Vidhivaidyaka

department at room temperature for study.

6) After 10 days one sample of each container was send to laboratory for testing and

observations recorded.

7) After 30 days second sample of each container was send to laboratory for testing and

8) After 90 days last sample of each container was send to laboratory for testing and

All laboratory findings were put together and statistically arranged in table and graphs then

results drawn.

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Goghrita Kept in Taamra (Copper) Patra.

Goghrita Kept in Alluminium Container.

Goghrita Kept in Stainless Steel Container.

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OBSERVATIONS

Sample of Ghrita collected from Govidnyan center, Nagpur was tested in laboratory having

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following observation.

Table. 1: Day 0-Table showing different values of sample Ghrita.

Test Standard Fssa Result Remarks

NLT NMT

Moisture

%w/w 0.5 0.26 Passes

FFA As OLEIC Acid

%w/w 3.0 0.26 Passes

Reichert Value

%w/w 26 26.28 Passes

Saponification Value

mgKOH/gm - - 262.21 -

Iodine Value

gI/100gm - - 29.82 -

NLT:-Not Less Than NMT:-Not More Than

The tested Sample of Ghrita had passed all the standard norms showing that collected sample

was of animal origin, i.e. Cow Ghee. Sample of Ghrita placed in containers and then air

tightened with transparent plastic paper.

[image:5.595.85.492.322.510.2]

After 10 days- observations

Table. 2: Day 10-Table showing values of Goghrita placed in different container.

No Test

RESULT DAY 10

bronze copper Aluminium steel plastic

Cu/Sn Cu Al Fe -

1 Moisture

%w/w 0.29 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.30

2 FFA As Oleic Acid

%w/w 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.26

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%w/w

4 Iodine Value

gI/100gm 37.14 34.84 29.24 35.76 34.80

5 Saponification Value

mgKOH/gm 231.30 210.34 241.98 255.11 222.14

6 Metals

Ppm 1.8/1.6 2.2 BDL BDL -

BDL:- Below Detectable Limit i.e. less than 0.001ppm.

Slight change in physical state (liquid) of Ghrita placed in

 Bronze (kansya),  Copper (Taamra),  Aluminium and

 Stainless steel was observed, i.e. liquid state changes to semisolid state.

No change in liquid state of Ghrita placed in plastic container.

Slight change in pale yellow colour of Ghrita placed in

 Bronze (kansya).

 Copper (Taamra) container was observed, i.e.yellow coloured Ghrita becomes more pale

and whitish.

Analytical observations

A)Slight or non-significant change in the values of

1) Moisture

2) FFA

3) Recheirt

4) Saponification

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B) Traces of metals Copper, Tin, Aluminium, Iron would be observed in sample of

Goghrita placed in following containers respectively as

 Bronze (kansya)- Cu-1.8 ppm, Sn- 1.6 ppm.

 Copper (Taamra) – Cu-2.2 ppm.

 Aluminium – BDL (Below Detectable Limit).

 Stainless steel – BDL (Below Detectable Limit).

Table3: Day 30-Table showing values of Goghrita placed in different containers.

No TEST

RESULT DAY 30

Bronze Copper Aluminium steel plastic

1 Moisture

%w/w 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.31

2 FFA As Oleic Acid

%w/w 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.22 0.29

3 Reichert Value

%w/w 30.07 25.13 26.90 25.74 28.86

4 Iodine Value

gI/100gm 39.48 29.85 38.72 31.68 36.15

mgKOH/gm 198.28 176.97 209.79 223.43 187.19

6 METALS

ppm 2.3/1.8 5.5 BDL BDL -

BDL:- Below Detectable Limit i.e. less than 0.001ppm

Change in physical state (liquid) of Ghrita placed in

 Bronze (kansya),  Copper (Taamra),  Aluminium and

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Goghrita Seen After 30 Days in 5 Different Containers

Change in pale yellow colour of Ghrita placed in

 Bronze (kansya)

 Copper (Taamra) container was observed, i.e. yellow coloured Ghrita becomes bluish and

greenish.

A)Slight or non-significant change in the values of

o Moisture

o FFA As Oleic Acid

o Recheirt

o Saponification

o Iodine Values of Goghrita would be observed.

B)Traces of metals copper, tin, aluminium, iron would be observed in sample of

Goghrita placed in following containers respectively as

oBronze (kansya) - Cu-2.3 ppm, Sn- 1.8 ppm

oCopper (Taamra) – Cu-5.5 ppm

oAluminium (Al)– BDL (Below Detectable Limit)

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Table. 4: Day 90-Table showing values of Goghrita placed in different containers.

No Test

RESULT DAY 90

Bronze Copper Aluminium steel plastic

1 Moisture

%w/w 0.28 0.24 0.29 0.27 0.31

2 FFA As Oleic Acid

%w/w 0.30 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.36

3 Reichert Value

%w/w 29.68 26.10 27.6 35.79 28.10

4 Iodine Value

gI/100gm 38.38 36.70 35.79 27.60 35.54

mgKOH/gm 228.00 204.00 248.0 248.00 220.41

6 Metals

ppm 2.33/1.86 5.8 BDL BDL -

Change in physical state (liquid) of Ghrita placed in

 Bronze (kansya),

 Copper (Taamra),

 Aluminium and

 No change in liquid state of Ghrita placed in plastic container.

Goghrita Seen After 90 Days In 5 Different Containers.

Change in pale yellow colour of Ghrita placed in

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 Copper (Taamra) container was observed, i.e. yellow coloured Ghrita becomes bluish and

greenish.

Slight or non-significant change in the values of

a) Moisture

b) FFA

c) Recheirt

d) Saponification

e) Iodine Values of Goghrita Would Be Observed.

Traces of metals copper, tin, aluminium, iron would be observed in sample of Goghrita

placed in following containers respectively as

 Bronze (kansya) - Cu-2.33 ppm, Sn- 1.86 ppm.  Copper (Taamra) – Cu-5.8 ppm.

 Aluminium – BDL (Below Detectable Limit).

 Stainless steel – BDL (Below Detectable Limit) i.e. less than 0.001 ppm.

Taking all observations into consideration following tables would be drawn and accordingly

graphs prepared. Then results would be drawn.

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Bronze Container

Table. 5: Table showing different values of Goghrita in Kansya (Bronze) Container.

No Test Result

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 Moisture(%w/w) 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.28

2 FFA As Oleic Acid (%w/w) 0.26 0.27 0.16 0.30

3 Reichert Value (%w/w) 26.28 28.20 30.07 29.68

4 Iodine Value (gI/100gm) 29.82 37.14 39.48 38.38

5 Saponification Value (mgKOH/gm) 262.21 231.30 198.28 228.00

6 Cu + Sn Cu(ppm) 0 1.8 2.3 2.33

Sn(ppm) 0 1.6 1.8 1.86

Copper Container

Table. 6: Table showing different values of Goghrita in Taamra(Copper) Container.

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 MOISTURE(%w/w) 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.24

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3 REICHERT VALUE(%w/w) 26.28 26.83 25.13 26.10

4 IODINE VALUE (gI/100gm) 29.82 34.84 29.85 36.70

5 SAPONIFICATION VALUE(mgKOH/gm) 262.21 210.34 176.97 204.00

6 Cu(ppm) 0 2.2 5.5 5.8

AluminiumContainer

Table. 7: Table showing different values of Goghrita in Alluminium Container.

BDL:- Below Detectable Limit i.e. less than 0.001ppm

[image:11.595.65.538.187.314.2]

StainlessSteelContainer

Table. 8: Table showing different values of Goghrita in Stainless Steel Container.

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 MOISTURE(%w/w) 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.27

2 FFA AS OLEIC ACID(%w/w) 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.35

4 IODINE VALUE (gI/100gm) 29.82 35.76 31.68 27.60

6 Fe(ppm) 0 BDL BDL BDL

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Plastic Container

Table. 9: Table showing different values of Goghrita in Plastic Container.

Day 0 Day10 Day30 Day90

1 MOISTURE(%w/w) 0.26 0.30 0.31 0.31

4 IODINE VALUE(gI/100gm) 29.82 34.80 36.15 35.54

Saponification Value: mgKOH/gm.

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 MOISTURE(%w/w) 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.29

4 IODINE VALUE(gI/100gm) 29.82 29.24 38.72 35.79

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Table. 10: Table showing SAPONIFICATION VALUE of Goghrita in different

Containers.

No Containers Result

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 Bronze 262.21 231.30 198.28 228.00

2 Copper 262.21 210.34 176.97 204.00

3 Aluminium 262.21 241.98 209.79 248.0

4 Steel 262.21 255.11 223.43 248.00

5 Plastic 262.21 222.14 187.19 220.41

Table. 10: Graph showing Saponification Value of Goghrita in different Containers.

Iodine Value

Table. 11: Table showing Iodine Value of Goghrita in different Containers.

No Containers Result

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 Bronze 29.82 37.14 39.48 38.38

2 Copper 29.82 34.84 29.85 36.70

3 Aluminium 29.82 29.24 38.72 35.79

4 Steel 29.82 35.76 31.68 27.60

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5 Plastic 29.82 34.80 36.15 35.54

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FFA As Oleic Acid

Table. 12: Table showing FFA As Oleic Acid Value of Goghrita in different Containers.

No Containers Result

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 Bronze 0.26 0.27 0.16 0.30

2 Copper 0.26 0.28 0.11 0.30

3 Aluminium 0.26 0.28 0.14 0.33

4 Steel 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.35

5 Plastic 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.36

Table. 12: Graph showing FFA As Oleic Acid Value of Goghrita in different

Containers.

Table. 13: Table showing presence of METALS in ppm when Goghrita placed in

different Containers.

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 Bronze Cu 0 1.8 2.3 2.33

Sn 0 1.6 1.8 1.86

2 Copper 0 2.2 5.5 5.8

3 Aluminium 0 0 0 0

4 Steel 0 0 0 0

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METALS PRESENT IN ppm

Table. 13: Graph showing presence of METALS in ppm when Goghrita placed in

different Containers.

The table shows that there would be gradual increase in level of metals Cu and Sn in sample

of Goghrita as duration of storage increases that means sample becomes more toxic due to

patra (container) effect. Comparing the values given in the table to the guidelines of drinking

water above the level of Cu is much higher than the maximum permissible level of Cu in

drinking water. After 10 days of observation it was slight more but after 90 days of

observation it was quite greater i.e. three times more than maximum permissible limit of Cu

in drinking water. Still, the fact of the matter is that the presence of Cu and Sn in the Goghrita

over a short period of only 10 days validates the concept of Patrasthiti –related toxicity as

narrated by Aacharya.

DISCUSSION

“The chronic diseases that now kill most of us can be traced directly to the industrialization of our food”. The oral route is a major site of entry into the body for many toxic compounds.

Humans have adapted to a multitude of food around the world. Food allergy and food

poisoning are two common problems nowadays. The different food combinations and

interaction between exogenous and endogenous food components exert antagonistic effects.

This has been explained as the viruddha concept in Ayurveda. Along with normal food intake

humans are constantly exposed to a number of chemicals that are foreign to their bodies, like

the pesticides, insecticides, additives etc. They interfere with the normal metabolic pathways

resulting in toxic actions.

Food adulteration is another age old problem. Food adulterants are cheap substitutes that

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under the purview of adulteration. Some of the adulterants are injurious to health, even

resulting in death.

Metal contaminants such as lead, mercury, arsenic, aluminium, copper and cadmium come

from factory emissions, mining operations, and metal - containing industrial products used in

food production. They tend to accumulate in the food chain, later enter the body and act as

poisonous interferences to enzyme system and metabolism to create detriment to health.

Unfortunately what we practice today is samashana, vishamaashana and adhyashana that lead

to death and other ailments. Toxins from food and its digestive by products can enter the

bloodstream when digestion is poor and once these settle into the tissues will create

immediate disease state.

Some examples of the Viruddhashana which is commonly seen now days are

-Having milk with food items containing salt (eg. Biscuit, bread),

-combination of milk with fruits (fruit salad),

-regular usage of milk preparations like paneer, malai etc,

-preserved food items irrespective of their original tastes contain excess of oil or salt for

better preservation,

-butter that is preserved by adding plenty of salt,

-consumption of extremely hot or cold beverages before or after the meals, e.g., coffee,

chilled water, cold drinks (aerated), ice creams, drinking water before or after tea, coffee etc.

These are some of the examples, but if listed it is possible to find a hundred of such things

commonly seen among the population. In Ishta desha (desired place) and Ishta sarvopakarana

(desired vessel), not only favoured but also beneficial is expected. One should take food in

proper place equipped with all the accessories. By this one not gets afflicted with such factors

which result in emotional strain.

In classics particular vessels are mentioned for particular food items like

-Ghee is taken in black iron vessel,

-Water in copper vessel,

-Juices in mud vessel etc.

So, it will be better to avoid such incompatible food for living disease free and healthy life.

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After testing all samples of Goghrita it would be observed that

Test Standard FSSA

NLT NMT

MOISTURE(%w/w) 0.5

FFA AS OLEIC ACID(%w/w) 3.0

REICHERT VALUE(%w/w) 26

NLT:-Not Less Than NMT:-Not More Than

Comparing to above standard norms, these values in all samples of Goghrita would not cross

the normal limits significantly.

Slight change in

-Iodine Value

-Saponification Value

When we compare the values with research published about Ghee by National Dairy

Research Institute, Karnal, India, would be observed.

NLT NMT

Saponification Value (mgKOH/gm ) 220 -

Iodine Value (gI/100gm) 24 38

After analysis of samples of Goghrita there were gradually increase in the levels of Copper

(Cu) and Tin (Sn) would be observed as duration of storage increases in respective

containers.

After observing the guidelines given for drinking water levels of Cu was much higher.

Heavy metal According to Indian Standard Drinking Water

Specification 1991

Highest desirable level Maximum permissible limit

Copper 0.05 ppm 1.5 ppm

Observed values of Cu in Goghrita

Day 0 Day 10 Day 30 Day 90

1 Bronze (Cu+Sn) Cu 0 1.8 2.3 2.33

Sn 0 1.6 1.8 1.86

2 Copper (Cu) 0 2.2 5.5 5.8

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Goghrita performes multitude of functions, It is used as aahariya dravya as well as in

ayurvedic medicines. If we don’t use the better quality Goghrita for consumption or in

medicine we cant get appropriate benefits. So, for getting appropriate benifits Goghrita must

be stored or preserve in proper way.

According to our Aacharyas- when Ghrita placed in Bronze vessel for ten days it becomes

incompatible (paryushita). The study shows that there would be gradual increase in level of

metals Cu and Sn in sample of Goghrita as duration of storage increases that means sample

becomes more toxic due to patra (container) effect as narrated by Aacharya.

Abbreviations

Al Aluminium

Cu Copper

Sn Tin

Fe Iron

NLT Not less than

NMT Not more than

BDL Below Detectable Limit

SUMMARY

Human beings are today facing multitude of problems. The reason behind these problems is

rapid industrialization and commercialization of whole world. Due to the influence of

fast-paced life, fast foods, adulteration, etc. people have welcomed suffering from many angles

which one day may be a withstanding as far as their health is concerned.

In this modern era of fast food culture people often indulge in Viruddhahara, which causes

many diseases.

According to our Aacharyas- when Ghrita placed in Bronze vessel for ten days it becomes

incompatible (karma Viruddha). This study would be illustrated what changes exactly occur

in Ghrita when placed in Bronze vessel as well as in other containers.

CONCLUSION

Viruddhahara is a very important concept of Ayurveda resulting in the manifestation of

various diseases and even death. There are various mechanisms described to detail its

pathology - dosha vikriti (vitiation) and vriddhi (agitation), agnimandya and ama, ojokshaya,

rakta vikriti and srotodushti. At some places its mode of action is like that of pradhanika hetu

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instantaneously. In a study (experimental) carried out at the Institute of Medical Sciences it

was found that the administration of equal quantities of Madhu (Honey) and Ghrita resulted

in harmful effects in the mice as compared to the control group. Another substantial evidence

could be the increased incidence of skin diseases in the region of West Bengal where more

consumption of milk and fish is done, may be together or on the same day. Thus this concept

is very important in the view of prevention of diseases.

In the present study, observations show that there would be gradual increase in levels of

metals (Cu and Sn) in sample of Goghrita when placed in Bronze and copper vessels. Below

detectable levels of Al and Fe would be observed after testing of Goghrita placed in

Aluminium and Steel container.

As other references show that when acidic food is placed in Aluminium container may

increase the level of Alluminium, because of this to avoid toxicity effects it will be better to

store Goghrita in stainless steel or GMP approved plastic container rather than other metal

containers. In spite of this for storage of other foods we can use the same containers. Further

study will be required to detect whether Cu and Sn levels present in sample of Goghrita

shows the toxicity effect or not.

As our Aacharya stated that Goghrita placed in bronze (kansya) vessel becomes incompatible

(paryushit) after 10 days this statement proven to be true as there would be change in physical

properties as well as increase level of Copper in both copper and bronze vessel observed.

Thus, consumption of viruddhaahara should be avoided in order to live healthier life.

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