EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED
TEACHING ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING
APPROPRIATE BREASTFEEDING TECHNIQUES IN PREVENTION
OF SORE NIPPLE AMONG PRIMI PARA MOTHERS
Gayathri K. V.*1, Mahaling M. H.2 and Elizabeth J. P.3
1
Assistant Professor, Sri Devaraj Urs College of Nursing, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka.
2
Assistant Professor, KLEU's Institute of Nursing Sciences, Belagavi.
3
Sri Devaraj Urs College of Nursing, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka.
ABSTRACT
“The Study entitled “A Study to Evaluate The Effectiveness of Video
Assisted Teaching on knowledge and Practice Regarding Appropriate
Breastfeeding Technique in Prevention of Sore Nipple among
Primipara Mothers at a Selected hospital, Kolar. The
Quasi-experimental post test only control group design was conducted on 60
postnatal mothers admitted in post natal wards of R.L.Jalappa hospital
and research centre, Tamaka, Kolar, with the objectives:
• Compare post-test knowledge scores in experimental group and
control group among primipara mothers on the effectiveness of
video assisted teaching regarding appropriate breastfeeding
technique in prevention of sore nipple.
• Compare post-test practice scores in experimental group and
control group among primipara mothers on video assisted teaching regarding appropriate
breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple.
• Find correlation between knowledge and practice scores in experimental group on
appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple.
• Find correlation between knowledge and practice scores in control group on appropriate
breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple.
• Find out the association between post test knowledge scores with selected demographic
variables like age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, previous exposure to
information in experimental group and control group among primipara mothers.
Volume 6, Issue 8, 2150-2169. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105
*Corresponding Author
Gayathri K. V.
Assistant Professor, Sri
Devaraj Urs College of
Nursing, Tamaka, Kolar,
Karnataka. Article Received on 20 June 2017,
Revised on 11 July 2017, Accepted on 02 August 2017
• Find out the association between post test practice scores with selected demographic
variables like age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, previous exposure to
information in experimental group and control group among primipara mothers.
Non probability purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of sample.
Knowledge was tested using structured knowledge questionnaire and the practice by an
observation checklist. Video assisted teaching was given to primipara mothers of
experimental group and post test was conducted to both experimental and control group. The
collected data was tabulated and analyzed according to the objectives of the studies using
descriptive statistical method.
Major findings of the study were as follows
Findings related to social demographic variables of primipara mothers in experimental group
showed that:
Majority 16(53.33%) of primipara mothers were in the age group of 18- 22 years.
Majority 8(26.66%) had secondary education. 26(86.66%) were Housewives.
Majority 27(90%) were Hindus.
Majority 16(53.33%) were from joint family.
Majority 20(66.66%) had Rs.5001- Rs.10000 monthly family income.
Majority 22(73.33%) had not been exposed to previous information.
Findings related to social demographic variables of primipara mothers in control group
showed that:
Majority 16(53.33%) of primipara mothers were in the age group of 18- 22 years.
Majority 8(26.66%) had Primary, secondary, higher secondary education.
Majority 28(93.33%) were Housewives.
Majority 24(80%) were Hindus.
Majority 23(76.66%) were from nuclear family.
Majority 13(43.33%) had Rs.5001- Rs.10000 monthly family income.
Majority 25(83.33%) had not been exposed to previous information.
1. Findings related to the level of knowledge of Primipara mothers on sore nipple:
In experimental group, only 4(12.5%) had adequate knowledge. 12(37.5%) had Moderate
knowledge and 14(43.7%) had inadequate knowledge. In control group, 28(87.5%) of the
2. Findings related to practice level of Primipara mothers on sore nipple:
In experimental group most of the mothers 20(83.3%) had good level of practice. Minimum
10(41.6%) had average level of practice. In control group, 19(79.1%) had average level of
practice and 11(45.8%) had poor level of practice.
3. Findings related to comparison of post test knowledge scores in experimental and control
group:
The findings showed that video assisted teaching was effective in increasing the post test
knowledge scores in experimental group. The „unpaired t test‟ calculated value (12.4) was more than the„t‟ table value (2.0) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence video assisted teaching
was found to be effective.
4. Findings related to comparison of post test practice scores in experimental and control
group:
The findings showed that video assisted teaching increased the post test practice scores. The
„unpaired t test‟ calculated value (17.2) was more than the„t‟ table value (2.0) at 0.05 level of
significance. Hence video assisted teaching was effective in increasing the practice scores in
experimental group compared to control group.
5. Findings related to correlation between knowledge and practice score level of primipara
mothers on sore nipple:
In experimental group by using Karl Pearson correlation the value obtained was r= 0.5 hence
there was a moderate positive correlation between post test knowledge and practice score
level.In control group, the value obtained was r= 0.33, hence there was a weak positive
correlation between knowledge and practice scores.
6. Findings related to association between knowledge score and socio-demographic variables:
The findings in experimental group showed that there was statistically significant association
between knowledge scores between educational status and previous exposure to information
regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique, and there was no association between age,
occupation, religion, type of family and income of the family. In control group it revealed
that there was no significant association between the knowledge scores and socio
demographic variables like age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, income of
7. Findings related to association between knowledge score and socio-demographic variables:
The findings in practice score showed that in experimental group and control group there was
no association between practice levels with selected demographic variables like age,
education, occupation, religion, type of family, previous exposure to information.
KEYWORDS: postnatal mothers, primipara mothers, sore nipple, knowledge, practice.
INTRODUCTION
The birth of a baby is a momentous occasion. Having a baby is more of emotional experience
and physical experience. It is the beginning of a parenting role that will continue for a
lifetime. When a new little person has entered the life, things will never be quite the same.
Each baby is unique! Each is an individual with a unique temperament and personality.[1]
feeding the newborn is the first nutrition decision mother will make for the child.[2]
Breastfeeding is one of the most natural acts in the world that needs practice. Learning how
to hold and support baby in a comfortable position is coordination and patience. Yet finding a
nursing hold that works for the mother and baby is well worthful.[3] A good latch is important
for the baby to breastfeed effectively and for comfort. During the early days of breastfeeding,
it can take time and patience for the baby to latch on well. The Latch feels comfortable,
without hurting or pinching.[2] The key to breastfeeding is by using the best appropriate
breastfeeding technique.[4]
Early onset nipple pain is usually due to the baby not positioned and latched properly, or the
baby is not suckling properly, or both. However, babies learn to suck properly by getting milk
from the breast when they are latched on well. Thus, “suck” problems are often caused by
poor LATCH ON. Fungal infections of the nipple may also cause sore nipples. Vasospasm
(which is due to irritation of the blood vessels in the nipple from poor latching and/or a
fungal infection) may also cause sore nipple. The soreness caused by poor latching and
ineffective suckling hurts most as baby latches on and usually improves as the baby
breastfeeds. However, if damage is severe, the soreness of a poor latch and or ineffective
suckling may go on throughout the feeding. The pain from the nipple often goes on
throughout the feed and may continue even after the feed is over. Women describe knifelike
pain from the poor latch or ineffective sucking.[5] The most common reason nipples get
Need for the Study
Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for
healthy growth and development.7 Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure
child health and survival. If every child was breastfed within an hour of birth, given only
breast milk for their first six months of life, and continued breastfeeding up to the age of two
years, about 8, 00,000 child lives would be saved every year. Globally, less than 40% of
infants coming under six months of age are exclusively breastfed. Adequate breastfeeding
counseling and support are essential for mothers and families to initiate and maintain optimal
breastfeeding practices. W.H.O actively promotes breastfeeding as the best source of
nourishment for infants and young children. This fact file explores the many benefits of the
practice, and how strong support to mothers can increase breastfeeding worldwide.[8]
An infant that is not exclusively breastfed could be at a substantially greater risk of death
from diarrhea or pneumonia than one who is. Moreover, breastfeeding supports infants‟
immune systems and may protect them later in life from chronic conditions such as obesity
and diabetes. In addition, breastfeeding protects mothers against certain types of cancer and
other health conditions. Adequate feeding from 6 months onwards can prevent under
nutrition and decrease the risk of infectious diseases, such as diarrhoea and pneumonia. Yet
despite all the potential benefits, less than half of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed
for the first six months of life, and slightly more than half are introduced to solid foods in a
timely manner.[9]
Correct positioning and technique for LATCH ON are necessary to prevent sore nippleness
and allow the baby to obtain enough milk. The "rooting reflex" is the baby's natural tendency
to turn towards the breast with the mouth open wide; mothers sometimes make use of this by
gently stroking the baby's cheek or lips with their nipple to induce the baby to move into
position for a breastfeeding session, then quickly moving the baby onto the breast while its
mouth is wide open. To prevent sore nipple and allow the baby to get enough milk, a large
part of the breast and areola need to enter the baby's mouth. Failure to latch on is one of the
main reasons for ineffective feeding and can lead to infant health concerns.[10]
A 2006 study found that inadequate parental education, incorrect breastfeeding techniques, or
both were associated with higher rates of preventable hospital re-admissions of newborn.9In
India, very few children are put to the breast immediately after birth. Though 96% of children
breastfeeding within half an hour of birth in urban population and 21% in rural population.
Only 30% of infants (in urban population) started breastfeeding within one hour of birth, as is
recommended, the figure goes down to 22% in rural population. Almost 35% of infants (in
urban population) did not start breastfeeding within one day of birth and almost half (48%) in
rural population did not start breastfeeding within one day.[11]
According to statistics, out of 27 million babies born in India each year, close to 1.2 million
babies does not get past the first one month. This is due to poor neonatal care and
malnutrition which are the main reasons for infant mortality in India. One million infant lives
can be saved by just breast feeding in the 1st Hour following the birth of the child. If mothers
and families comprehend the benefits of breast feeding for six months, it can save the lives of
2,50,000 babies annually. Breastfeeding offers newborns all the nutrition required and
therefore the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding till the baby is six months old.[12]
From the above studies and the investigators personal and clinical experience, it was found
that many women avoid breastfeeding their new born because they are most likely tired after
delivery, lack of sleep and if mother was primipara and has first breast feeding experience,
they are struggling to find the right positioning for their baby to feed. Thus the investigator
strongly felt the need to improve the knowledge and practice on breast feeding techniques
among primi Para mothers. It helps both mother and child to be comfortable and to prevent
further occurrence of breastfeeding problems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The data was collected by using the following steps:
Step1: Ethical clearance was obtained from the institution.
Step 2: The permission was obtained from Medical Superintendent and C.N.O of R.L.Jalappa
Hospital and Research Center, Kolar.
Step 3: 60 samples were selected by using non probability purposive sampling technique and
based on inclusion criteria for both experimental and control group as 30 samples in each
group.
Step 4: 15 Samples in postnatal ward [13 & 14 and 15 samples in 15 & 16 wards were
selected for experimental group. (Per day 3 samples for experimental group and 3 samples in
control group was selected and the duration of study was for 10 days)
Step 5: Informed written consent was obtained from selected study participants.
Step 6: control group was not given video assisted teaching. Only posttest was conducted by
structured knowledge questionnaire and observation checklist to assess practice level.
Step 7: Post-test was conducted after administering video assisted teaching in experimental
group using structured knowledge questionnaire and observation checklist to assess practice
level on appropriate breast feeding technique in prevention of sore nipple.
Implementation of patient teaching
Video assisted teaching method was given to the mothers on appropriate breast feeding
technique in prevention of Sore Nipple.
Post-test
The post test was conducted in control group on knowledge regarding appropriate
breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple and observation checklist to assess
practice level without teaching and in experimental group post test was conducted following
the teaching then one to one method was used to observe directly mothers practicing level.
Data collection details are as follows:
Plan of Statistical Analysis of Data
The following steps were planned:
• Organization of data in master sheet.
• Frequencies and percentages were used for analysis of demographic characteristics.
• Calculation of mean, standard deviation and mean % of post test knowledge and practice
scores, correlation of co-efficient and unpaired T-Test was used to find the relationship
between knowledge scores and practice scores in experimental and control group.
• Application of Chi- square test was used to find an association between demographic
RESULTS
Major findings of the study were as follows
1. a) Findings related to social demographic variables of primipara mothers in experimental
group showed that:
Majority 16(53.33%) of primipara mothers were in the age group of 18- 22 years.
Majority 8(26.66%) had secondary education. 26(86.66%) were Housewives.
Majority 27(90%) were Hindus.
Majority 16(53.33%) were from joint family.
Majority 20(66.66%) had Rs.5001- Rs.10000 monthly family income.
Majority 22(73.33%) had not been exposed to previous information.
1. b) Findings related to social demographic variables of primipara mothers in control group
showed that:
Majority 16(53.33%) of primipara mothers were in the age group of 18- 22 years.
Majority 8(26.66%) had Primary, secondary, higher secondary education.
Majority 28(93.33%) were Housewives.
Majority 24(80%) were Hindus.
Majority 23(76.66%) were from nuclear family.
Majority 13(43.33%) had Rs.5001- Rs.10000 monthly family income.
Majority 25(83.33%) had not been exposed to previous information.
2. Findings related to the level of knowledge of Primipara mothers on sore nipple
In experimental group, only 4(12.5%) had adequate knowledge. 12(37.5%) had Moderate
knowledge and 14(43.7%) had inadequate knowledge. In control group, 28(87.5%) of the
mothers had inadequate knowledge. 2(6.25%) had moderate knowledge.
3. Findings related to practice level of Primipara mothers on sore nipple
In experimental group most of the mothers 20(83.3%) had good level of practice. Minimum
10(41.6%) had average level of practice.In control group, 19(79.1%) had average level of
practice and 11(45.8%) had poor level of practice.
4. Findings related to area wise knowledge and practice scores in Experimental and control
group
In experimental group maximum mean knowledge scores was 24.4(76.2%) in the area of
Prevention of sore nipple. In control group, Maximum score was 14.4(45%) in the area of
General Information on breastfeeding and minimum score was 9.8(30.6%) in the area of
Prevention of sore nipple. These findings showed the need for mothers teaching on
appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple.
Areas wise practice scores in experimental group was maximum 25.4(105.8%) in the area of
activities after feeding and minimum score of 23.1(96.2%) was in the area of activities during
feeding. In control group Maximum score 11.8(58.3%) was in the area of activities before
feeding and minimum score 7.6(41.6%) was in the area of activities after feeding. These
findings showed the need to emphasis practice level on appropriate breastfeeding technique.
5. Findings related to comparison of post test knowledge scores in experimental and control
group
The findings showed that video assisted teaching was effective in increasing the post test
knowledge scores in experimental group. The „unpaired t test‟ calculated value (12.4) was more than the„t‟ table value (2.0) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence video assisted teaching
was found to be effective.
6. Findings related to comparison of post test practice scores in experimental and control
group
The findings showed that video assisted teaching increased the post test practice scores. The
„unpaired t test‟ calculated value (17.2) was more than the „t‟ table value(2.0) at 0.05 level of
significance. Hence video assisted teaching was effective in increasing the practice scores in
experimental group compared to control group.
7. Findings related to correlation between knowledge and practice score level of primipara
mothers on sore nipple
In experimental group by using Karl Pearson correlation the value obtained was r= 0.5 hence
there was a moderate positive correlation between post test knowledge and practice score
level. In control group, the value obtained was r= 0.33, hence there was a weak positive
correlation between knowledge and practice scores.
8. Findings related to association between knowledge score and socio-demographic variables
The findings in experimental group showed that there was statistically significant association
regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique, and there was no association between age,
occupation, religion, type of family and income of the family. In control group it revealed
that there was no significant association between the knowledge scores and socio
demographic variables like age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, income of
family and previous exposure to information.
9. Findings related to association between knowledge score and socio-demographic variables
The findings in practice score showed that in experimental group and control group there was
no association between practice levels with selected demographic variables like age,
education, occupation, religion, type of family, previous exposure to information.
Table No 1: This section deals with the distribution of samples according to the
frequency and percentage of demographic variables on knowledge and practice scores
in experimental and control group. N = 60.
Sl.No Variables Experimental group (n1= 30) Control group (n2=30)
Frequency Percentage% Frequency Percentage%
1. Age in years.
• 18-22
• 23-26
• 27-30
• 30 & above
16 13 1 - 53.33% 43.33% 3.33% - 16 12 2 - 53.33% 40% 6.6% -
2. Educational status
• primary
• secondary
• higher secondary
• graduate and above
9 7 8 6 30% 23.3% 26.6% 20% 8 8 8 6 26.6% 26.6% 26.6% 20% 3. occupation
• coolie/daily wages
• government • private • business • housewives - - 4 - 26 - - 13.33% - 86.66% 2 - - - 28 6.6% - - - 93.33%
4. Religion
• Hindu • Christian • Muslims • Others 27 - 3 - 90% - 10% - 24 1 5 - 80% 3.33% 16.66% -
5. Type of family
• Nuclear family
• Joint family
• Extended family
[image:10.595.65.539.346.726.2]6. Income of the family • <5000 • 5001-10000 • 10000-15000 • >15000 3 20 3 4 10% 66.66% 10% 13.33% 5 13 11 1 16.66% 43.33% 36.66% 3.33%
7. Previous exposure to
information regarding breastfeeding • Yes • No 8 22 26.6% 73.3% 5 25 16.6% 83.3%
Table No 2: Distribution of Overall posttest Practice scores in both Experimental and
Control group. N = 60.
Level of practice
Maximum
score Percentage
Experimental group n1=30
Control group n 2=30
f % F %
Good (15-24) 24 >75% 20 83.3% - -
Average (8-14) 24 50-75% 10 41.6% 19 79.1%
Poor (0-7) 24 <50% - - 11 45.8%
N = 0 Total no of items Max scores Experimental Group n1 = 30
Control Group n2 = 30
Unpaired ‘t’ calculated
value
df
Inference
32 32 Mean SD Mean % Mean SD Mean % 12.4 58 P< 0.05
SS*
35.6 4.1 111.2% 28.8 2.5 90%
*SS=Statiscally Significant df (58) = 2
Table No 3: Comparison of post test knowledge scores of primipara mothers in
experimental and control group regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in
prevention of sore nipple. N = 60.
Total no of items Max score Experimental group n1 = 30
Control group n2 = 30
Unpaired ‘t’ calculated
value Df Inference
32 32 Mean SD Mean % Mean SD Mean % 17.2 58 P< 0.05
SS*
18.7 2.2 77.9% 10.1 2.6 42.0%
*SS=Stastically Significant df (58) =2
Table No 4: Comparison of post test practice scores of primipara mothers in experimental and control group regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in
prevention of sore nipple. N = 30.
Sl.no Variable Correlation co-
efficient (r) Mean SD Df Inference
1
Relationship between
knowledge and practice
scores in experimental group.
0.5 22.9 4.7 58(2)
[image:11.595.64.537.69.212.2]Table No 5: Correlation of post test knowledge and practice score of primipara mothers in experimental group. N= 30.
Sl. no Variable Correlation co- efficient (r) Mean SD Df Inference
1
Relationship between knowledge score and practice scores
0.3 12.7 3.1 58(2)
Weak positive correlation
Table No 6: Correlation of knowledge and practice score of primipara mothers in
control group. N = 30.
Sl.
No Demographic variables
Knowledge level in
experimental group χ
2 (yates) calculated value df Inference Below Median Above Median 1. Age • 18-22 • 23-26 • 27-30
• 30 & above
12 3 1 - 4 9 1 -
6.7 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS 2. Educational status • primary • secondary
• higher secondary
• graduate and above
8 5 2 1 - 3 6 5
12.9 3
(7.82)
P <0.05 SS
3.
Occupation
• coolie/daily wages
• government • private • business • housewives 2 - - - 13 - - - - 15
2.14 4
(9.49) P >0.05 NS 4. Religion • Hindu • Christian • Muslims • Others 14 1 1 - 10 - 4 -
0.8 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
5.
Type of family
• Nuclear family
• Joint family
• Extended family
13 3
-
10 4
- 0.4
2
(5.99) P >0.05 NS
6.
Income of the family
• <5000 • 5001-10000 • 10000-15000 • >15000 3 6 7 - 1 7 6 -
3.2 3
(7.82)
P >0.05 NS
7.
Previous exposure to information regarding breastfeeding • Yes • No 5 11 -
14 5.2
1 (3.84)
P <0.05 SS
Table No 7: Association of Knowledge Scores of primipara mothers in Experimental
group with selected Socio-demographic variable. N=30.
Sl.No Demographic variables
Knowledge level in
control group χ
2 (Yates) calculated value df Inference Below Median Above Median 1. Age • 18-22 • 23-26 • 27-30
• 30 & above
10 8 1 - 6 3 2
1.4 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS 2. Educational status • primary • secondary
• higher secondary
• graduate and above
7 5 4 3 2 1 5 3 3.2 3 (7.82) P >0.05 NS 3. Occupation
• coolie/daily wages
• government • private • business • housewives - - 1 - 18 - - 3 - 8 3 4
(9.49) P >0.05 NS 4. Religion • Hindu • Christian • Muslims • Others 19 - - - 8 - 3 - 4.4 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
5.
Type of family
• Nuclear family
• Joint family
• Extended family
12 7 - 2 9 - 5.5 2
(5.99) P >0.05 NS
6.
Income of the family
• <5000 • 5001-10000 • 10000-15000 • >15000 4 11 2 2 - 9 1 1 2.8 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
7.
Previous exposure to
information regarding
breastfeeding • Yes • No 3 16 4 7
1.6 1
(3.84)
P >0.05 NS
[image:13.595.69.534.87.663.2]Table No 8: Association of knowledge scores of primipara mothers in control group
with selected socio-demographic variables. N= 30.
Sl.
No Demographic variables
Practice level in
experimental group χ
2 (Yates) calculated value df Inference Below Median Above Median 1. Age • 18-22 • 23-26 • 27-30
• 30 & above
12 05 01 - 5 6 1 - 1.5 3 (7.82) P >0.05 NS 2. Educational status • primary • secondary
• higher secondary
• graduate and above
6 4 5 2 2 3 4 4 2.2 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
3.
Occupation
• coolie/daily wages
• government • private • business • housewives 2 - - - 15 - - - - 13 1.5 4
(9.49) P >0.05 NS 4. Religion • Hindu • Christian • Muslims • Others 15 1 1 - 9 - 4 - 3.5 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
5.
Type of family
• Nuclear family
• Joint family
• Extended family
14 3
-
11 2
- 0.6
2
(5.99) P >0.05 NS
6.
Income of the family
• <5000 • 5001-10000 • 10000-15000 • >15000 3 9 5 - 1 4 8 - 2.8 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
7.
Previous exposure to
information regarding
breastfeeding • Yes • No 2 13 24
11 0.6
1 (3.84)
P >0.05 NS
[image:14.595.69.532.94.683.2]Table No 9: Association of practice scores of primipara mothers in experimental group
with selected socio-demographic variables. N=30.
Sl.No
Demographic variables
Practice level in
control group χ
2
(yates) calculated
value df Inference
Below Median Above Median 1. Age • 18-22 • 23-26 • 27-30
• 30 & above
11 3 1 - 5 7 3 - 4 3 (7.82) P >0.05 NS 2. Educational status • primary • secondary
• higher secondary
• graduate and above
6 4 2 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 (7.82) P >0.05 NS 3. Occupation
• coolie/daily wages
• government • private • business • housewives - - - - 17 - - 4 - 9 3.8 4
(9.49) P >0.05 NS 4. Religion • Hindu • Christian • Muslims • Others 15 - 2 - 12 - 1 - 0.7 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
5.
Type of family
• Nuclear family
• Joint family
• Extended family
11 6 - 4 9 -
0.7 2
(5.99)
P >0.05 NS
6.
Income of the family
• <5000 • 5001-10000 • 10000-15000 • >15000 3 10 2 2 1 10 1 1 0.7 3
(7.82) P >0.05 NS
7.
Previous exposure to
information regarding
breastfeeding • Yes • No 1 16 6 7 6.5 1
(3.84) P >0.05 NS
DISCUSSION
Section 1: Description of demographic variables of primipara mothers in experimental and
control group on knowledge and practice regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in
A total of 60 primipara mothers out of which 30 in experimental group and 30 in control
group were included in the study, were as in the study done by shantha kumara[13] the total
number of primipara mothers were 200 out of which 100 in experimental group and 100 in
control group.In the present study, the maximum 16(53.33%) were in the age group 18 –
22yrs. The study done by chaudhary RN[14] showed that maximum 132(66.0%) was in the age
group 15 – 25yrs. majority 9(30%) of primipara mothers in experimental group had primary
education, and in control group 8(26.6%) had primary, secondary, and higher secondary
education. The study done by shantha kumari K.[13] 58(38%) of respondents in experimental
and 57(37%) of the respondents in control group had primary education. More than 27(90%)
in experimental group and 24(80%) in control group belong to Hindu religion. In the study
done by shantha kumari K.[13] 130(64%) in experimental group and 126(59%) in control
group belong to Hindu religion. 16(53.3%) belonged to joint family and 23(76.6%) belonged
to nuclear family in both experimental and control group. Were as in the study done by
shantha kumari K.[13] 132(66%) of them in experimental group and 104(47%) in control
group belonged to nuclear family. 20(66%) and 13(43%) had monthly income of 5001
-10,000 in both experimental and control group. The study done by shantha kumari K.[13]
showed that 200(100%) had monthly income of Rs. 3,000 to 5,000. 22 (73%) in experimental
group had previous exposure to information and 25(83.3%) in control group had previously
received information. The study done by shantha kumari K.[13] is slightly higher than half of
the respondents had previously received information on breastfeeding.
Post test knowledge scores of primipara mothers in experimental and control group
regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple
The study findings in the present studyshowed that in knowledge scores Among 30 mothers
in experimental group only 4(12.5%) had adequate knowledge. 12(37.5%) had Moderate
knowledge and 14(43.7%) had inadequate knowledge. In control group no mothers had
adequate knowledge. 2(6.25%) had moderate knowledge and most of the mothers 28(87.5%)
had inadequate knowledge.
Area wise analysis showed that in experimental group the knowledge scores, Maximum score
of 24(76.2%) was in the area of General information on breastfeeding and minimum score of
17.6(55%) was in the area of Prevention of sore nipples. In control group, Maximum score of
9.8(30.6%) was in the area of Prevention of sore nipples. These findings showed the need for
teaching on appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple.
The contradict findings was found in the study conducted by shantha kumari K.[13] It was
found that maximum of the respondents 184(92%) in experimental group and 186(93%) in
control group had an average knowledge. The total pre-test mean score was found to be
21.61± 2.69 in experimental group and 21.42 ± 2.11 in the control group. After health
education, in the post-test, the total mean knowledge score in experimental group was 32.01
± 2.04 and in control group was 21.9 ± 1.95.
Post test practice scores of primipara mothers in experimental and control group
regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore nipple
There was no supportive study available on practice regarding breastfeeding technique by
taking both experimental and control group.
Comparison of post test knowledge scores of primipara mothers in experimental and
control group regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore
nipple
The findings regarding the effectiveness of video assisted teaching showed increase in post
test knowledge scores. The „unpaired t test‟ calculated value (12.4) is more than the„t‟ table
value(2) at p > 0.05 level of significance which showed that there is significant gain in
knowledge scores with video assisted teaching and it was found to be effective in
experimental and control group.
Similar findings was seen in the study done by shantha kumari k.[13] which showed Analysis
within the experimental and control groups revealed that in the experimental group, the
calculated “z” value was 8.762 which showed p < 0.001 level of significant which indicated
the significant difference in the level of knowledge before and after the implementation of
planned health education program. In the control group, the calculated “z” value was 1.57 (p
> 0.05) which revealed that there is no significant difference in pre-test and post-test
knowledge. Similarly, analysis between the pre-test knowledge of experimental and control
group “z” was 0.184 (p>0.05) which indicated that there was no significant difference
between pre-test knowledge of experimental and control groups. While comparing the
differences between the post-test of experimental and control groups, hence the “z” value was
Comparison of post test practice scores of primipara mothers in experimental and
control group regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore
nipples
There was no supportive study available on practice regarding breastfeeding technique by
taking both experimental and control group.
Correlation of knowledge and practice score of primipara mothers in experimental and
control group regarding appropriate breastfeeding technique in prevention of sore
nipples
The data with regard to the correlation between knowledge and practice scores in both
experimental and control group showed that In experimental group by using Karl Pearson
correlation the value obtained was r = 0.5. There is a moderate positive correlation between
post test knowledge and practice level. Hence there is a relationship between knowledge and
practice scores of the study group. In control group by using Karl Pearson correlation the
value obtained was r = 0.3. There is weak positive correlation between knowledge and
practice level. It showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and practice scores
of the study group.
There was no supportive study available on practice regarding breastfeeding technique by
taking both experimental and control group.
Association of knowledge scores of primipara mothers in experimental and control
group with selected socio-demographic variables
The study findings in experimental group revealed that there was significant association
between the knowledge scores and socio demographic variables like education, and previous
exposure to information. But there was no significant association between the knowledge
scores and socio demographic variables like age, occupation, religion, type of family and
income of family. In control group it showed there was no significant association between the
knowledge and socio demographic variables like age, education, occupation, religion, type of
family, income of family and previous exposure to information at p > 0.05 level of
significance.
In the study done by shantha kumari k.[13] the contradict finding was found there was no
age, education, occupation, religion, type of family, income of family and previous exposure
to information in experimental and control group at p >0.05 level of significance.
Association of practice scores of primipara mothers in experimental and control group
with selected socio-demographic variables
There was no supportive study available on practice regarding breastfeeding technique by
taking both experimental and control group.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the interpretations and conclusions of the present study, the following
recommendations are made:
• A similar study could be done in large samples to make generalizations.
• A similar study may be conducted in rural as well as urban areas.
• A similar study can be conducted on multipara mothers.
• A comparative study could be done among mothers admitted in two or more hospitals.
• A protocol can be prepared and placed on appropriate breastfeeding techniques in
postnatal, antenatal wards and obg OPDs.
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