Anatomy Study Guide Chapter 22 The Respiratory System

Name _____________________________________________ Period ______ Date _______________________

Anatomy Study Guide

Chapter 22 – “The Respiratory System”

22.1 Adaptations for Gas Exchange

_____ ___________ in all organisms ultimately relies on _____________ which is the ____________

movement of molecules from _______ to _______ concentration. _______+_______ →_______+_______

is the equation for ___________ respiration. This life process depletes ___________, increases _________

___________, & creates concentration ______________ that favor the diffusion of ____ out of cells & ____

into cells. All ______________ systems share 3 features that facilitate diffusion: 1) Respiratory surfaces must __________ _______. This is because O

& CO

must ___________ in _________ before they can ___________ into cells. 2) The cells lining the respiratory surfaces must be _______ _______. 3) The system must have a large __________ _______ in contact with its external environment, which allows for adequate ______ ___________.

In general, gas exchange in respiratory systems occurs in the following stages:

1. ______________ ______________ - During this stage, air (or water) that is high in _____ & low in _____

content is moved past the respiratory surface…usually as a result of ______________ _______________.

2. ______________ _____________ - Oxygen & carbon dioxide are _____________through the respiratory surface by ___________; oxygen diffuses into _______________ & carbon dioxide diffuses back out.

3. ______________ ______ ______________ - Oxygen & carbon dioxide is transported from the respiratory system to the _______ __________ as blood is pumped throughout the body.

4. ______________ _____________ - Oxygen & carbon dioxide is exchanged between the _________

_________ & the ________ __________.

5. __________ __________ __________ - Carbon dioxide is returned to the respiratory system from the body tissues & exchanged with oxygen in the __________.

22.2 How the Human Respiratory System Works

The respiratory system of humans can be divided into two parts:

1. The _____________ portion is a series of _______________ that carry ______ into & out of the _______.

2. The _____-__________ portion is where the gases are ____________ between the ______ & the _______.

The organs of the respiratory system include the following: ________, ___________, ___________, __________, __________, _________ & ___________. The special ____________ of the respiratory system include: 1) It oversees the ______ ____________ between _________ & the external ___________.

2) It is able to ________, _______, & __________ all incoming air. 3) It aids in _______________ control.

Anatomy of the respiratory system:

The _________ cavity has _____________ receptors located in the lining of the ____________ surface that provide your _________ of _________. The rest of the cavity is lined with tissue that ____________ the incoming air & ________ foreign particles. The ____________ sinuses are ____________ within the bones surrounding the _________ cavity. Their function is to _____________ the skull, act as _______________

chambers, & to produce ___________ that __________ into the nasal cavity.

The __________ separates food & water into the ______________ and air into the ___________. The _________ (or the voice box) serves as the opening into the __________ & plays a major role in _________

as this is where the _________ _________ are found. The _____________ cartilage is the anterior portion of this chamber and forms the _________ _________.

After air passes through the larynx, it moves into the ____________ which is more commonly known as the

“______________”. It is lined with ____________ cells. These _________ expel __________ loaded with ________ & other _________ away from the lungs. The walls of this pipe are reinforced with ___-_______

__________ cartilage. The primary ____________ form a division at the base of the ____________ & it branches off into ________ & ________ ________ leading into the __________. The right bronchus is _________, _________, & ____________ than the left. Once in the lungs, they ____________ into smaller

& smaller branches

.

Air ultimately ends up in the _________ which occupy most of the _____________ cavity. Each _______ is divided into _________. The left _______ is divided into ____ ________ and the right ________ is divided into ____ ________. Inside the lungs are a series of _______________ or the ______________ branches of the ____________. Each of these structures end in a cluster of _____________. ____________ are sites where the actual ______ ___________ takes place. The alveoli form the “_____-_________ Barrier”. Each alveolus is wrapped in _______________ for _____________ O

/CO

_____________. The capillaries are only ___ ______ ________ & coated in a thin layer of _________. This fluid allows the __________ to ___________ & ___________ into the blood stream more easily.

Mechanics of Breathing:

Breathing is formally known as “Pulmonary _________________” and it is a completely _______________

process that depends on _____________ _____________ in the thoracic cavity. The ___________

___________ lead to _____________ ___________ which ultimately leads to a ________ of gases in order

to _______________ those pressure changes. There are two phases of breathing: 1) ______________ is the

air flowing _______ the lungs and 2) _______________ is the air flowing _______ _____ the lungs.

______________ requires the use of _________ and happens when the ______________ & external _______________ muscles (between the ribs) _____________. When this happens, the size & volume of the thoracic cavity _____________ causing external air to be ___________ ______ the lungs due to an ___________ __________ in the chest cavity. (Remember: Gas Laws…Chemistry…) ________________

is a fairly ______________ process that depends on the natural _______________ of the lungs. As the muscles of the thoracic cavity ___________, air is _____________ ________ of the lungs. Expiration can be ______________ by contracting the ______________ muscles & internal ________________ (which ____________ the rib cage).

Non-Respiratory Air Movements:

There are some air movements that have nothing to do with gas exchange. Examples include: _________ or __________ (used for clearing the lungs of __________), _____________, _____________, _________, &

__________. These examples are mostly caused by ____________ or some kind of _____________ action.

O

& CO

Transport Mechanisms

O

& CO

are transported using different mechanisms. ____________ binds __________ & __________ to ____________ on the red blood cells. Each _____________ holds up to ____ O

molecules (or ____ oxygen atoms). Nearly all O

is carried by the blood is on these _______________ molecules. ________ ________

is transported in three different ways. About _____ of CO

reacts with _______ to form ____________ ions that then diffuse into the __________. Another _____ binds to ______________ as it returns to the lungs after delivering O

. The remaining _____ stays dissolved in the __________ & is not ____________.

Respiratory Volumes & Capacities:

A ______________ is an instrument that is used to measure respiratory _______________. In humans, the ________ ________ __________ (TLC) is approximately ____ liters of air. The _________ __________

(TV), or the amount of air that is moved by a single, ___________ ___________, is usually about ________

of air. The ____________ ____________(RV), or the amount of air ________ in the lungs after a maximum _____________, is about _________. The ________ __________ Volume (DSV), or the amount of air that ___________ in the _______________ zone, is about _______...it is air that never reaches the ___________.

There are several factors that affect the respiratory capacities including a person’s ________, their _______, their __________ (men have greater lung capacities than women), and their overall ___________ condition.

Respiratory Control:

The ______________ rate of humans is controlled by a part of the brain called the ____________. The rate changes in response changes in the _________________ of _____ in the __________. As a rule,

______________ ______ leads to an ______________ _______ while ______________ ______ leads to a

_____________ ______. An increase in ______ of just _____ will cause the breathing rate to ___________!

There are several factors that influence breathing rate. 1) ___________ factors such as increased _______

________, ____________, talking, & coughing. 2) ____________, or your _____________ control plays a role. 3) Various ______________ factors. 4) _____________ factors such as __________ ___________

levels. This is the ________ regulatory mechanism & utilizes various ____________ located in the _______

__________ throughout the body. The __________ levels only influence respiration if ____ levels _______

drastically. Sensors for this are found in the __________ and __________ arteries.

22.3 How the Human Respiratory System Works – Homeostatic Imbalances

1) Carbon _____________ is a __________ gas that is produced by the _______________ of ________

_______. It can be _________ at concentrations as low as ______. This gas binds to the hemoglobin almost ______ times easier than _____ does, and it _________ O

from ___________ leading to _______________.

C.S.I. – How can you tell if someone has died from regular asphyxiation & someone who dies from CO asphyxiation? __________________________________________________________________________

2) Chronic _______________ _________________ Disease (COPD) is the _________ cause of ________ &

____________ in the U.S. Patients of COPD almost always have a history of _____________. Over time, ___________ (or shortness of breath) becomes progressively ___________. In addition, ____________ &

frequent pulmonary ______________ are common. Most victims have difficulty ____________ out ______,

& those afflicted ultimately develop ________________ _____________. There are two major categories of COPD: Chronic ____________ & _____________.

a) Chronic _____________ is when the lining of the ___________ respiratory passages becomes severely ____________ causing increased ___________ production. The mucus _________ in the base of the lungs impairing ________________ & ______ _____________. With this disease, there is an increased risk of ________ _____________ & ______________.

b) _______________ is where the alveoli become ______________ & ___________ the adjacent alveoli. This chronic ________________ leads to lung _____________ or “hardening”. The airways begin to _____________ during _______________ requiring large amounts of ____________ in order to _____________.

3) Lung ___________ accounts for as many as ____ of all __________ ____________ in the U.S. each year.

___________ & _____ ___________ increases the risks of this disease. There are ________ common types.

4) ___________ ___________ ___________ _______________ (SIDS) is a condition in which an

apparently healthy infant ________ _____________ & __________ while sleeping. Some cases are thought

to involve poorly _______________ _________________ ____________ in the brain. _______ of all cases appear to be due to ____________ ______________ abnormalities.

5) ____________ is a condition where you have chronically ______________, _________________

bronchioles. The typical responses environmental _______________ includes ____________ (shortness of breath), ______________, & ______________.

6) _____________ _____________ (CF) is the over-secretion of ___________, ___________ ___________

in the airways that causes __________ to develop & results in poor _______ ____________. This condition is the result of a ____________ _____________ that occurs before birth. It is considered one of the most chronic respiratory diseases in ____________ & ___________ __________.

7) There are many effects of ____________. As you get older, the ____________ of the lungs __________.

In addition, your blood ___________ levels begin to ____________ along with your ability to respond to

_______ _____ levels. Finally, you are more at risk of developing a ____________ _________ _________.