NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Energy Systems Integration
Dr. Martha Symko-Davies Director of Partnerships, ESI March 2015
Generation Delivery Customer
Today’s Electricity Grid
Source: EPRI, 2009
Tomorrow’s Power System
Generation Delivery Prosumer
Source: EPRI, 2009
The Revolution is … Coming Now
Flexibility Will Be Needed
• NREL’s largest R&D facility (182,500 ft2 /20,000 m2)
• Space for 200 NREL staff and research partners
• 15 state-of-the-art
hardware laboratories
• Integrated megawatt- scale electrical, thermal and fuel infrastructure
• High performance
computation and data analysis capabilities
• 2-D/3-D advanced visualization
http://www.nrel.gov/esi/esif.html
Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF)
ESIF Laboratories
Smart Power Lab Buildings & Loads
Power Systems Integration Lab PV Simulator Energy Systems
Integration Lab
Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers
Outdoor Test Areas EVs, Power Transformers,
Micro-turbines, Gensets
Rooftop PV & Wind Energy Storage Lab Residential, Community
& Grid Battery Storage, Flywheels & Thermal
Control Room ADMS Testbed
Load Banks
Devices Under Test (e.g. inverter, energy storage, EV, loads)
Grid Simulator PV Simulator
A Design Process for Clean Energy
Hardware Testing Modeling & Simulation
Subdivision with PV at end of circuit
Utility Substation
Field Deployment
Continuous Learning and Improvement
Microgrids and Energy Security
What is a microgrid?
“group of interconnected loads and
distributed energy resources that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. It can operate in both grid- connected and island-mode” [Office of Electricity, DOE Microgrid Workshop Report, 2011 San Diego, CA]
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What is energy security? US Navy:
“having assured access to reliable and sustainable supplies of energy and the ability to protect and deliver sufficient energy to meet operational needs”
2008 Defense Science Board Task Force on DoD Energy Strategy described vulnerability of the nation’s electric power grid
The number of large blackouts at a national level is growing in number and severity
Source: IEEE 1547.4
Energy Storage & Inverters – Key Components
Energy storage & bi-directional inverters permit:
Smoothing of PV generation
Dispatchable power
Peak reduction/shifting
Voltage support
Frequency support
Inverter technology has advanced significantly in recent years:
Communications for remote monitoring and control
Curtailment & time delays provide ride-through
Real and reactive Power capabilities, etc.
Small or Simple Microgrids
Used for very small loads (lighting, communications, & small appliances)
which may include a dispatchable backup generator to ensure power supply
Often there is no utility
Very simple architecture:
Power system infrastructure -system protection, distribution, fuse boxes, building wiring
Basic controller for load/generation balance
Generation resources – engine
generator, solar PV, wind turbine(s), etc.
Batteries (optional)
NREL + Raytheon
Energy Systems IntegrationTECHNOLOGY ADDRESSED
Partnered with Raytheon Company, Primus Power, and Advanced Energy to successfully demonstrate an
advanced microgrid system that draws on batteries and solar energy for its power. System slated for deployment at the Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Miramar in San Diego, California, in mid-2015.
R&D STRATEGY
Build a replica of the microgrid system in the ESIF and test it in both islanded and grid-connected modes, including the transition between modes. Evaluate the efficacy of the microgrid controller in managing
photovoltaic power output and battery charging and discharging under various solar penetration and power quality scenarios. Demonstrate the actual performance of the system prior to installation in the field. 200kW load, 2 x 100kW solar inverters, 750 kW battery charger/discharger, 450 kW simulated battery.
IMPACT
Resulted in refinement of the battery DC power quality, optimization of the use of solar power, and enhancements to the microgrid controller. The demonstration proved the ability for a microgrid with battery energy storage and conventional PV inverters to run entirely on solar power while retaining the power quality needed to satisfy critical facility loads.
Mid-Sized Systems: MCAS Miramar
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Outside San Diego, CA
Primarily flight training and operations
Track record of successful EE and RE projects
1.5 MW of solar PV plus solar parking lot and street lights
3.2 MW landfill gas PPA
Microgrid/energy storage project underway for Public Works building
Peak loads are summer afternoons
14 MW peak, 7 MW avg, 5 MW min
Critical loads are Flight-Line and supporting facilities
6 MW peak, 3.5 MW avg, 2.5 MW min
NREL + Wyle
R&D STRATEGY
Develop and test prototype integrated mobile power system that optimized fuel use by incorporating PV, wind, and storage. The system is capable of
smoothly transitioning between operation as a stand-alone unit and connected to a utility grid.
IMPACT
Significantly reduce fuel use and extend mission critical operations up to 48 hours ultimately saving soldiers lives.
TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSED
DoD Army forward operating base power management using the Consolidated utility base energy (CUBE) system
Energy Systems Integration
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Miramar received funding to perform a microgrid assessment in 2011
Microgrid Design Criteria
Power critical loads (approximately 100 buildings)
during a commercial grid outage resulting from natural disaster, terrorist attack, or human error
Operate for at least two weeks
Redundant fuel sources important to enhance reliability
Incorporate as much renewable energy as feasible
Provide revenue by using microgrid assets for demand response, peak shaving, and other uses
Phased build-out approach to include entire base in the microgrid
NREL worked with Miramar to complete a conceptual microgrid design (December 2011)
MCAS Miramar
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MCAS Miramar
Miramar experienced an eight hour utility power outage in September 2011 (due to human error at utility)
Critical facilities lost power (backup
generators failed to start, UPS batteries ran out, etc.)
Training missions were canceled, planes and helicopters were grounded
Most personnel (both military and civilian) were sent home
Justification for the project became apparent
Miramar submitted a DD1391 funding request in 2012
Authority to Design received in August 2013
MCAS Miramar
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New Hangars and PV Systems Since
Conceptual Design
Resulted in New Critical Facilities Peak of 7.3
MW, Minimum 2.4 MW
Need to Monitor and Control Solar PV Systems in Island Mode (Low Load Conditions)
LFG Generation Not Reliable (Sudden Shutdowns Possible)
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MCAS Miramar
Execute Demand Response with SDGE (Flex Alerts)
Advanced Metering Infrastructure May Provide Additional Benefits to Microgrid
Real-time monitoring at transformer level
Analytics, trends, and reports for buildings
Identify errors, faults, or spikes in consumption
Area Wide Energy Management System (DDC)
Corrective action on building equipment operation (mechanical deficiencies reported to maintenance)
Better load management
RFP expected to be released early 2015 (Two Phases)
High Profile Demonstration Project for the Marine Corps and DoD
SDG&E Borrego Springs Microgrid Project
Small Community West of San Diego
26 MW PV Farm
PV backfeeds into 69 kV system (single SDG&E transmission line to the area)
69 kV system also supplies 12 kV Borrego Substation - peak load 16 MW
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Solar – NREL and San Diego Gas & Electric Energy Systems Integration
Total Funding: $600K (50/50 cost share) To-date spend: $ 88K
Task 2: Comms & Control
Develop remote PHIL connection between ESIF and SDG&E
Establish virtual connection
between SDG&E ITF and NREL ESIF for future research needs.
Task 3: Integrated Systems Systems integration – high penetration of PV and storage integration
Storage placement and profile generation
QSTS analysis of DER
PHIL testing of selected storage use cases
Cost benefit analysis
Storage performance testing plan
SDG&E Borrego Springs
Diesel generators at
substation approx. 5 MW capacity
Energy storage 500 Kw, 1500 Kwh ABB/SAFT w/Parker inverters
3 strategically-placed community energy
storage units used to firm intermittent rooftop solar generation
SDG&E goal is to be able to island the entire
community
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Large Scale Microgrids
FDA White Oak Maryland Federal Research Center 3M Sq. Ft.
55 MW System, two CHP central utility plants (power, chilled water, hot water)
Turbine generators, steam turbines, diesel, PV
Black start capability to island mode operation
Coordinated load restoration process
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94 instances of islanding (manual and automatic) since 2011
Synchronized transfer from island to utility parallel operation
On a yearly basis more power is supplied to Pepco than Pepco supplies to the White Oak Campus
For More Information
Martha Symko-Davies
Director of Partnerships, Energy Systems Integration National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Mail Stop RSF 050, 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 USA
+1-303-384-6528 (phone)
[email protected] (email) http://www.nrel.gov/esi
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