3G Training NSN

Full text

(1)UMTS Fundamentals Training Document. wiximaji.en.lmm.

(2)

(3) Training Document. Declaration I confirm, that the software made available to me during the courses from the Networks Academy for training and practice purposes, will not be further copied outside of the training. Furthermore I assure that no software will be copied on to the traing PCs, without the explicit consent of the trainer. With my signature on the attendance list, I confirm that I will adhere to the both of the above requests.. wiximaji.en.lmm. © 2007 Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its contents is not permitted without express written authority. Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights created by patent grant or registration of utility model or design, are reserved. Technical modifications possible. Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 3.

(4) Training Document. Warnhinweise In elektrischen Anlagen stehen zwangsläufig bestimmte Teile der Geräte unter Spannung. Einige Teile können auch eine hohe Betriebstemperatur aufweisen. Eine Nichtbeachtung dieser Situation und der Warnungshinweise kann zu Körperverletzungen und Sachschäden führen. Deshalb wird vorausgesetzt, dass nur geschultes und qualifiziertes Personal die Anlagen installiert und wartet. Beachten Sie bitte die nötigen Sicherheitsanforderungen und leisten Sie durch ein problembewusstes Verhalten Ihren Beitrag zur Verhütung von Unfällen jeglicher Art. Gefahren für Leib und Leben / Leben und Gesundheit bzw. Verletzungen, die aus sicherheitswidrigem Handeln resultieren können, sind von einer Haftung durch die Network Academy ausgeschlossen.. Warnings Nonobservance of these conditions and the safety instructions can result in personal injury or in equipment damage. Deshalb wird vorausgesetzt, dass nur geschultes und qualifiziertes Personal die Anlagen installiert und wartet. Therefore only trained and qualified personnel may install and maintain the system. Please ensure the necessary safety requirements are met and, by demonstrating a responsible attitude, play your part in avoiding accidents of any kind. Danger to life and limb, life and well being or injuries that could result from actions adverse to safety are excluded from any liability on the part of the Network Academy.. 4. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm. High voltages are present in certain parts of this equipment. Some parts can also have high operating temperatures..

(5) Training Document. Atención Algunos elementos de este equipo presentan tensiones altas. Incluso algunos componentes pueden presentar alta temperatura. No observar estas condiciones y las instrucciones de seguridad puede causar dańos personales, así como dańos al equipo. Por lo tanto el sistema debe ser instalado y mantenido por personal cualificado. Tenga presente los requerimientos de seguridad y contribuya a la prevención de accidentes de toda índole, actuando consciente de los problemas que pudieran surgir. El 'Networks Academy' no se responsabiliza por dańos y perjuicios resultantes de actuaciones contrarias a los aspectos de seguridad y que pongan en peligro la salud y la vida de las personas involucradas.. Attention Des tensions élevées sont inevitablement présentes à des points spécifiques de cet équipement électrique. Certains éléments peuvent aussi avoir en service des temperatures élevées. wiximaji.en.lmm. La nonobservation de ces conditions et des instructions de sécurité peut engendrer des dégats personnelles ou un endomagement du matériel. Pour ces raisons seulement le personnel formé et qualifié est permi d'installer et de maintenir le système. Veuillez tenir compte des exigences de sécurité nécessaires et contribuer à la prévention des accidents de toutes sortes par un comportement conscient des risques. L'Academie Networks décline toute responsabilité pour les dangers menaçant le corps et la vie / la vie et la santé et/ou les blessures pouvant résulter d'actes contraires à la sécurité.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 5.

(6) Training Document. Foreword The training materials that are handed out are meant for training purposes only. The accompanying document is not a replacement for the official system documentation, and is not meant for selfstudy. The official system documentation is the only licensed reference work for carrying out work in the field. This student file is your own property. At the end of the course, your course conductor will give you some course evaluation sheets. We ask you to fill out these sheets and would be pleased to receive suggestions for course improvement regarding the carrying out of the courses and material used. We at Nokia Siemens Networks wish you successful training.. wiximaji.en.lmm. Training Management. 6. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(7) 1. Content List 8 pages. Course overview. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 2 45 pages. This workbook consists of 8 chapters and 441 pages total.. UMTS Fundamentals. 3. UMTS Network Architecture 63 pages. Principles of UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). 4 95 pages. Training Document. 5. UMTS Identity and Traffic Management 70 pages wiximaji.en.lmm. 6. Signaling Protocols Overview 73 pages. 7. UMTS Services and Applications 33 pages. 8. NSN Products 54 pages.

(8)

(9) Content List. Content List. Contents. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. 1. Course Description................................................................................... 2. 2 2.1. 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7. Learning Element Objectives...................................................................4 Learning element 1 - Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution......................................................................................................4 Learning element 2 – UMTS Network Architecture.................................... 4 Learning element 3 – Principles of UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) .............................................................................................5 Learning element 4 – UMTS Traffic Management......................................5 Learning element 5 – Signalling Protocols Overview................................. 6 Learning element 6 – UMTS Services and Applications............................ 6 Learning element 7 – NSN Product Solution .............................................. 6. 3. Course Programme...................................................................................7. 4. Learning Environment Requirements..................................................... 8. 2.2 2.3. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 1-1.

(10) Content List. 1. Course Description. 1-2. Course Name. UMTS Fundamentals. Level. Introductory. Target group. Persons requiring underpinning knowledge on 3G networks, like service personnel, development personnel, technical sales consultant, etc.. Objectives. After the training, the participant will be able to: • Briefly explain an overview on 3G/UMTS and list the motivation, standard and basic evolution towards 3G • Know the complete Network Architecture of UMTS rel 99,4,5 and beyond, know the interfaces and briefly explain the network element functionality as well • Explain basic of air interface and the path to WCDMA. Explain the principles and key elements of UMTS Terrestrial Radio Transmission (UTRA) and UMTS radio resource management, and describe their effects on network planning • Outline the functions of the different management layers within traffic management. • At an overview level, explain all the signalling protocols in every interface on UMTS Network Rel. 99, 4, 5 and beyond. • List and give examples of 3G services and how they are implemented into a UMTS network • Know NSN Product Solution. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo.   .

(11) Content List. Duration. 3 days. Delivery method. Instructor Led Learning: Classroom training. Max. number of participants. 16. Prerequisite courses. GSM Introduction (TM2100) or GSMBASE, and GPRS/EDGE Introduction (TM2110) or GPRSBASE, or 2G SYSTRA. Underpinning knowledge & skills. GSM/GPRS knowledge, general communication knowledge. Learning elements. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution UMTS Network Architecture Principles of UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) UMTS Identity and Traffic Management Signalling Protocols overview UMTS Services and Applications NSN Product Solution Vocabulary. 1-3.

(12) Content List. 2. Learning Element Objectives. 2.1. Learning element 1 - Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. After completing this learning element, the participant should be able to: Theory:. 2.2. Learning element 2 – UMTS Network Architecture. Theory: List the four main network subsystems of UMTS Rel.4, Rel.5 and Rel.6 and beyond Explain various network interfaces in the UMTS Network Identify and list the requirements of UMTS mobile terminals List and identify the network elements used within the radio access network (RAN), in terms of the name and function List and identify the network elements used in core network List and identify the need for comprehensive network management in UMTS network. Explain IN (Intelligent Network) and its functions in 3G network Explain briefly what IMS (IP Multimedia Service) is and how it works. 1-4. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. Describe the principle of cellular system and the advantages of moving it toward digital technology Know 3G UMTS Motivation and specification process for UMTS Outline the evolutionary path of GSM to UMTS technology and list at least three significant events in the evolution of CDMA networks Explain existing GSM service concept and UMTS service concept.

(13) Content List. 2.3. Learning element 3 – Principles of UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access). After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to: Theory: Understand the terms carrier, spreading and power density in UMTS Explain principles of radio duplex; TDD and FDD, and multiple access method; FDMA, TDMA and CDMA Understand the use of scrambling and channelization codes, both in up link and down link Briefly explain comparison of MC-CDMA, WCDMA, and TD-SCDMA List and identify the structure of the UMTS air interface List and explain the key functions and tasks in Radio Resource Management List the roles of Radio Resource Management on network performance Explain the main characteristics of HSDPA and HSUPA   . 2.4 wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. Learning element 4 – UMTS Traffic Management. After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to: Theory: Explain and list the databases used in traffic management within the UMTS network Name the characteristics of a bearer Explain the area identifiers used in UTMS, and their hierarchy Explain identities related to subscriber in UMTS List the general procedures for the mobile to gain access to the network Explain about RRC state and location information, and also to identify how the network selection is made List the procedures used to maintain mobility management and connection management as well in the network Explain functionality of UMTS session management, and mention related procedures and its state With the help of the material, describe how the session management of real time and non-real time bearers are handled through the network. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 1-5.

(14) Content List. 2.5. Learning element 5 – Signalling Protocols Overview. After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to: Theory: Know the concept of signalling and its bearer. List and explain in briefly Transport Plane, Control plane and the User Plane signalling protocols Know signalling protocols on UMTS Network rel 4, 5, and beyond.   . 2.6. Learning element 6 – UMTS Services and Applications. After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to: List the available services in UMTS network List the services and applications that IMS could provide List the GSM services that can still be supported in the UMTS Networks Explain briefly how various services like SMS, MMS, and streaming (audio and video) work in UMTS network Explain the new services in the UMTS network. 2.7. Learning element 7 – NSN Product Solution. After completing this learning element, the participant will be able to: Theory: List NSN Product Solution in BSS, SSS, and OSS as well.. 1-6. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. Theory:.

(15) Content List. 3. Course Programme.    Morning. Afternoon. Introduction. Day1. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution UMTS Network Architecture. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. Day2. Principles of UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access). Day3. Signalling Protocols Overview. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. Lunch. UMTS Network Architecture. Lunch. UMTS Traffic Management. Lunch. UMTS Services and Applications NSN Product Solution. 1-7.

(16) Content List. 4. Learning Environment Requirements.    Projector, White board, and Flip Chart. Hardware. N/A. Software version. N/A. Functionality. N/A. wiximaji.en.lmm/xihosake.en.slo. Training room. 1-8. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(17) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. Contents wiximaji.en.lmm/. 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution................................. 3 Module Objectives.......................................................................................3 Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology................................... 5 3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for UMTS ..................... 20 Evolution of UMTS Technology................................................................ 28 Existing GSM and UMTS Service Concept .............................................. 31 Appendix....................................................................................................38. 2 2.1. Exercises..................................................................................................40 Solutions....................................................................................................43. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-1.

(18) wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 2-2. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(19) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.1. Module Objectives. The aim of this module is to give the student the conceptual knowledge needed for explaining the basics of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). Topics to be covered in this module include visualizing the whole network and identifying the elements of each subsystem.    After completing this module, the participant should be able to:. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Identify the principles of cellular system Identify and list the components in 2G Identify the motivation factors for 3G Identify the specification process Explain GSM and UMTS service concept. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-3.

(20) wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 2-4. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(21) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.2. Cellular System: Advantages of Digital Technology. In the following section, we will discuss the principle of cellular system and the advantages of it moving towards digital technology. There are three different generations as far as mobile communication is concerned as discussed below: 1.. First Generation (1G). 2.. Second Generation (2G). 3.. Third  Generation (3G). 1.2.1. First Steps & First Generation (1G). wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The first generation, 1G, is the name for the analogue or semi-analogue (analogue radio path, but digital switching) mobile networks established after the mid-1980s, such as Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). These networks offered basic services for the users, and the emphasis was on speech and services related matters. 1G network were mainly national efforts and very often they were specified after the networks were established. Due to this, the 1G network was incompatible with each other. Mobile communication was considered some kind of curiosity, and it added value service on top of the fixed networks in those times.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-5.

(22) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The following figure describes the First Generation Communication System:. The history of mobile communication starts with the transmission of information via High Frequency (HF) in the late 19th century. Even after HF speech transmission became possible in the first decade of the 20th century, it needed further 40 years, before the first mobile networks for private user started operation.. 1.2.1.1 Simplex / Duplex Transmission Simplex transmission means to be a communication "one-way street". Transmission in only one direction (to or from the mobile user) is possible at a certain time. Simplex transmission is used e.g. for radio and TV transmissions. Simple mobile communication systems use the so-called Semi-Duplex Transmission, i.e. at a certain time it is only possible to transmit data in one direction, but the direction can be changed (used in ancient mobile systems and walkie-talkies). Duplex transmission is used for simultaneous, bi-directional information exchange. Modern telecommunication systems are based on duplex transmission. 1.2.1.2 Single Cell Systems The first mobile networks offering duplex transmission car phone telephone service to private user started operation in the late 1940's in the USA and in Europe during the 1950's. These systems have been created as Single Cell Systems. Single Cell Systems provide service in the service area (cell) of several Base Stations BSs, but every cell is far remote from others to prevent. 2-6. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 1 First Generation Communication System..

(23) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. interference between different users (resulting in disruption of the connections). Every single cell was totally independent from the others. This caused the several problems, for example: low system capacity no "Handover" possible no seamless service areas no call toward the mobile user without knowledge of his current location The following problems were also encountered by the first mobile services: poor service and speech quality manual switching (operator needed) heavy, cumbersome, massive, expensive equipment (only for car phone) Single Cell Systems have been used until the m1990's, becoming less and less important with the introduction of the cellular systems at the end of the 1970's. Cellular system is illustrated in the following figure:. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 2 Single Cell System. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-7.

(24) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.2.1.3 Principle of Cellular Systems According to a cellular principle a large number of Base Stations (BS) that provide full service coverage, their cell areas overlap each other significantly. To prevent interference between subscribers using the same frequency, only part of the available frequency range is used in a cell. The same frequency range is only permitted to be used in another cell sufficiently distant from this first cell (re-use distance). The area in which the entire "set of frequencies" is once used is known as the cluster. The number of calls that can be made at the same time in a particular area is no longer determined by the available frequency range but by the size of the available cells. Cellular Systems are the prerequisite for:. Cellular Systems were tested in many countries at the end of the 1970's. In 1979, AMPS started commercial operation in the USA and the Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Company - Mobile Telephone System (NTT-MTS) in Japan. Both systems operated in the 800-MHz range. In the beginning of the 1980's, the NMT system was launched in the 450-MHz range and later in the 900-MHz range in the Scandinavian countries. NMT was the first cellular system allowing International Roaming. In 1985 the Total Access communication System (TACS) was introduced in Great Britain in the 900-MHz range. Some of the European Countries where NMT and TACS Systems were introduced in the 450- MHz range are: Italy: The RTMS system. Germany: The C450 system France: The Radiocom2000 system The introduction of the cellular system principle for mobile communication in the late 1970's made it possible to increase the number of mobile subscriber from less than 1 million world-wide to more than 500 million between 1980 and 2000.. 2-8. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Roaming Handover Enhanced network capacity.

(25) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The following figure explains the principle of cellular system:. Fig. 3 Principle of cellular systems wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 1.2.1.4 Limitations of the 1G Cellular 1G systems transfer analog information over the radio or air interface. Shortly after introduction of the first "analog" mobile communications systems, it became evident that the exponential growth in subscriber numbers in mobile communications would quickly saturate the capacity. A further problem entailed the frequently poor speech quality and service availability of the "analog" systems. The large numbers of historically evolved, incompatible analog standards in Europe at the end of the 1980's also represented a barrier in a converging European market. As early as the beginning of the 1980's it became clear that a new, uniform cellular system/standard at European level had to be developed. The first system in the so called second mobile communications generation (2G) deriving from this initiative was the GSM Standard. The 2G systems differs from the 1G system in the respect that the 2G systems transmit digital information.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-9.

(26) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.2.2. Second Generation (2G) Mobile Systems. 1.2.2.1 2G Cellular Systems Global System for Mobile Communication ( GSM ) In 1990 the GSM Standard was ratified as first 2G standard. Commercial operation of GSM systems started in late 1991. Originally planned as a European system, GSM spread all over the world, serving 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001. The GSM radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. GSM systems are existing in the 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz frequency range. Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System ( D-AMPS) D-AMPS (also refered as IS-136 or US-TDMA) was conceived in 1991/1992 in America as an enhancement of the 1G AMPS standard. The D-AMPS radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. The 800-MHz band (824-849/869-894 MHz) is used in conjunction with AMPS. D-AMPS was extended in 1995 to the 1900-MHz frequency range. AMPS and D-AMPS serves some 10% of the world-wide mobile subscriber in 2001. PDC, originally titled as JDC is used in Japan only. Commercial operation started in1993/1994. The PDC radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for multiple access. PDC is used at the 900-MHz band (810-826/940-956 MHz) and 1500-MHz band (1429-1441, 1501-1513). In 2001 some 70 million subscriber used PDC in Japan. Interim Standard-95 ( IS-95 ) IS-95 CDMA was developed at the beginning of the 1990's on the basis of CDMA technology. Commercial operation started 1995. The IS-95 radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission, which is different to GSM, D-AMPS, and PDC. CDMA for multiple access frequencies in the 800-MHz and 1900-MHz bands are used globally and also in the 1700-MHz band in Korea. IS-95 CDMA are used all over the world, serving some 100 million subscriber in 2001.. 1.2.2.2 Development of the GSM Standard In 1978, the Conférence Européene des Postes et Télecommunication (CEPT) reserved 2 x 25 MHz in the 900-MHz band for a future European mobile communications system. A team of experts – the “Groupe Special Mobile” (GSM) – was set up in 1982 to develop this standard. The objective was to create a binding, international standard for cellular mobile communications systems in Europe. In 1988, the new-founded European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) took over standardization work and finished work on the standard, which has been re-named to Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). The standardization of GSM900 and GSM1800 is finished in year 1990 and 1991 respectively. Commercial operation started late 1991. In the following 10 years,. 2-10. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Japanese Digital Cellular ( JDC) / Personal Digital Cellular (PDC).

(27) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. GSM became the quasi-world standard for mobile communication, serving some 2/3 of all mobile subscriber in 2001 (some 550 million). GSM Adaptations / The GSM family GSM 900 : 890 - 915 for up link and 935 - 960 MHz for down link. effectively 2 x 25 MHz used world-wide. E-GSM: Extended GSM. An additional 2 x 10 MHz can be made available in EGSM on national decision. 880 - 915 MHz / 925 - 960 MHz, 2 x 35 MHz. GSM1800, formerly Digital Cellular System (DCS1800): 1710 - 1785 MHz / 1805 - 1880 MHz, effectively 2 x 25 MHz used world-wide. GSM1900, formerly Public Cellular System (PCS1900): 1850 - 1910 MHz / 1930 - 1990 MHz, effectively 2 x 60 MHz. Developed especially for the American market. GSM Railway (GSM-R): 876 - 880 MHz / 821 - 825 MHz, effectively 2 x 4 MHz. GSM-R is the GSM adaptation for railway systems. GSM450: 450.4-457.6 MHz / 460.4-467.6 MHz, effectively 2 x 7.2 MHz GSM480: 478.8-486 MHz / 488.8-496 MHz, effectively 2 x 7.2 MHz. GSM450 & GSM480 have been defined to re-use 1G frequency ranges by GSM. GSM850: 824-849 MHz / 869-894 MHz, effectively 2 x 25 MHz. GSM850 has been defined to replace North American 1G AMPS systems by GSM. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 1.2.2.3 GSM Evolutionary Concept The GSM Standard was originally intended to include all specifications on its ratification. However, in 1998 it became clear that not all planned services and half rate speech could be offered within the specified deadlines. This led to a crucial decision that GSM was not to be declared as a closed, immutable standard, and need to be further developed in phases. This evolutionary concept provides flexibility for modifications and technical innovations and allows GSM to be adapted to market requirements and the latest technical developments. GSM Phase 1 The standardization ratified in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 for GSM1800 is referred to as GSM Phase 1. Phase 1 of the implementation of GSM systems includes all central requirements for the transmission of digital information. Speech data transmission is of core importance. Data transmission is likewise defined at rates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 has only a few Supplementary Services (SS) such as call forwarding and barring. GSM Phase 2 Work on GSM Phase 2 was completed in 1995. In this phase, supplementary services, in particular, with features comparable to ISDN were added to the standard. Technical improvements were also specified such as half-rate speech. An important aspect of Phase 2 was the declaration of downward compatibility – i.e., all Phase 2 networks and terminal equipment must retain compatibility with the Phase 1 networks and terminal equipment.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-11.

(28) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. GSM Phase 2+ Phase 2+ indicates ongoing development. The GSM Standard will not be fully revised; instead, individual topics can be separately treated. The Standard has been updated annually since 1996 (Annual Releases '97 – '99). The current topics relate to new supplementary services, services for special user groups, improved voice codecs, IN applications and high data rate services.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The milestones in GSM evolution are explained in the following figure:. Fig. 4 Evolution of GSM. 1.2.2.4 Advantages of the Digital Transmission Mobile communication followed the trend set in fixed networks in the mid-1980's under the term Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). Following are several advantages that are correlated with the introduction of 2G digital transmission:. 2-12. 1.. Network Capacity: Compression of digitized speech information can considerably increase the capacity of mobile communication networks. Speech compression must be weighed against a reduction in speech quality however. Compression in speech from 64 kbit/s (digital fixed network transmission) to 2.4 – 13 kbit/s is used in the different 2G systems for transmission over the air interfaces.. 2.. Security Aspects: Unlike analog signals, digital information can be very easily ciphered, preventing unauthorized eavesdropping of user data.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(29) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 3.. Supplementary Services: Digital data transmission greatly simplifies the transfer of signaling information thereby allowing the introduction of a wide range of supplementary services not confined to just pure speech and data transmission.. 4.. Cost Factor : Digital devices are less expensive to produce than analog devices thanks to better options for the use of large-scale integrated microelectronic components. Purchasing costs, as well as operating and maintenance costs, are lower and opened the way for the 2nd generation to the mass market.. 5.. Miniaturization: Microelectronics for digital information transmission allows a HW reduction that is relatively simple compared to analog HW elements. In this way, the size and weight of Mobile Stations MS could be reduced very much from 1G to 2G, allowing turning over from car phone to handhelds. The weight of handhelds decreased during the 1990's from more than 500g to less than 100g.. 6.. Transmission Quality: During transmission across the air interface the signals experience considerable fading, distortion and corruption. Digital signals can be treated easily with redundancy, can be better regenerated and offer therefore significantly better transmission quality than analog signals. Analog signals can only be amplified (including all disturbances).. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The following figure explains the Advantages of the digital transmission:. Fig. 5 Advantages of Digital data transmission. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-13.

(30) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.2.3. Third Generation (3G). The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the globalisation process of the mobile communication. Again there are national interests involved. Also some difficulties can be foreseen. Several 3G solutions were standardised, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), cdma2000, and Universal Wireless Communication-136 (UWC).. The system to be developed must be fully specified (like GSM). The specifications generated should be valid world-wide. The system must bring clear added value when comparing to the GSM in all aspects. However, in the beginning phase(s) the system must be backward compatible at least with GSM and ISDN. Multimedia and all of its components must be supported throughout the system. The radio access of the 3G must be generic.. 2-14. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The 3G system UMTS is mostly be based on GSM technical solutions due to two reasons. Firstly, the GSM as technology dominates the market, and secondly, investments made to GSM should be utilised as much as possible. Based on this, the specification bodies created a vision about how mobile telecommunication will develop within the next decade. Through this vision, some requirements for UMTS were short-listed as follows:.

(31) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.2.4. Basic GSM. 1.2.4.1 GSM network elements The GSM radio access network called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) consists of the following elements: 1. 2.. 3.. Base Station Controller (BSC) is responsible for radio path and radio resource management. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the network radio terminal forming the air interface that the MSs (Mobile Stations) use for network access and communication purposes. Transcoding and Sub-Multiplexer Unit (TCSM) is the channel coding converter making it possible to use more effective channel coding within the BSS (transcoding), and thus enables saving in transmission costs (through sub-multiplexing).. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS), the switching part of the GSM network, contains the following elements: 1. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 2.. 3.. 4. 5.. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) performs the traffic path connections and is responsible for the majority of the connection management related entities. Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains subscription and security information of the active subscribers located in the radio network part. The nature of the data the VLR contains is not stable: when the subscribers change their location(s), the VLR data changes respectively. Home Location Register (HLR) is the static data storage of the subscription information. The HLR also contains the subscriber location information, but the accuracy of this information is on the VLR level. Authentication Centre (AuC) maintains security information of the subscriptions. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) maintains security information related to the mobile equipment, not to the subscription.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-15.

(32) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The following diagram illustrates the Basic GSM network:. Fig. 6 Basic GSM network – principle diagram. The subscribers in this kind of network have all the basic services available: Speech, circuit switched data up to 9.6 kbit/s, Facsimile. Call forwarding, call barring, in-call services (Wait, Hold, Multi-Party) The GSM Technical Specifications define certain interfaces, which make it possible to add some value to the system. Through these interfaces, the operators connect the Value Added Service (VAS) platform(s) into use. A typical VAS platform consists of two elements: Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) and Voice Mail System (VMS). In other respects the GSM network is the same as in the previous phase. The Short Message Service (SMS) has proven its potential in commercial use. Originally, the SMS was not seriously considered as a service at all and thus it was very cheap to use. However, the subscribers adopted this service and nowadays a remarkable share of the traffic in the GSM networks is SMS based. Another issue is the capacity offered. In this phase the capacity of the network is drastically increased, and a clear difference between the analogue and digital technology in this respect becomes evident.. 1.2.4.2 GSM phase2+ and Intelligent Network (IN) services The control of the services provided by the basic GSM is relatively good. However, these services are not very flexible. In other words, the basic GSM offers “mass service for mass subscribers”. To change the situation, the IN is integrated to the cellular network. The IN platform provides the operator the tools for creating completely new services, as well as full access to modify existing ones, even on a subscriber basis.. 2-16. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Preceding figure presents a very basic GSM network made strictly according to specifications. That is, all possible open and proprietary interfaces are included. The network described above is always the first step when a new/old operator is starting its GSM cellular business..

(33) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The following figure illustrates GSM – Intelligent Network:. Fig. 7 GSM – Intelligent Network. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. IN Services Fraud management is a very essential issue for the operators. To address such issues, the basic GSM has two databases AuC and EIR. However, these registers cannot guarantee that the subscribers pay their bills. IN is maybe the most common and flexible way to create a service called Prepaid, where the prepaid customers have their own account (paid in advance) with a call credit balance. During each call the account balance is regularly checked. When the balance is ‘0’, it is not possible to establish any calls. Naturally, the subscribers are able to buy more airtime, thus increasing their account balances. The IN has the following advantages: Possibility to differentiate and compete with services. Customer segmentation from the operator’s point of view. Better utilisation of the service platform: VAS components used in IN services.. 1.2.4.3 GSM to Packet Core General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is the way to transfer packet data over the GSM air interface. This requires HW/SW changes in the existing network elements, and some new elements as well. The term IP backbone refers to the part of the network handling packet switching and connections to the Internet and other data networks. The basic packet switched data core consists of two major elements: Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). In addition to these, the IP backbone contains other routers, firewall servers, and Domain Name Server (DNS).. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-17.

(34) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The following diagram illustrates the GSM and packet switched data core network elements:. The traffic through the packet core is not equal when comparing to the MSC side, the packet core traffic uses free air interface slots and thus the capacity of the packet connection varies all the time. This is the basic reason why the 2G packet traffic does not have exact Quality of Service (QoS) classification in use. It is said that 2G packet connection QoS is ‘best effort’. From the operator point of view, the packet connections increase traffic anyway and the time slots not used by circuit switched services are in effective use. Fast wireless access to the Internet is enabled. Theoretically, bit rates of 150 kbit/s in optimal circumstances are possible. A subscriber can expect data rates of about 30 to 40 kbit/s. Packet data transfer does not waste the capacity as the High Speed Circuit Switch Data (HSCSD) does on one physical channel. WAP and SMS will be utilised very effectively in the context of different services either provided by the operator or a 3rd party. EDGE Within the existing knowledge and technology, it is possible to further enhance the transferred bit rates up to the level of 384 kbit/s for circuit switched services, and to a level of up to 473 kbit/s for packet switched services. This is achieved by introducing a new modulation scheme (8PSK), combined with sophisticated coding methods over the air interface.. 2-18. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 8 GSM and packet switched data core.

(35) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. These methods are backward compatible with the existing GSM methods, and they form a concept called Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE). Please note that issues like availability of timeslots, and transmission quality, affect the bit rates that can be obtained. The EDGE network is explained in the following figure:. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 9 EDGE. This step will probably be the end point for several operators due to the licensing policy (country-specific regulations). On the other hand, some operators may skip this phase and move on to the next step in this development path. EDGE utilises everything built in the GSM, including the multiple access method used in the air interface such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The spectral efficiency does not change because the channel coding methods experience remarkable changes in EDGE: same kinds of time slots are still in use, carrying traffic like they have been carrying in a normal GSM. Also from the network planning point of view, the use of radio frequencies will not change. The changes in the system are related to transmission and multiple time slot allocation required in PSTN connections.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-19.

(36) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.3. 3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process for UMTS. 1.3.1. UMTS Development. The European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) Global Multimedia Mobility (GMM) Report from 1996 pointed the way for the development not only of UMTS, but also of GSM. GSM was to be further evolved in the GSM Phase 2+ in such a manner that its capabilities progressed toward UMTS.. The experience gained by GSM with regard to the core network and the Protocols and procedures (for example, the MAP protocol, call control, mobility management, handover, etc.) will also be used either directly or in a modified form. Using these Protocols and procedures will also reduce the risks involved in the 3G implementation. The introduction of dual and multimode terminals is of great importance. It will use the entire area serviced by GSM from the very beginning by handover between UMTS and GSM, thereby paving the way for UMTS (reduction of 3G risks). This new evolutionary plan gives 2G operators a chance to reconfigure their networks for upward compatibility, and UMTS operators can avail of the downward compatibility to assure successful UMTS launching. In this way GSM will slowly evolve along a migration path toward the original objectives of UMTS to obtain the smoothest possible transition from the 2nd to the 3rd generation of mobile communications. Mobile Communication Market: History Before 1G cellular system were introduced in 1980, all single cell systems together served world-wide significantly less than 1 million subscriber. Starting with 1G introduction, the number of subscriber increased continuously to more than 25 million subscriber in 1992, the year of 2G commercial start. 2G introduction enabled a real mass market. During the 1990's, the number of subscriber increased continuously to more than 500 million (end of 2000).. 1.3.2. Mobile Communication Market: Medium and Long Term Forecasts. The mobile communications market will continue to grow in the first decade of the 21st century and beyond. Unlike the fixed network sector, which over the last decades only developed slowly and which is only recently gaining momentum. 2-20. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The GSM network and protocol structures were developed so that they can be used as a platform not only for high level GSM services, but also for UMTS. UMTS will continue the GSM success story. The existing infrastructure of the GSM operators will be more intensively used, and also for UMTS. This reduces the financial risks involved in the introduction of UMTS. In other words, the 2G investments will continue to be utilized..

(37) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. again, many market studies indicate unrestricted expansion of the mobile communications sector even well beyond the year 2010. This growth is only likely to be overtaken by the forecasts for the Internet market. It is generally expected that the number of mobile communications subscribers will exceed those in fixed networks in the next years. This is already the case in particular in regions with a poorly developed fixed network infrastructure. About 2.7 billion subscribers are predicted for the mobile communications market by the year 2015 according to the UMTS Forum Report #1. This growth is being experienced to a large extent in the current developing and threshold nations in the Asian/Pacific region. Forecasts indicate a 50% share of the global mobile communications market for this region by 2015. Similar growth rates are expected for Eastern Europe and Central and South America. The "classical industrial countries" in North America and Europe (EU15) will only have a slight increase in subscriber numbers from 2005 because, with penetration rates of more than 80%, saturation will be approached. North America and EU15 will only have shares of the world's subscribers of about 7% and 11% respectively by 2015 according to forecasts. One result of the immense growth rates will be a steep rise in the demand for additional radio resources the necessity for very efficient usage of the radio resources. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Trend: Speech to Data Transmission There is constant increase in global demand for data transfer, record growth in Internet links and access together. With the requirement to make these services in the fixed network sector as well in the mobile sector, all forecasts are predicting a steep rise in the volume of data transfers using mobile communication systems. Although the demand for mobile computing, Internet and intranet access already exists, expansion in these sectors was greatly hindered by cumbersome equipment, very low data transfer rates and overly expensive costs for the mobile transfer of data. All of these barriers are set to be overcome in GSM Phase 2+ and by the 3G systems. Against this background, the expert studies (for example, UMTS Forum) are predicting a considerably greater increase in the volume of data for transfer than for speech transmissions. While annual growth in speech transmission in industrialized nations in the coming years is predicated to be between 20% – 60%, a significant growth rate of more than 100% is expected for the volume of data to be transferred. Between the years 2005 and 2007, the data transfers are predicted to make up about 50% of the total traffic – with an upward trend in the years thereafter. This means that all forecasts envisage data transfers taking the lion's share in the medium term. Current Market Demands Regarding Mobile Communications The demands currently made by the mobile communications market are varied and include the following:. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-21.

(38) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1. 2. 3. 4.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.. Improved speech quality User friendliness Global accessibility Special services for particular user groups (for example, Closed User Groups) Flexible Service Creation Everywhere the same services as in HPLMN Fast transfer of large data volumes Mobile Internet / Intranet Access Multi Media capabilities. 2-22. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(39) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.3.3. 3G end-to-end IP Solutions. With UMTS Release 99, a radio interface solution was introduced to allow the transport of a wide range of multimedia services. The transmission network solution of the UMTS radio access network is based on ATM (and an alternative specification of IP transport partly exists), which guarantees flexible bearer establishment in the radio access network. However, the UMTS CN solution is still rooted in GSM, and this may impose limitations for multimedia applications. In UMTS Rel. 4 and 5, call-processing server solutions combined with media gateways were specified for circuit and packet switched services to allow flexible bearer establishment also in the core network. The specifications explicitly mention IP and ATM as potential transmission solutions for the core network. This means a core network evolution. The following diagram illustrates the use of IP for the network traffic:. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 10 3G IP – Majority of the traffic over IP. The majority of the traffic is expected to be packet switched data transfer over IP. The IP is expected to fully support mobility management provided, if expressed in telecommunication terms. Additionally, in this kind of environment the IP must fully support QoS thinking. These two conditions are essential if cellular IP terminals are going to be used. 3G – Services & Required Data Rates Different services have different requirements regarding the appropriate data rate. Only a few kbit/s are required for conventional voice transmission with the use of efficient speech data compression functions. Data rates to the order of several 10 kbit/s are helpful and meaningful for convenient e-mail transfers. Greater bandwidth ranging from several kbit/s to more than 100 kbit/s is required for efficient general data transmissions, Internet access, mobile banking, shopping, etc.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-23.

(40) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. Even greater data rates from several 10 kbit/s to several 100 kbit/s are necessary for high-quality image transmission and video telephony. The highest requirements for data rates from 100 kbit/s to more than 1 Mbit/s are demanded by video conferences and video-on-demand applications, in addition to different multimedia applications. UMTS will be able to dynamically and flexibly provide these data rates ranging from 8 kbit/s to a maximum of 2 Mbit/s.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The following diagram illustrates the services provided by the 3G:. Fig. 11 The services provided by the 3G. 2-24. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(41) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.3.4. Specification Process for UMTS. As the 3G system is expected to be global, world-wide, and generic, the specification bodies related are also global ones as discussed following section. In addition to the specification bodies, the specification process includes co-operation of operators and manufacturers. The following international standardisation bodies are acting as “generators” for 3G specification work: International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) This organisation provides in practise all the telecommunication branch specifications that are official in nature. Hence, these form all the guidelines required by the manufacturers and country-specific authorities. ITU-T has finished its development process for, International Mobile Telephone – 2000 (IMT2000). IMT-2000 represents a framework on how the network evolution from a second to a third generation mobile communication system shall take place. Even more important, different radio interface scenarios were outlined for 3G systems. European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI). wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. This organisational body has had a very strong role when GSM Specifications were developed and enhanced. ETSI is divided into workgroups named SMG (number), and every workgroup has a specific area to develop. Because of the GSM background, ETSI is in a relatively dominant role in this specification work. Alliance of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB) ARIB conducts studies and R&D, establishes standards, provides consultation services for radio spectrum coordination, cooperates with other overseas organizations and provides frequency change support services for the smooth introduction of digital terrestrial television broadcasting. These activities are conducted in cooperation with and/or with participation by telecommunication operators, broadcasters, and radio equipment manufacturers. American National Standard Institute (ANSI) ANSI is the American specification body that has issued a license for a subgroup to define telecommunication-related issues in that part of the world. Because of some political points of view, ANSI’s role is relatively small as far as UMTS concerned. The ANSI subgroup is mainly concentrating on a competing 3G air interface technology selection called cdma2000. In order to maintain globalisation and complete control of the UMTS specifications, a separate specification body called 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) was established to take care of the specification work in co-operation with the previously listed institutes. The outcome of the 3GPP work is a complete set of specifications defining the 3G network functionality, procedures, and service aspects.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-25.

(42) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The following diagram illustrates 3GPP:. As there are some political desires involved, the issue is not as simple as described; global system means global business and this is why there has been a lot of pressure to select or emphasise certain solutions more than others. This political debate actually delayed the specification work remarkably, and finally an organisation was established to take care of the harmonisation issues. This organisation, Operator Harmonisation Group (OHG) aims to find a common understanding concerning the global issues. The results of this organisation are used as inputs in 3GPP work as well as in 3G future implementations. The OHG made its may be the most remarkable decision in April-May 1999, when it decided the common-for-all-variants code word (chip) rate in the 3G WCDMA air interface. This issue has a direct effect on the system capacity and implementation and it was maybe the biggest delaying factor concerning the UMTS specifications. The aim of the OHG work is to affect the specifications so that all radio access variants are compatible with all the variants meant for switching, this will ensure true globalisation for 3G systems. The first UMTS release was frozen in December 1999. This release is called UMTS Release 99. In UMTS Release 99, the specification body 3GPP concentrated on following two main aspects: Inauguration of a new radio interface solution. A new 3G radio interface solution must use the radio interface resources more efficient than it is the case with 2G radio interface solution. In addition to that, it must be very flexible in terms of data rates to allow a wide range of applications to be served.. 2-26. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 12 3GPP –standardisation body for UMTS.

(43) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. The UMTS radio interface solutions are based on the multiple access principle CDMA. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. In UMTS Release 99, CDMA is applied on 5 MHz carrier frequency bands. This is the reason, why in some areas of the world, UMTS is called Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). Following radio interface solutions were specified with UMTS Release 99: 1.. The FDD-mode combines CDMA with frequency division duplex, i.e. uplink and downlink transmission are realised on separate 5 MHz frequency carriers.. 2.. The TDD-mode combines CDMA with time division duplex, i.e. uplink and downlink are made available of the same 5 MHz frequency carrier, separated in time.. The next version of the 3GPP Specifications is Release 4, which was frozen March 2001, and Release 5, which was frozen in March/June 2002. In Release 4 and 5, the upgrades in the radio access and radio access network were minor. The main focus lay on the core network and the service infrastructure.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. UMTS Release 4 included a specification of the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), a new radio interface solution for China called low chip rate TDD mode (or TD-SCDMA). While in UMTS Release 4 the first steps toward a ‘3G All IP’ could be found, this was fully specified in UMTS Release 5, including the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-27.

(44) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.4. Evolution of UMTS Technology. The follwoing topic discuss about the evolutionary path of GSM to UMTS technology and list significant events in the evolution of CDMA networks.. 1.4.1. GSM & UMTS Evolution. The original plans for GSM in the 1980's included all aspects of a 2G standard. In 1988 it became clear that this was not possible in the specified time frame. For this reason, GSM was released in a preliminary version in 1990/91 as GSM Phase 1.. 1.4.1.1 GSM Phase 1 Phase 1 contains everything required for the operation of GSM networks. Speech data transfer is the core focus. Data transfer is defined, too (0.3 - 9.6 kbit/s). Only a few supplementary services are included.. 1.4.1.3 GSM Phase 2+ Phase 2+ enhances in Annual Releases (`96, `97, `98, `99) the GSM standard and prepares the UMTS introduction. Especially the GSM Core Network (CN) is enhanced to be used as UMTS CN at UMTS start. Major Phase 2+ aspects are IN services, flexible service definition, packet data transfer, high data rate transmission and improved voice codes. GSM is limited by the narrowband radio access, the radio resource efficiency and a lack of additionally available frequency bands. 1.4.1.4 UMTS Release `99 (also: Release 3) With GSM Rel. `99, a handshake with the first UMTS Release (Rel`99 or Rel. 3) according to many CN and service aspects is performed. UMTS introduces a new, broadband radio access optimized for packet data transmission up to 2 Mbit/s. 1.4.1.5 UMTS Release 4 Unlike GSM Phase 2+, the enhancement of UMTS is not performed in annual steps. Enhancements should be possible in flexible time schedules. Rel. 4 (March 2001) introduces for example, important CN modifications (bearer independent signaling flow) and the Low Chip Rate LCR TDD mode as a third radio access option.. 2-28. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 1.4.1.2 GSM Phase 2 After Phase 1completion, the GSM Standard was fully revised. Phase 2 includes a wide range of supplementary services comparable with the ISDN standard..

(45) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.4.1.6 UMTS Release 5 For UMTS Rel. 5 major CN modifications, i.e. the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) are planned. New network elements and protocol structures are defined.For the future modifications of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) toward an All IP RAN, enhancements of the radio resource efficiency, new frequency ranges (WRC'2000) and many more enhancements toward 4G are expected. The following figure illustrates GSM and UMTS Evolution:. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Fig. 13 GSM and UMTS Evolution. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-29.

(46) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.4.2. Data Transmission Evolution. In Phases 1 and 2, GSM allows data transfers at 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. In Phase 2+ HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE are introduced to enhance the data transmission capabilities.. 1.4.2.2 General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) GPRS also allows bundling of up to 8 physical channels to one user. Four new Coding Schemes CS enable transfers at rates of 9.05 /13.4 / 15.6 / 21.4 kbit/s per physical channel. GPRS introduces Packet Switched PS data transmission, which allows efficient use of resources and direct access to Packet Data Networks PDN. New network elements and protocols, paving the way for UMTS, have been defined. 1.4.2.3 Enhanced Data Rate for the GSM Evolution (EDGE) EDGE introduces a new modulation method over the radio interface: 8-Phase Shift Keying (8PSK). This allows three times faster data transfer compared to the conventional GSM modulation method Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GMSK. In this way, EDGE is used to enhance the performance of GPRS and HSCSD. Transmission at up to 69.2 kbit/s per physical channel is possible. Theoretically, data rate of up to 553.6 kbit/s are possible, granting ITU 3G requirements for Zone 3 wide area mobility. 1.4.2.4 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) In UMTS, UTRA introduces a new multiple access method Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), modulation principle, Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) and a 25 times larger bandwidth than GSM at new frequency ranges. The new Radio Access Network (RAN) network elements and protocols are defined. The maximum data transmission rate will be some 2 Mbit/s theoretically.. 2-30. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 1.4.2.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) HSCSD defines bundling of up to 8 physical channels of one carrier. In practice, however, only up to 4 channels are bundled together due to CN restrictions. The maximum data rate per physical channel was increased from 9.6 kbit/s to 14.4 kbit/s, introducing a new codec. As a result, up to 57.6 kbit/s can be reached (theoretically up to 115.2 kbit/s). HSCSD, like conventional GSM, defines Circuit Switched CS data transfer. For HSCSD, only minor modifications to the GSM network were necessary..

(47) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.5. Existing GSM and UMTS Service Concept. 1.5.1. User Services. Subscribers are paying for value added services offered to them. Therefore mobile operators are currently concentrating in broadening the services, offered to the subscribers. Following are the some of the examples: E-mail. Telecommuting. Multimedia messaging. Improved quality of service. Support for video and audio clips. Wireless personal Internet-information anywhere at anytime. Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades through the capability to download new service applications with minimal customer interaction.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Enhanced user service management covering the ability to customise and configure the appearance and behaviour of user services and applications. This management may include user interface customisation where the terminal supports that capability. Access to a complete range of integrated, customer-friendly services customised to their needs by operators and service providers. These services will be available irrespective of the serving network and terminal, assuming that similar capabilities are available. Where the capabilities are not available, the user will be presented with a subset of the service.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-31.

(48) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.5.2. GSM Service Support in UMTS. The Tele Services TS, Bearer Services BS and Supplementary Services SS of GSM Phase 2+ are defined, supported and enhanced in and for UMTS (TS 22.004). These experienced "classical" service concept with services of strictly defined functionality will built a platform of uniform (i.e. offered to all subscriber world-wide in the same way) services for GSM and UMTS users.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. Nevertheless, this strict service definition disables to create flexible new operator specific services. Demands on market differs much more on a global market and standardization in 3GPP will not be fast and flexible enough to satisfy changing regional market demand and follow all technical changes. Therefore, with the Virtual Home Environment (VHE), TS 22.121, a flexible concept for service creation has been developed for enhanced GSM networks and UMTS infrastructure.. 2-32. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(49) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.5.3. WCDMA in UMTS. WCDMA for UMTS has several advantages, for example: Efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum Different technologies, which improve the spectrum usage, are easy to apply to CDMA. For example, in GSM, one physical channel is dedicated to one user for speech transmission. If discontinuous transmission is applied, several timeslots of the physical channels are not used. These timeslots cannot be used otherwise. In UMTS, the transmission of several mobile phones takes place on the same frequency band at the same time. Therefore, each transmission imposes interference to the transmissions of other mobile phones on the same carrier frequency band. UMTS supports discontinuous transmission via the radio interface. Consequently, if mobile phones are silent, when there is nothing to transmit, the interference level is reduced and therefore the radio interface capacity increased. Another option allowed in UMTS is the multiplexing of packet switched traffic with circuit switched traffic. If there is no speech to transmit for a subscriber, the silent times are used for packet switched traffic. Limited frequency management wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. CDMA uses the same frequency in adjacent cells. There is no need for the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) / Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) type of frequency assignment that can sometimes be difficult. This is the main reason for increased radio interface efficiency of WCDMA. Low mobile station transmit power With advanced receiver technologies, CDMA can improve the reception performance. The required transmit power of a CDMA mobile phone can be reduced as compared to TDMA systems. In the FDD mode, where bursty transmission is avoided, the peak power can be kept low. Continuous transmission also avoids the electromagnetic emission problems caused by pulsed transmission to, for example, hearing aids and hospital equipment. Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent Different bit rates for uplink and downlink can be allocated to each user. CDMA thus supports asymmetric communications such as TCP/IP access. Wide variety of data rates The wide bandwidth of WCDMA enables the provision of higher transmission rates. Additionally, it provides low and high rate services in the same band. Improvement of multipath resolution The wide bandwidth of WCDMA makes it possible to resolve more multipath components than in 2nd generation CDMA, by using a so-called RAKE receiver. This assists in lowering the transmit power required and lowers interference power at the same time. The result is further improved spectrum efficiency.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-33.

(50) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. Statistical multiplexing advantage The wideband carrier of the WCDMA system allows more channels/users in one carrier. The statistical multiplexing effect also increases the frequency usage efficiency. This efficiency drops in narrowband systems with fast data communications, because the number of the users on one carrier is limited. Increased standby time from higher rate control channels. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The wideband carrier can enhance the transmission of the control channels. The MS only listens to the control channels part of the time, thereby increasing the standby time.. 2-34. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(51) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.5.4. Flexible Service Creation. The (GSM/UMTS) network offers service elements, which are used by applications. The applications form the value added for the subscriber (see also Next Generation Network Group). A set of services have been made available by UMTS.. 1.5.4.1. Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL): The support of IN (Intelligent Network) services on non-proprietary basis in GSM & UMTS is introduced with CAMEL (3GPP TS 22.078, 23.078). Previous IN solutions for GSM were of a proprietary nature and could therefore only be used by subscribers in the home PLMN (HPLMN). CAMEL allows the global use of IN services (if the Visited PLMN supports CAMEL). Operator-specific services, based on the VHE / OSA concept of ÚMTS / GSM can be implemented using CAMEL. CAMEL has been introduced in three phases (GSM Rel. '96, '98 and '99); UMTS directly adopts the CAMEL Phase 3 solution for UMTS Rel. '99.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 1.5.4.2 Mobile Station Application Execution Environment (MExE): MExE introduces an open architecture for flexible support of Internet contents transmission in GSM / UMTS (Rec. 22.057, 23.057). It contains mechanisms for downloading information and applications to the User Equipment UE. It creates a suitable environment for implementing the applications. UE's indicate their capabilities to the network, transmitting their MExE classmark at connection setup. Following are the two techniques that can be applied for MExE: 1.. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) was developed by the WAP Forum. WAP is an open industry standard allowing the use of Internet information regardless of the access technology used. WAP is optimized for MS with a small display and uses the Wireless Markup Language (WML) format for representing IP data.. 2.. JAVA will continue to be used because of its universality, platform independence and its inherent ability to recognize networks.. 1.5.4.3. UMTS Subscriber Identity Module Application ToolKit ((U)SIM ATK): The (U)SIM ATK defines commands for interactions between the Mobile Equipment(ME) and the SIM card (Rec. 22.038, 03.48, 31.102 and 31.111). Applications can be downloaded onto the (U)SIM card with the toolkit. Greater memory capacities than before are needed (and offered today) on (U)SIM cards. The (U)SIM ATK applications are logically separate from previous GSM functionalities on SIM cards and are controlled by subscribers using menus.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-35.

(52) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. SMS or packet data transmission in GPRS/UMTS can be used to download new software or applications for the (U)SIM ATK from a server to (U)SIM cards or for the communication between these elementsin general. Examples of (U)SIM ATK applications are mobile banking, mobile flight booking, etc.The (U)SIM ATK contains new security mechanisms for these applications.. 1.5.4.5 Open Service Architecture (OSA): OSA (TS 23.127) defines an architecture that enables operator and 3rd party applications to make use of network functionality through an open standardizedApplication Programming Interface API: OSA API. OSA provides the glue between applications and service capabilities provided by the network. In this way applications become independent from the underlying network technology. The applications form the top level of the OSA. This level is connected to the Service Capability Servers SCSs via the OSA API. The SCSs map the OSA API onto the underlying telecom specific protocols (for example, MAP, CAP etc.).    They hide the network complexity from the applications. Applications can be network/server centric applications or terminal centric applications. Terminal centric applications (for example, MExE and USIM ATK) reside in the UE. Network/server centric applications are outside the Core Network (i.e. the applications are executed in Application Servers that are physically separated from the CN entities) and make use of service capability features offered through the OSA API. Mobile commerce (mCommerce) In near future, mobile phones will become the personal trusted device that enables mobile commerce. With UMTS, the type and variety of mobile commerce transactions increases significantly, becoming a way of life for every day needs. Some examples of every day needs are local payments, online banking, music purchases and downloads, as well as ticketing. Also advertising will become an important part of overall mCommerce. Trust of brand for providing the mobile commerce service together with transaction security are two essential factors ensuring the acceptance and growth of mobile commerce. Mobile commerce solution addresses the three key elements of secure transactions:. 2-36. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. 1.5.4.4 Virtual Home Environment (VHE): VHE (TS 22.121, 23.127) is defined as a concept for Personal Service Environment (PSE) across network boundaries and between terminals. The concept of the VHE is such that users are consistently presented with the same personalized features, User Interface customization and services in whatever network and whatever terminal (within the capabilities of the terminal and network), where ever the user may be located..

(53) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1. 2. 3.. Confidentiality, meaning those contents of the transaction can not be seen by any outsider. Integrity, meaning that the parties performing the transaction can be sure of that the other party is the one he/she claims. Irrevocability, meaning that either party after performing the transaction can not claim the transaction has not been performed.. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-37.

(54) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. 1.6. Appendix. UMTS Specifications. wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. The specifications give detailed information on how services should be implemented into the network. The service classification of Release 2000 can be found from Specification 22.976. The below figure is taken directly from the specification and identifies where to find information on the types of services that have been covered in this module.. Fig. 14 Service classification, taken from Specification 22.976. In addition to the bearer description in the above figure, for more information on the VHE, refer to 22.970. This gives the overview of the specification and is useful in locating detailed information. For information on the wireless protocols of SAT and MExE, refer to the stage 1 (overview) specifications of 22.038 and 22.057 respectively. For more information on the supplementary services and the stage 1 specifications can be found in the range starting from 22.072 until 22.097. Stage 2 and stage 3 (implementation and technical realisation) can be found from the specifications, but the stage 1 should give you a start on how to find the desired information. Reference: Please refer to the following Nokia web site for the latest information. http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com. 2-38. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008.

(55) Overview of UMTS Technology and Its Evolution. WiMAX The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called WirelessMAN. The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL." Spectrum allocation issues The 802.16 specification applies across a wide swath of the RF spectrum, and WiMAX could function on any frequency below 66GHz"IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment 2: Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1," IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 and IEEE Std 802.16-2004/Cor 1-2005 (Amendment and Corrigendum to IEEE Std 802.16-2004), 2006, pp. 3, (higher frequencies would decrease the range of a Base Station to a few hundred meters in an urban environment). wiximaji.en.lmm/habameto.en.slo. There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, although the WiMAX Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to decrease cost: economies of scale dictate that the more WiMAX embedded devices (such as mobile phones and WiMAX-embedded laptops) are produced, the lower the unit cost. (The two highest cost components of producing a mobile phone are the silicon and the extra radio needed for each band.) Similar economy of scale benefits apply to the production of Base Stations. In the unlicensed band, 5.x GHz is the approved profile. Telecom companies are unlikely to use this spectrum widely other than for backhaul, as they do not own and control the spectrum.. © Nokia Siemens Network 2008. 2-39.

No results found