Sushila Devi Bansal College
Sushila Devi Bansal College
Of Technology, Indore
Of Technology, Indore
Session 2008-09 Session 2008-09
Seminar Report On: Seminar Report On:
Nanotechnology: Engendering an Era
Nanotechnology: Engendering an Era
of Industrial Revolution
of Industrial Revolution
Submitted to: Submitted to: Submitted by: Submitted by: Mr. Dinesh Rajpoot Mr. Dinesh Rajpoot TTanmay anmay BaidBaid
Rohi Rohi t Tomar
Computer Computer Science Science II II year, III sem.
year, III sem.
Table of Contents: Table of Contents:
1.
1. Introduction.Introduction.
2.
2. NanotechnoNanotechnology in logy in Computers.Computers. 2.1
2.1.. BallBallistiistic Senc Sensor sor DiskDisks.s. 2.
2.2.2. SpiSpintrntronionics.cs.
2.3.
2.3. Smart Dust.Smart Dust.
3.
3. NanotechnoNanotechnology in logy in Medicine.Medicine. 3.1
3.1 Cell SuCell Surgery, Celrgery, Cell Pharmacologyl Pharmacology.. 3.2
3.2 Microvibore Artificial WBC.Microvibore Artificial WBC. 3.3
3.3 Reciprocites: Mechanical Artificial RBC.Reciprocites: Mechanical Artificial RBC. 3.4
3.4 Ribosome.Ribosome. 3.5
3.5 Utility Fog.Utility Fog.
4.
4. NanotechnoNanotechnology & logy & InternaInternational Securitytional Security.. 5.
5. NanotechnoNanotechnology and logy and EnvironmeEnvironment.nt. 6.
6. Basis of EconomyBasis of Economy: A Strong possibility: A Strong possibility.. 7.
7. ConcConclusiolusion.n.
8.
Nanotechnology: Engendering an Era
Nanotechnology: Engendering an Era
of Industrial Revolution
of Industrial Revolution
1. Introduction: 1. Introduction:
A technology stepping into every aspect of our lines, A technology stepping into every aspect of our lines, p
poowweerrffuul l eennoouuggh h tto o mmaakke e tthhiinnggs s eeaassiieer r aanndd impossible which hitherto was unimaginable. These impossible which hitherto was unimaginable. These tthhiinnggs s iinncclluudde e ddeesskkttoop p mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinng g cceelllluullaarr rrepepaiairsrs, , arartitifificicial al inintetelllligigenencece, , inineexpxpensensivive e spspacacee ttrraavveell, , aabbuunnddaannt t eenneerrggy y aannd d eennvviirroonnmmeennttaall restor
restoration, ie radically changing ation, ie radically changing the whole economicthe whole economic and
and popolitliticaical l syssystetems. ms. ThiThis s is is the the NaNanotnotechechnolnologyogy.. Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, d
deevviiccees s aannd d ssyysstteemms s tthhrroouuggh h mmaanniippululaattiioon n oof f mi
mininiscsculule e mamatttterer, , mamaninipupulalatition on of of mmatatteter r at at ththee atomic or nonoscale (i.e one
atomic or nonoscale (i.e one billionth of meter).billionth of meter).
The semiconductors industry is edging closer to the The semiconductors industry is edging closer to the
wo
worlrld d of of nonon n tetechchnonolology gy whwherere e cocommpoponenentnts s araree miniastured to the point of individual molecules and miniastured to the point of individual molecules and at
atonones es ththis is woworlrld d alalonone e auautotomamatitic c cocontntenentition on of of consumer goods with traditional labour like a Xerox consumer goods with traditional labour like a Xerox ml
ml/c /c prprooduduceces s ununlilimimiteted d rretetypypining g of of ththe e ororigigininalal information. The shotgun marriage of chemistry and information. The shotgun marriage of chemistry and eng
engineineeriering ng calcalled led is is ushusheriering ng in in the the era era of of sel selff--rreepplliiccaattiinng g mmaacchhiinneerry y aannd d sseellff--aasssseemmbblliinngg consolatory goods made from cheap raw atoms.
Fig1
Fig1.. Depicts an infrastructure been built byDepicts an infrastructure been built by convergent system.
convergent system.
In Nanotechnology by controlling molecular structure In Nanotechnology by controlling molecular structure in
in mamateteririal al sysyntnthehesisis s we we hahave ve gagainined ed ininevevititabablele con
contrtrol ol oveover r the the basbasis is mamaterterial ial prpropeopertirties es sucsuch h asas conductivity, strength, relativity, yielding innovative conductivity, strength, relativity, yielding innovative ap
applplicicatatioion n rarangngining g frfrom om babattttererieies s to to auautotomomotitiveve m
maatteerriiaallss. . BBy y ssttaarrttiinng g wwiitth h cchheeaapp, , aabbuunnddaanntt compared molecules and processing them with small compared molecules and processing them with small hi
high gh frfreqequeuencncy, y, hihigh gh prprododucuctitivivity ty m/m/s s it it wiwill ll mamakkee products inexpensive design computes will execute products inexpensive design computes will execute m
moorre e iinnssttrruuccttoorrs s ppeer r sseec c tthhaan n tthhe e eennttiirree se
semimicocondnducuctotor r CPCPU’U’s s in in ththe e woworlrld. d. TTalalkiking ng ababououtt ap
applplicicatatioions ns NaNanonotetechchnonolology gy wiwill ll enenabable le us us to to dodo rad
radicaical l new new ththingings s in in virvirtuatually lly eveevery ry tectechnohnologlogicaicall and scientific
2. The New Era of Nano Computers: 2. The New Era of Nano Computers: N
Naannootteecchhnnoollooggy y iis s aall ll aabboouut t bbuuiillddiinng g wwoorrkkiinngg m
mecechahannisismms s ususining g cocommpoponenenntsts. . SuSucch h aas s susupeperr computers (bacteria sized) with today’s MIPS (Million computers (bacteria sized) with today’s MIPS (Million instructions per sec) capacity, or super computers in instructions per sec) capacity, or super computers in the size of sugar cube possessing the power of a the size of sugar cube possessing the power of a bi
billllioion n lalaptptopops s rregegulular ar sisizezed d dedesksktotop p mmododel el wiwithth power of billions of today’s PC and magnetic storage power of billions of today’s PC and magnetic storage de
desksks s cocoululd d woworrd d 110000,0,000 00 totonenes s momorre e dadata ta ththanan current disk.
current disk.
Computation will then become a property of matter, Computation will then become a property of matter, computers right be morporated in next generation, computers right be morporated in next generation, by 2010 we will be aware of our using nanoscale by 2010 we will be aware of our using nanoscale computers.
computers.
2.1. Ballistic Sensor Disc: 2.1. Ballistic Sensor Disc:
Nanoscale computers will certain hard disks, which Nanoscale computers will certain hard disks, which have sensors, sensitive enough to
have sensors, sensitive enough to detect presence ordetect presence or ab
absesencnce e of of mamagngnetetic ic fifieleld d in in a a mimicrcrososcocopipic c bibit t of of ma
mateteririalal. . ThThis is is is dodone ne as as if if ththe e mamagngnetetic ic fifieleld d isis strong enough to change a sensors electron flow the strong enough to change a sensors electron flow the bift represents a 1, if not it is 0, the key factor is bift represents a 1, if not it is 0, the key factor is ma
makiking ng sesensnsorors s ththat at cacan n rreaead d anand d mamatttter er bibits ts inin increasing the magnetic resistance of sensors.
increasing the magnetic resistance of sensors.
Fig2.
Fig2. The contact between these wires is only a few hundred atoms wide. TheThe contact between these wires is only a few hundred atoms wide. The tight squeeze keeps electrons from scattering, allowing the sensor to read tight squeeze keeps electrons from scattering, allowing the sensor to read the
the minuminuscule bits scule bits that future, that future, supesuper r highhigh-capa-capacity disk city disk drivdrives es willwill depend on.
depend on.
2.2. Spintronics: 2.2. Spintronics: R
Reesseeaarrchcheerrs s aarre e aaiimmiinng g tto o mmaakke e a a ssppiin n bbaasseedd c
coommppuutteer r cchhiip p tthhaat t ddooees s aalll l tthhe e ttiimmiinng g tthhaatt conventional chip do but with cost power size and conventional chip do but with cost power size and were viability advantages that come from magnetic were viability advantages that come from magnetic logic with the concept of Spintronics hard disks may logic with the concept of Spintronics hard disks may be replaced with plastic memories to open up many be replaced with plastic memories to open up many opportunities for new technologies such as flexible opportunities for new technologies such as flexible displays and responsive solar cells.
displays and responsive solar cells.
Ohio State University researchers have made nearly Ohio State University researchers have made nearly all the moving electrons inside a sample of plastic to all the moving electrons inside a sample of plastic to
s
sppiin n iin n ssaamme e ddiirreeccttiioon n – – aan n eeffffeecct t ccaalllleed d ssppiinn po
polalaririzazatition on ththat at cocoululd d fifieleld d plplasastitic c mememomoriries es byby rrepeplalacicing ng ththe e hihighgh/l/low ow vovoltltagage e rrepepreresesentntatatioion n of of boolean ones and zero’s with north pole/south pole boolean ones and zero’s with north pole/south pole rresespepectctivivelelyy. . WWe e cacan n coconsnstrtrucuct t babasisic c lologigic c gagatetes,s, w
whhiicch h ccaarrrry y oouut t ccoommppuuttaattiioonns s uussiinng g tthhe e ssppiinn electrons.
electrons.
This technology will make extremely small chips that This technology will make extremely small chips that
ar
are e inineexpxpenensisive ve ththan an trtradadititioionanal l ICIC’s ’s bebecacaususe e ththee ci
cirrcucuitits s arare e mamade de frfrom om sisingngle le wiwirres es rarathther er ththanan sem
semicoicondunductoctor r trtransansististors ors lealeadinding g to to use use of of checheapap and low power computers. Also because spin states and low power computers. Also because spin states of electrons remain stable even when power goes off, of electrons remain stable even when power goes off, such a computer would not have to boot up every such a computer would not have to boot up every time it is turned on.
time it is turned on. 2.3 Smart Dust: 2.3 Smart Dust: Thes
These e arare e bottbottle-cale-cap-shp-shaped aped micrmicro-maco-machines hines fittfitteded with wireless communication devices - that measure with wireless communication devices - that measure light and temperature, When clustered together, they light and temperature, When clustered together, they au
autotommataticicalally ly crcreaeate te hihighghly ly flfleexixiblble, e, lolow-w-popowewerr ne
netwtwororks ks wiwith th apapplplicicatatioions ns rarangngining g frfrom om clclimimatate- e-co
contntrrool l sysyststemems s to to enentteertrtaaininmmenent t dedevivicces es tthhatat interact with handheld
fig3.
fig3.Golem-dust. solar powered mote with Golem-dust. solar powered mote with bi-directional communications and sensingbi-directional communications and sensing (acceleration
(acceleration and and ambient ambient light) light) 11.7 11.7 mm3 mm3 total total circumscribed circumscribed volume~ volume~ 4.8 mm34.8 mm3 total
total displaced displaced volumevolume
Engineers also envision other uses for the Smart
Engineers also envision other uses for the Smart Dust project, including:Dust project, including:
1)
1) MoMonitnitorioring ng humhumidiidity ty and and tetempemperatraturure e to to assassessess the
the frfreshneeshness ss of of foodfoods s stostored red in in the the rerefrigfrigeraterator or oror cupboard.
cupboard. 2)
2) MoMoninitotoriring ng ququadadririplplegegicics' s' eyeye e momovevemementnts s anandd fa
facicial al gegeststurures es anand d tto o asassisist st ththem em in in opopereratatining g aa wheelchair or using
wheelchair or using computaticomputational devices.onal devices. 3)
3) CoCommmmununicicatatining g wiwith th a a hahandndheheld ld cocompmpututer er foforr ga
gamemes s anand d ototheher r foforrms ms of of enentetertrtaiainmnmenent. t. A A ususerer co
coululd d atattatach ch ththe e sesensnsorors s to to hihis s or or heher r fifingngerers s toto "s
"scuculplpt" t" 3D 3D shshapapes es in in vivirtrtuaual l clclay ay vivisisiblble e on on ththee device's screen. The same idea could be applied to device's screen. The same idea could be applied to p
pllaayyiinng g tthhe e ppiiaanno o oor r ccoommmmuunniiccaattiinng g iin n ssiiggnn lan
languaguage, ge, witwith h the the hanhandhedheld ld comcomputputer er trtransanslalatintingg hand gestures into music and speech.
hand gestures into music and speech.
4) Detecting the onset of diseases, such as cancer. 4) Detecting the onset of diseases, such as cancer. Ex
Expeperirimementnts s on on huhumamans ns arare e eexpxpececteted d to to bebegigin n asas so
soon on as as onone e yeyear ar frfrom om nonow, w, wiwith th adadopoptition on tatakikingng place anywhere from three to 10 years, according to place anywhere from three to 10 years, according to Smart Dust researchers
Smart Dust researchers
3. Medicinal Era brought by Nanotechnology 3. Medicinal Era brought by Nanotechnology W
We e can can actactuaually lly sasay y gogood-od-bye bye to to cancancer cer disdiseaseases;es; ho
s
sttrriikke e tthhe e hhuummaan n rraaccee. . AAnnttiibbiioottiiccs s wwiilll l eevveenn decreasing effectiveness, would no longer be staple decreasing effectiveness, would no longer be staple of med
of medical ical industryindustry.. Ho
How w it it wiwill ll be be popossssibible le sisincnce e didiseseasases es arare e cacaususeded la
largrgelely y by by dadamamage ge at at momolelecuculalar r lelevevel l anand d cecellllulularar level and today’s surgical tools at this scale are large level and today’s surgical tools at this scale are large and low, so with NT we will have nano-robots which and low, so with NT we will have nano-robots which will be programmed to perform delicate surgeries.
will be programmed to perform delicate surgeries.
Fig4
Fig4.showing an artificial DNA structure built by .showing an artificial DNA structure built by nano-mattersnano-matters
Autonomous molecular m/c operating in human body Autonomous molecular m/c operating in human body could monitor levels of various compounds and store could monitor levels of various compounds and store
the info in internal memory. The molecular m/c can the info in internal memory. The molecular m/c can be filtered out of blood supply and the information be filtered out of blood supply and the information can be analyzed supply and the information can be can be analyzed supply and the information can be analyzed. This is very useful in diagnosis of various analyzed. This is very useful in diagnosis of various diseases.
diseases.
It is also suggested that using NT medical diagnosis It is also suggested that using NT medical diagnosis will be transformed and use of nano- robots within will be transformed and use of nano- robots within bo
body dy cocouuld ld pprroovivide de a a dedefefensnse e aagagaininsst t ininvvaadidinngg viruses. This technology could be used in particular viruses. This technology could be used in particular application when considering immune sys. as this to application when considering immune sys. as this to combat immune deficiency diseases live
combat immune deficiency diseases live HIV/AIDS.HIV/AIDS. T
Theherre e is is alalso so spspececululatatioion n ththat at nanano-no-rrobobotots s wowoululdd sh
show ow on on eveven en rrevevererse se ththe e aagiging ng prprococesess s anand d lilifefe expectancy could increase significantly.
expectancy could increase significantly.
In near future we will be acquainted with notions like: In near future we will be acquainted with notions like: Cell Pharmacology:
Cell Pharmacology: Delivery of drugs by Delivery of drugs by medicalmedical nano-machines to exact location in the body.
nano-machines to exact location in the body. Cell Surgery:
Cell Surgery: Modifying cellular structures usingModifying cellular structures using medical nano-machines.
medical nano-machines. Ribosome:
Ribosome: Naturally occurring molecular machineNaturally occurring molecular machine that manufactures proteins according to instructions that manufactures proteins according to instructions derived from cell’s genes.
derived from cell’s genes. Nanomedicine:
Nanomedicine: Bunch of Bunch of non -replicatingnon -replicating nanoro
nanorobots with a specified bots with a specified medical task such asmedical task such as cleaning and closing a would and many more. cleaning and closing a would and many more. Reciprocytes: Mechanical Artificial RBC:
Reciprocytes: Mechanical Artificial RBC: A bloodA blood bo
borrne ne ssphpherericicaal l 1 1 MMicicrroon n didiaammoonndeded d 1100000 0 aattmm pr
endogenous serum glucose, able to delver 236 times endogenous serum glucose, able to delver 236 times more o
more oxygen to xygen to tissues per unit volume than tissues per unit volume than nationalnational red cells and to manage carbonic acidity.
red cells and to manage carbonic acidity. Mi
Micrcrobobivivorore e ArArtitifificicial al WBWBC:C: TThihis s wiwill ll dedesstrtrooyy m
micicrroobibiololoogigicacal l aagegent nt cacaususining g ddisiseaeasse e ffoounund d inin hu
humaman n blbloooodsdstrtreaeam m ususining g a a didigegest st anand d didiscschaharrgege protocol.
protocol.
Fig 4
Fig 4.Showing artificial.Showing artificial WBC.
WBC.
Utility Fog: Utility Fog:
These are objects formed of “intelligent” polymorphic These are objects formed of “intelligent” polymorphic
su
subsbstatancnceses, , hahaviving ng tytypipicacalllly y an an ococtetet t trtrususs. s. ItIt’s ’s aa simple extension of nanotechnology, based on tiny simple extension of nanotechnology, based on tiny self-replicating robots. The robots are called Foglets self-replicating robots. The robots are called Foglets and the substance they form is Utility Fog.
Fig5
Fig5. shows us individual foglet & then . shows us individual foglet & then the whole Utility Fog.the whole Utility Fog.
4. Nanotechnology & International Security: 4. Nanotechnology & International Security: T
The he popossssibible le aapppplilicacatitionons s of of NaNanonotetechchnonolology gy toto advanced weaponry are fertile ground for fantasy. It advanced weaponry are fertile ground for fantasy. It is obvious that 3-D assembly of nano- structures in is obvious that 3-D assembly of nano- structures in b
buullk k ccaan n yyiieelld d mmuucch h bbeetttteer r vveerrssiioonns s oof f mmoosstt conventional weapon
conventional weapons e.g. guns can s e.g. guns can be made lighter,be made lighter, ea
easy sy momorre e amammmununititioion, n, fifirre e seself lf guguidided ed bubulllletets,s, in
incocorprpororatate e mumultltisispepectctraral l gugun n sisighghts ts or or eveven en fifirree themselves when an enemy is
themselves when an enemy is detected.detected.
Aerospace hardware would be far lighter and higher Aerospace hardware would be far lighter and higher performance, built with minimal or no metal, it would performance, built with minimal or no metal, it would be
be sucsuch h hahardrder er to to spospot t radradarar.E.Embembeddedded d comcomputputerer wou
would ld allallow ow rremoemote te actactivaivatiotion n of of any any weaweapon pon andand mo
more re cocompampact ct powpower er hanhandlidling ng wowould uld alallow low grgreateatlyly improved robotics.Nuclear weapons can be credited improved robotics.Nuclear weapons can be credited
to prevent major wars since their inventions. Nuclear to prevent major wars since their inventions. Nuclear weapons have high long term cost of use that would weapons have high long term cost of use that would be
be mmucuch h lolowwer er wwitith h nananonotetech ch wweeapapoonsns.N.Nuuclcleaearr w
weeaappoonns s rreeqquuiirre e mmaassssiivve e rreesseeaarrcch h eeffffoorrt t aanndd industrial development, which can be tracked more industrial development, which can be tracked more easily than nanotech weapons. Greater uncertainty easily than nanotech weapons. Greater uncertainty of capabilities of the adversary less response time to of capabilities of the adversary less response time to an attack and better targeted destruction of enemy’s an attack and better targeted destruction of enemy’s resources during an attack all make nanotech arm resources during an attack all make nanotech arm ra
raceces s llesess s ssttaablblee. . NNananoottecech h weweaapopons ns wwooululd d bebe extremely powerful and could lead to a dangerously extremely powerful and could lead to a dangerously to
to aan n aarrm m raracece. . AAlslso o uunlnlesess s nanannootetech ch iis s ttiighghttlyly co
contntrrololleled d ththe e nunumbmber er of of nananonotetech ch nanatitionons s in in ththee wo
worrld ld cocoululd d bbe e ssucuch h hhigighher er tthhan an ththe e nunummbeber r oof f nuclear nations increasing the chance of a regional nuclear nations increasing the chance of a regional conflict blowing.
conflict blowing.
5.Nanotechnology and Environment : 5.Nanotechnology and Environment : Nan
Nano o tetechnchnoloology gy has has the the popotententiatial l to to subsubstastantintiallallyy ben
benefiefit t envenvirironmonment ent ththrorough ugh polpollutlution ion prpreveeventintion,on, treatment and remediation. Auborne nano robots can treatment and remediation. Auborne nano robots can be programmed to rebuild the removed from water be programmed to rebuild the removed from water sources and oil spills can be cleaned up instantly. Our sources and oil spills can be cleaned up instantly. Our d
diminish with nano-technology. Many resources can diminish with nano-technology. Many resources can be developed by nano-machines.
be developed by nano-machines.
Fig6.
Fig6. Nanotectnology making Nanotectnology making transortation easy.transortation easy.
H
Hoowweevveer r uusse e oof f NNT T iis s ssccaalleed d uup p eemmiissssiioonns s ttoo environment may also increase and perhaps a whole environment may also increase and perhaps a whole new class of toxins or other environment problems new class of toxins or other environment problems may be created.
may be created.
6. Basis of Economy: A Strong possibility: 6. Basis of Economy: A Strong possibility: T
The he pupurrchchasaser er of of mamanunufafactcturured ed prprododucuct t totodaday y isis paying for its design, raw materials, the labour and paying for its design, raw materials, the labour and capital of
capital of manufactmanufacturing, transportations storage anduring, transportations storage and sales. If nano-factories can produce a wide variety of sales. If nano-factories can produce a wide variety of
product when and where they are wanted most of product when and where they are wanted most of this efforts will become unnecessary.
this efforts will become unnecessary.
7. Conclusion: 7. Conclusion:
T
Thhuuss, , wwhhaat t wwe e aarre e sseeeeiinng g iis s tthhe e sseeggmmeennt t oof f aa rrevevololututioion n cacausused ed by by ouour r ababililitity y to to wowork rk on on sasameme
sca
scale le as as natnaturure, e, NaNano-tno-techechnolnologogy y wilwill l affafforord d eveeveryry aspect of our lives from the medicines we use power aspect of our lives from the medicines we use power of our computers the energy supplies we require, the of our computers the energy supplies we require, the food we eat, the cars we drive, the building we live food we eat, the cars we drive, the building we live in, the clothes we wear.
in, the clothes we wear. N
Naannootteecchhnnoollooggy y wwiitth h alll a l iitts s cchhaalllleennggees s aanndd opp
opporortuntunitiities es is is an an unaunavoivoidabdable le parpart t of of our our futfuturure.e. The researches are filled with optimums and products The researches are filled with optimums and products are filled with optimum and products based on this are filled with optimum and products based on this technology are beginning to make their mark.
technology are beginning to make their mark.
The extent to which non-technology will impact our The extent to which non-technology will impact our lives only depends on times of human in genuinely. lives only depends on times of human in genuinely. Hu
Humamaninity ty wiwill ll be be fafaceced d wiwith th a a popowewer r acacceceleleraratetedd social reduction as a result of nano-technology.
social reduction as a result of nano-technology. M
Moorre e popowwererfuful l ininduduststrriaial l rrevevoollututioion n cacapapablble e oof f br
briingngiing ng wweaealtlth, h, hheaealtlth h aand nd ededucucaattioion n tto o eeveverryy person on this planet is just around the corner. Along person on this planet is just around the corner. Along with the development of nanotechnology comes the with the development of nanotechnology comes the n
neecceessssaarry y tto o ddeevveelloop p rreeaassoonnaabblle e gguuiiddeelliinneess pr
proceocedurdures es and and lawlaws s in in ororder der to to prproteotect ct humhumanianityty from new forms of terror, runaway inanities misuse from new forms of terror, runaway inanities misuse of technologies.
8. 8. References:References: K.ERIC.DREXLER-“INTRODUCTION TO K.ERIC.DREXLER-“INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECNOLOGY”. NANOTECNOLOGY”.
RICHARD FEYMANN’S BOIGRAPHY RICHARD FEYMANN’S BOIGRAPHY ((www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com))
www.nanotechweb.com www.nanotechweb.com Ralph C. Merkle
Ralph C. Merkle “SELF REPLICATNG SYSTEMS AND“SELF REPLICATNG SYSTEMS AND LOW COS
LOW COST MANUT MANUFFACTURING”.ACTURING”. [email protected] [email protected]..