Experimental Investigation on Properties of Concrete Using Waste Material

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Volume 2, Issue 3, 2015

221 Available online at www.ijiere.com

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging

Research in Engineering

e-ISSN: 2394 – 3343 p-ISSN: 2394-5494

Experimental Investigation on Properties of Concrete

using Waste Material

Pinkesh Chaliawala

1

_{, Nikhil Patil}

1

1_{M.B.A. Project & Construction Management, MIT College of management Pune, Maharashtra, India} [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT:

In present day constructions, the use of admixtures has increased for achieving various properties which cannot be achieved by conventional concrete. Use of such admixtures increase the cost of construction substantially and also causes a harsh impact on the environment. With the current practice of replacing cement partially by pozzolanic materials, we get modified materials. Sugar-cane bagasse ash is a waste product of the sugar refining industry. This waste product is already causing serious environmental pollution, which calls for urgent ways of

handling the waste.Hardened concrete tests like compressive strength and split-tensile strength were undertaken

on specimens. The result shows a remarkable increase in compressive and tensile strength of concrete as a percentage of bagasse ash replacement.

Keywords: Experiment, pozzolanic material, Sugar cane buggase ash, compressive test

I. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a mixture of cement (usually Portland cement) and stone aggregate .When mixed with a small amount of water, the cement hydrates lock the aggregate into its rigid structure. Waste product may be used as fibres as well as siliceous material which may reduce the environmental degradation and also lower the consumption of valuable resources such as cement, fine aggregate, course aggregate and artificial fibres.

Using waste product as an ingredient in concrete not only proves to be economical but also may improve the compressive, flexural and tensile strength of concrete and decrease the pollution load.

Many municipal corporations and industries are looking for effective use of their waste. In recent years attempt have been made to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement in concrete are receiving much attention due to environment related issues in manufacturing of cement and uprising prices of the cement in the market.

Researchers all over the world today are focusing on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste, as a source of raw materials for industry. This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Industrial wastes, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement replacement materials. When waste from sugar industries is burned under controlled conditions, it also gives ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. A study have been carried out on the ashes obtained directly from the industries to study pozzolanic activity and their suitability as binders, partially replacing cement. Therefore it is possible to use sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as cement replacement material to improve quality and reduce the cost of construction materials such as mortar, concrete pavers, concrete roof tiles and soil cement interlocking block. Sugarcane production in India is over 300 million tons/year leaving about 10 million tons of as unutilized and, hence, wastes material. This paper analyzes the effect of SCBA in concrete by partial replacement of cement at the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight. The experimental study examines the compressive strength, split tensile strength. The main ingredients consist of Portland cement, SCBA, river sand, coarse-aggregate and water. After mixing, concrete specimens were casted and subsequently all test specimens were cured in water at seven and 28 Days.

II. INGREDIENTS & PROPERTIES

For developing good concrete mix it is important to select proper ingredients, evaluate their properties and understand the interaction amongst the different material. It normally contain not only Ordinary Portland cement, Aggregate, water but also fibrous material and supplementary cementing material. The ingredients used for our project work are: Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and pozzolanic material like sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA).

A. Ordinary Portland cement:

The cement selected was ordinary Portland cement of 53 grades. The technical information is as follow. Brand name: Binani cement 53-grade (O.P.C.)

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222 Table 1. Properties of Cement

Property Average value of OPC used

in present investigation

Standard value for OPC

Specific Gravity 3.15 -

Consistency ( % ) 29 27-30

Initial Setting Time(minutes) 84 >30

Final Setting Time (minutes) 348 <600

Soundness (mm) 1 <10

Compressive Strength ( N/mm2₎

3 days 28.2 >27

7 days 39.93 >37

28 days 55.4 >53

B. Aggregate:

Various properties of aggregate govern the strength of concrete properties such as particle shape, particle size distribution, mechanical properties of aggregate and possible chemical reaction between aggregate and paste which affects the bond as well as grading of aggregate are confined to IS: 383-1970.[3]

 Coarse aggregate:

The coarse aggregate in our project is 20mm to 25mm in size, crushed angular shape and clean and free from impurities such as earth, coal, dust and other organic matters.

 Fine aggregate:

The size of fine aggregate is less than 4.75mm. The most important function of fine aggregate is to assist in producing workability and uniformity. The sand used is clean, coarse, consisting of sharp edges and free from organic or vegetable matter.

Table 2. Properties of Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate

Property Fine

Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

Fineness modulus 2.52 3.4

Specific gravity(Kg/m3₎ _1.50 _3.11

Water absorption (%) 1.11 1.70

Bulk Density(Kg/m3₎ ₁₇₂₂ ₂₆₁₅ C. Water:

It is a famous saying, “Water fit for drinking is also safe for making concrete”. The water used by us in making concrete was free from oils, acids, alkalis, and other organic and inorganic properties.

D. Admixtures:

Admixtures are generally used to modify or improve the various properties of concrete such as workability, non-segregation anti-cracking, increasing compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength and improving durability of concrete.  Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash:

SCBA is a waste product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour, which mainly contains aluminum iron and silica. It may replace cement by a fraction as it possesses similar properties like cement.

Table 3. Composition of bagasse

Component Mass (%)

SiO2 78.4

Al2 8.55

Fe2O 3.61

CaO 2.15

Na2O 0.12

K2O 3.46

MnO 0.13

TiO2 0.50

BaO <0.16

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III.EXPERIMENTALWORK/METHODOLOGY

A. Batching

Batching may be carried out in two ways (A) weigh batching (b) volume batching. The percentage of error is higher in volume batching as compare to weigh batching. It is preferable to opt for higher degree of accuracy in experimental work. So here we have decided to adopt weigh batching to batch materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, sugar cane bagasse ash. Water is measured in terms of liters.

B. Mixing

Concrete mixing was done with help of concrete mixing machine. Coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and sugar cane bagasse ash was taken in to mixer machine and mixed thoroughly. The mixer was started to revolve for 1.5 - 2 minutes to enable proper mixing. Water was added steadily in mixer machine. Mixing was carryout for approximately five minutes. Sometimes manual mixing was also done. [2]

C. Filling of moulds

Once the concrete was mixed thoroughly it was placed in a large rigid pan where the quality of concrete was observed and then poured in the moulds of cubes, cylinders. The inner surfaces of the moulds were coated with oil before pouring so that they can be easily demoulded after 24 hours. Each layer was tamped 25 times with tamping rod and then vibrated for sufficient time. The top surface was levelled with a trowel and finished properly. The moulds of cubes, cylinder were then placed on a level surface for enabling the concrete to set.

D. Curing

Once the concrete is set thoroughly, the cube and cylinder were demoulded and immersed in curing tank containing water at normal temperature for the required time period.

IV.TESTINGOFSPECIMENS

After 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing period, the specimens were allowed to dry the surface for about one to two hours. Then they were tested in appropriate testing machine for studying the properties compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength of hardened concrete.

A. Compressive Strength of Concrete

The 7 days, 14 days and 28 days compressive strength of cube will be tested in the following manner:

After cleaning the bearing surface of the compression testing machine the concrete cube was placed on its smooth face side. The axis of specimen was carefully aligned with the center of lower pressure plate of compression testing machine. Then an upper pressure plate was lowered till distance between pressure plate and top surface of the specimen achieved. No packing was used between faces of pressure plate and cube.

The load was applied without shock and increased gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2_{/min until the specimen was crushed.} The compressive strength calculated in N/mm2_{from the maximum load sustained by the cube before failure.}

Compressive strength = P/A Where, P= failure load A= cross sectional area

Average of three values was taken for determining compressive strength of concrete.

B. Split Tensile Strength of Concrete

The 7 days and 14 days and 28 days specimen will be tested for the split tensile strength in the following manner: After removing the specimen from curing, its surface was cleaned properly.

Diametrical lines were drawn on the two ends of the specimen using any suitable devise to ensure that they are in the same axial plane.

In order to reduce the magnitude of the high compression stresses near the points of application of the load, narrow packing strips of plywood were placed between the specimen and loading platens of the testing machine. A plywood strip of 250mm wide 12mm thick and 300mm long was used for packing.

The test was carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of compression testing machine. The compressive load was applied gradually without shock at the rate of 14 kg/cm2_{/min. The load was applied} until failure of cylinder, along the vertical dimension.

Whenever the load is applied along the generatrix, an element on the vertical diameter of cylinder is subjected to vertical compressive stress and a horizontal tensile strength.

The measured splitting tensile strength “Tsp” of the specimen was calculated using following formula. Tsp = 2P/πLD

Where,

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V. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

A. plain cement concrete

Table 4. Compression Test

Sr. No. Curing Period Avg. Compressive Strength (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 21.83

2 14 Days 25.70

3 28 Days 30.95

Table 5. Split Tensile Test Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile

Strength (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 2.10

2 14 Days 2.37

3 28 Days 3.11

B. Concrete with 5% Baggase ash

Sr.

No. Curing Period

Avg. Compressive Strength of Modified Concrete (N/mm2₎

Avg. Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 27.03 21.83

2 14 Days 38.37 25.70

3 28 Days 41.45 30.95

Figure 1. Comparison of compressive strength of PCC and modified concrete with 5% Baggase ash

Table 7. Split Tensile Test

Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile Strength of Modified Concrete (N/mm2₎

Split Tensile Strength of Normal Concrete (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 2.97 2.10

2 14 Days 3.14 2.37

3 28 Days 3.23 3.11

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7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

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Figure 2. Comparison of tensile strength of PCC and modified concrete with 5% Baggase ash

C. Concrete with 10% Baggase ash

Sr. No. Curing Period Avg. Compressive Strength of Modified Concrete (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 36.03 21.83

2 14 Days 41.92 25.70

3 28 Days 46.96 30.95

Table 9. Split Tensile Test Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile Strength of Modified

Concrete (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 4.21 2.10

2 14 Days 4.55 2.37

3 28 Days 4.89 3.11

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D. Concrete with 15% Baggase ash

Table 10. Compression Test Sr. No. Curing Period Avg. Compressive Strength of

Modified Concrete (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 36.15 21.83

2 14 Days 40.94 25.70

3 28 Days 46.60 30.95

Table 11. Split Tensile Test Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile Strength of Modified

Concrete (N/mm2₎

1 7 Days 2.62 2.10

2 14 Days 2.99 2.37

3 28 Days 3.28 3.11

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VI.CONCLUSIONS

In this experimental program, the compressive strength and tensile strength developments of concrete containing sugar can bagasse ash (SCBA) is investigated.

According to the tests performed it is observed that there is a remarkable increment in properties of concrete according to the percentage of bagasse ash by weight in concrete.

When M20 concrete with 5% bagasse ash by replacing cement by 1% is compared with plane cement concrete, it is found that the compressive strength increases to 123.82% and tensile strength increases to 141.43% at the end of 7 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 149.30% and tensile strength creases to 132.49% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 14 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 133.93%, tensile strength increases to 103.86%and flexural strength decreases to 98.72% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 28 days.

When M20 concrete with 10% bagasse ash by replacing cement by 1% is compared with plane cement concrete, it is found that the compressive strength increases to 165.05% and tensile strength increases to 200.48% at the end of 7 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 163.11% and tensile strength creases to 191.98% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 14 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 151.73%, tensile strength increases to 157.23% and flexural strength increases to 107.50 as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 28 days.

When M20 concrete with 15% bagasse ash by replacing cement by 1% is compared with plane cement concrete, it is found that the compressive strength increases to 165.60% and tensile strength increases to 124.76% at the end of 7 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 159.30% and tensile strength creases to 126.16% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 14 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 150.57%, tensile strength increases to 105.47% and flexural strength increases to 126.28% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 28 days, but with 15% of bagasse ash the workability of concrete is reduced.

VII.REFERENCES

[1] Indian Standard Code of Practise for Plain and Reinforced concrete, IS 456:2000, fourth revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[2] Indian Standard Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design, IS 10262:1982, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[3] Indian Standard Specification for Course and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete IS 383:1970, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[4] Shetty M. S., Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, S. Chand Technical Publication, New Delhi, 2011. [5] Gambhir M. L., Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New

Delhi, 2010. [6] www.isca.in [7] www.asce.org

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