Benchmark 1-Weather Study Guide Name ________Key_________________Date _______ Period ___ Atmospheric Layers
1. Fill in the chart matching the description with the correct atmospheric layer using the word bank. Atmospheric
Layer
El
e
va
ti
o
n
(k
m
) lowest pressure
highest
altitude Mt. Everest satellites (2x) water vapor disintegrates meteors hot (2x) ozone layer space shuttle weather
reflects radio waves coldest planes smog auroras
Tropo 0-20 km Mt. Everest, planes, water vapor, weather, smog
Strato 21-50 Ozone layer
Meso 51-85 disintegrates meteors, coldest
Thermo 86-690 auroras, hot, satellites, space shuttle, reflects radio waves Exo 691-10,000 highest altitude, lowest pressure, satellites, hot
2. As you go up in altitude, atmospheric pressure (increases/decreases) because air molecules get
(closer/farther apart) and (more/less) dense. As you get closer to the earth’s surface, the pull of Earth’s gravity is (greater/less).
3. What two gases make up the majority of the atmosphere? Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (20%)
4. Explain why temperatures rise in the stratosphere. The ozone layer absorbs UV radiation from the Sun. 5. Short-term (day to day) conditions of the atmosphere describes weather while climate is the average
daily weather for an extended period of time (decades or longer) at a certain location. 6. Which of the following data would be most useful for describing the climate of a specific area?
a. Average weekly wind speed for 1 month c. Total annual precipitation amounts for 2 years.
b. Daily relative humidity levels for 18 months d. Average high and low monthly temperatures for 20 years. Water Cycle
7. What two things are the driving forces of the water cycle? the Sun and gravity
8. Draw and label the water cycle using all of the terms below. Use arrows to show movement. Clouds, condensation, evaporation, groundwater flow, precipitation, run-off, surface water flow, transpiration, the Sun
9. Describe the state of matter change for the following words (liquid, solid, gas)
a. example: frost (gas solid), b. condensation: __gas → liquid__ c. evaporation: __liquid → gas__ 10. a) What part of the water cycle is dew and frost? __Condensation___
b) How is dew made? Dew (gas liquid) water condensed near ground level (Iike on grass and cars). c) How is frost made? Frost is (gas solid) frozen water near ground level
Clouds
Condensation
Groundwater Flow Surface-water flow
Evaporation Precipitation
Transpiration s
11. Ground that has many holes that permits water to pass through easily is considered __porous__ and ___permeable___.
12. In the process of transpiration, water enters a plant through its (roots/stem) and travels up the
(phloem/xylem) through (capillary action/gravity). Excess water leaves by (condensation/evaporation) from the (top-side/underside) of (leaves/stems) through pores called (cuticle/stomata) controlled by (cell walls/guard cells).
13. List 5 forms of precipitation. ___rain, sleet, snow, freezing rain, and hail___ Clouds
14. Identify the types of clouds in the illustration. Use the words: altocumulus, altostratus, cirrocumulus, cirrus, cumulus, cumulonimbus, fog, nimbostratus, stratocumulus, and stratus
15. Alto clouds are at a (low/medium/high) elevation. Nimbo- in a cloud name indicates it brings (fair weather/rain). Clouds near the earth’s surface are called (dew/fog).
16.Complete the chart with the appropriate cloud name or description Cloud Name Cloud Description
Nimbostratus indicates rain, low elevation, has a flatter shape Cirrocumulus small cumulus clouds located at high elevations
Stratus spread out in layers over a large area, sometimes indicate rain Altocumulus medium sized cumulus clouds located at a middle elevation Cirrus high elevation clouds, wispy, made of ice crystals
Altostratus stratus clouds located at a medium level Cirrostratus thin stratus clouds located at high elevations
Cumulus low elevation puffy clouds, indicate fair weather when white Cumulonimbus aka thunderhead, part of thunderstorms, tall w/ anvil shape
17. Circle each cloud type that is located at a higher elevation. (4 answers should be circled)
18. How does the composition of low level clouds differ from high level clouds?
Low level clouds consist mostly of suspended (ice crystals/water droplets). High-level clouds consist mostly of (ice crystals/water droplets) and undergo (crystallization/evaporation).
19. What types of surfaces do clouds condense on up in the atmosphere? dust, particulates, smoke, pollution, sea salt
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
20. What is climate? big picture of temp, rainfall, wind and other conditions over a large region and long time 21. What is the greenhouse effect? Solar energy heats the surface of Earth radiated back and trapped
warming Earth’s atmosphere
22. Fill in the Greenhouse Effect diagram with the best fitting term or description: Atmosphere, Cloud, Earth, Space - Some heat escapes into space, - The Sun’s rays warm the Earth, - Some heat trapped by greenhouse gases travels back to Earth, Sun
23. Why are greenhouse gases necessary? world would be icy and too cold to sustain life 24. List 3-4 types of fossil fuels. oil, coal, petroleum (gasoline and natural gas)
25. How does burning a fossil fuel effect the composition of the atmosphere? fossil fuels contain carbon, that is released into the atmosphere as CO2
26. Identify each cause with an “X” as a natural or human-induced cause of greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse Effect Influence (Cause) Natural Human-Induced
a. Volcano eruption releases CO2 X
b. Cars burn gasoline and release CO2 X
c. Cattle farm increases the amount of methane released X
d. Power-plant burns coal X
e. Aerosol cans sprays and releases chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) X f. Plant and animal decomposition releases CO2, methane, and nitrous oxides X
g. Decomposing landfill releases methane and heat X
h. House uses electricity powered by the power plant X
i. Refrigerator releases fluorocarbons X
j. Animals release CO2 when they exhale X
l. Rice paddy field releases methane X
m. Forest fires release CO2 X
n. Agricultural processes release nitrous oxides X
o. Deforestation contributes to 18% of CO2 released X
27. Describe 3 ways you personally can reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
- ride bikes, carpool, turn off lights when not in use, recycle, reusable grocery bags 28. How does planting trees naturally help balance the Greenhouse Effect?
Trees naturally absorb CO2 for photosynthesis
29. Oceans naturally absorb CO2. Describe two ways this could negatively affect ocean-life. -The ocean can become too acidic (pH too low), affecting animals with shells.
- If the ocean warms, animals will need to adapt or die (like algae- a base of the food chain)
30. Increased temperatures may be influenced by an increase of what main greenhouse gas? __CO2___
Inquiry
31. Write out 3 general lab safety rules and/or precautions. Wear goggles, don’t eat in lab, broken glass picked up by teacher, no horseplay, read/follow instructions, etc.
32. Fill in the table below with the correct answer
Instrument Measurement Standard (SI) Metric Unit
Triple Beam Balance Mass Grams (g)
Graduated Cylinder Volume Milliliters (mL)
Thermometer Temperature Celsius (˚C)
Metric Ruler Length Centimeter (cm)
33. Fill in the chart with the most appropriate SI Metric Unit.
Measurement SI (metric) unit Measurement SI (metric) unit
Pencil length a. cm Glass of water volume f. mL
Classroom width b. meters Mass of a car g. kg
Single hair diameter c. mm Glass of water mass h. g
Distance to Atlanta, GA d. km Time to catch a ball i. seconds
Outside temperature e. ˚C Mass of a sugar cube j. g
34. If you wanted to measure 45 milliliters of a liquid what would help you most accurately and precisely measure the volume?
A. 40 mL beaker B. 50 mL beaker C. 50 mL test tube D. 10 mL pipette E. 5 mL graduated cylinder F. 50 mL graduated cylinder
35. What two tools are required to calculate density? Density = D= MV = volumemass = triplebeam balancegraduated cylinder
36. Identify each statement as either:
qualitative observation (QL), quantitative observation (QNT), inference (I), or prediction (P).
a. ___P______ It will rain 2 cm tonight. c. ___I___ The cloud is angry because it is dark. b. ___QNT___ The hail has a mass of 50 grams. d. ___QL___ The thunder was loud.
37. Mr. Burps-A-Lot wants to experiment with a new medicine (Gas-B-Gone) to help relieve excess gas. He heard he could also drink 250 mL of white-grape juice and do 50 sit-ups to help get relief. After doing this for 3 days he noticed his excess gas was gone.
a. What was the intended independent variable? __Using the new medicine (Gas-B-Gone)__
b. What was the DV? __relieve excess gas___
d. What is wrong about his experiment? __He has too many uncontrolled variables. He can only test 1 Independent Variable at a time in a controlled experiment. (Only change Gas-B-Gone, not drink juice and do sit-ups during the experimental trial time.)
38. What is the volume of the liquid below? 23.5 mL
39. What is the temperature in Celsius below? -2.5 ⁰C
40. What is the temperature in Celsius below? 34.5 ⁰C
41.
a. 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter b. 1000 millimeters = 1 meter c. 100 centimeters = 1 meter d. 1000 meters = 1 kilometer
42. John needs a 2.5 cm by 3.6 cm rectangle of aluminum foil. What is the smallest necessary measurement?
(mm, cm, m, km) 43. What is the length of the object in cm? 45.90 cm
44. What is the mass of shown on the balance below? 47.52 g
45. Label the blank data table and graph with x-axis, y-axis, IV, DV.
IV DV
How Water Affects Plant Height
Time (days)
Plant Height (cm) Plant A (with no water) Plant B (watered monthly) Plant C (watered weekly) Plant D (water daily)
1 10 11 12 8
5 10 12 13 12
10 10 12 15 18
15 10 13 17 19
20 10 13 20 23
25 10 ? 22 27
45. 4 plants were watered with different amounts of water as shown. a. What is the IV in the experiment? __Time (days)
b. What is the DV in the experiment? __Plant height (cm)
c. What is the control group for this experiment? Plant A w/ no water d. Which plant was tallest on day 5? __Plant C
e. Which plant grew the tallest between day 1 and 20? Plant D
Y-axis
IV
DV
f. Which plant grew the fastest? _Plant D (steepest slope)
