Gender Inequalities
FRQ.
Describe how gender
is identified and the
inequalities that are created
because of gender or
sexuality
.
5
Gender
CULTURES assumptions or
differences between men and
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developing World(LDC)
In countries with high population growth rates . . .
•Women who bear the children are confined to their
village
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developing World
Migration . . .
•In African refugee camps, women and female children always are the worst off
•In voluntary migrations, males tend to dominate the decision-making process
•In new destinations, males quickly form new social networks-jobs?
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developing World
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developing World
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developing World (LDC)
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developed World
•Reduction of inequality between men and women
•Substantial wage differentials between men and women remain barriers •In corporate, political, and many other settings inequality can still be seen
•Women in urban industrial societies did make enormous progress during the twentieth century despite the persistence of gender inequality
•Example of Saudi Arabia, an oil rich nation
1. Women are not allowed to drive automobile
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developed
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developed
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developed
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developed
5
Gender
Women’s Inequality in the Developed
5
5
Gender
The Longevity Gap
5
Gender
The Longevity Gap
• In the economic core, the gap widened from 5-7 years between 1950 & 2000.
•
Women seem to be less inclined to adopt some of the unhealthy habits often associated with affluence•
In the early 2000s, women outlived men in all but 9 countries•
In virtually all cultures, men tend to marry younger women5
Gender
Quality of Life in the Developing World (LDC)
• Pregnancy and childbirth confront women with high health risks
•
Pregnancy risk is 80 to 600 times higher than that in the richer countries•
Asian women face the highest maternal mortality rate•
Inadequate medical services•
Excessive number of pregnancies and malnutrition5
Gender
Quality of Life in the Developing World
• Women are less well nourished than men
•
Female children are even worse off•
Reports from WHO indicate that anemia affects the majority of women5
Gender
Education in Developing World Stage 2/3
Education gives the chance to improve one's circumstances
1. Where education levels are higher, women's circumstances are better
2. Example in rural to urban setting of Middle East, China overall Asia/Africa
3. In much of the less-developed world girls are left home when boys start school 4. The United Nations and UNICEF estimate that between 65 and 75 percent of all Indian women are illiterate
5. Progress is being made
a) More girls now go to school, at least at the elementary level b) A growing number of women reach levels of higher education c) It will take several generations for the gender gap to disappear 6. Progress that is being made varies spatially
a) Lags in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
b) Strong contrasts in Middle and South America—rural versus urban
7. Women are still being denied access to training in such practical fields as forestry, fishing, and agriculture
8. Recent reports from Africa and Asia suggest that progress in women's education has been halted or even reversed
5
Gender
Education
Women's productivity
1. Their work is not included in the world's GNP 2. A woman's unpaid labor in the periphery;
a) Produce more than half of all the food b) Build homes, dig wells, and make clothes c) Plant and harvest crops
3. The realm of Africa
a) Women probably have the hardest life
b) Produce an estimated 70 percent of the food by hand labor c) Gather firewood from ever-increasing distances
d) Left many times without a husband who has moved to the city, died, or left e) Cannot get bank loans or title to the land she works= primogeniture
f) A young girl will start working 12 hours a day as soon as she is able if allowed g) Cash crops such as tea are called "men's crops" because the men
5
Gender
Women as Laborers of the World
Women in the labor force
1. In the core realms from 35 to 39 percent of the labor force 2. In Sub-Saharan Africa nearly 80 percent work in agriculture 3. In Asia more than 50 percent work in agriculture
4. The comparatively small number working in manufacturing is rising 5. Many women engage in home-based economic activities
5
Gender
Quality of Life in the Developing World
• Revealed 300,000 more girls than boys die each year—many are aborted after
gender-detection tests
•
The ratio of men to women continues to widen•
Many thousands of female infants are killed each year•
Modern techniques of prenatal gender detection contribute far more to theimbalance between male and female
•
Laws prohibiting prenatal tests solely to determine sex of a fetus are being violated•
Fathers want male children to see the lineage preserved•
Tradition of dowry makes males valuable even if it is now illegalFemale Infanticide
5
Gender
Family and Social Conditions
Women in
India
1. Girls are still forced into arranged marriages
2. Dowry deaths are on the rise in rural areas, yet falling in urban area
3. Federal and state governments created legal aid offices to help women
4. Family courts to hear domestic cases have been created
a) Tend to be run by older male judges
b) Try to force the battered or threatened woman back into the family fold
c) Hindu culture attaches great importance to the family structure
5
Gender
Quality of Life in the Developing World
• One-child policy has brought an imbalance in male-to-female ratio
•
The number of abortions following gender-detection tests (which are illegal) skyrocketed•
Millions of babies die from food deprivation, denial of medical care, abandonment, and murder•
Number of males unable to find wives during the present decade will double or even triple•
Some Chinese scholars suggest this situation could lead to social disorders•
One-child policy has been most effective in urban and near-urban areas•
The impact on women can be devastating withoutlegal constraints and balanced incentives
Female Infanticide
5
Gender
A. Mortality rates in poorer countries (Table 32-1)
1. Under normal conditions, more boys than girls die during the early years 2. Higher for girls(infanticide) than boys in Least Developed Countries(LDC) 3. Reflects the dreadful contrast in treatment of girls and boys
4. Much of what happens to women is unknown because so many live in rural areas 5. The cultural landscape is essentially male-created and male-dominated
6. The woman's indoor home is her female space
7. Women are overwhelmingly the victims of domestic violence worldwide 8. female genitalia mutilation is happening
9. Social forces towards women apparent like foot binding in China...
5
5
Gender
Family and Social Conditions
Women in Islamic Countries
1. Many women live an existence of isolation and servitude 2. Many Muslim political and social leaders deplore this Situation yet it’s commonplace in some countries
3. Some women have succeeded in becoming doctors, lawyers, and other professionals
4. They must still appear cloaked and veiled in public in some countries like Saudi Arabia
5. Resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism and severe
Sharia laws have had an especially strong impact on women 6. In 1997 the Taliban movement took control of Afghanistan
a) Severely restricted women’s rights
b) Women holding professional jobs were instructed to resign c) Had to wear traditional clothing
