Technical design report for the upgrade of the TPC detector of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS

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EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)

November 8, 2019

Technical design report for the upgrade of the

TPC detector of the NA61/SHINE experiment

at the CERN SPS

The NA61/SHINE Collaboration

This document reports on the status and plans of the upgrade of the TPC detector of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS as of October 2019. The document refers to the proposal SPSC-P-330.

c

2019 CERN for the benefit of the NA61/SHINE Collaboration.

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The NA61/SHINE Collaboration

A. Aduszkiewicz16, E.V. Andronov22, T. Antićić3, B. Baatar20, M. Baszczyk14, S. Bhosale11, A. Blondel24_{, M. Bogomilov}2_{, A. Brandin}21_{, A. Bravar}24_{, W. Bryli ński}18_{, J. Brzychczyk}13_, S.A. Bunyatov20, O. Busygina19, A. Bzdak14, H. Cherif7, M. Ćirković23, T. Czopowicz18, A. Damyanova24, N. Davis11, M. Deveaux7, W. Dominik16, P. Dorosz14, J. Dumarchez4, R. Engel5_{, G.A. Feofilov}22_{, L. Fields}25_{, Z. Fodor}8,17_{, A. Garibov}1_{, M. Ga´zdzicki}7,10_, O. Golosov21, M. Golubeva19, K. Grebieszkow18, F. Guber19, A. Haesler24, S.N. Igolkin22, S. Ilieva2, A. Ivashkin19, S.R. Johnson26, K. Kadija3, E. Kaptur15, N. Kargin21, E. Kashirin21, M. Kiełbowicz11_{, V.A. Kireyeu}20_{, V. Klochkov}7_{, V.I. Kolesnikov}20_{, D. Kolev}2_{, A. Korzenev}24_, V.N. Kovalenko22, K. Kowalik12, S. Kowalski15, M. Koziel7, A. Krasnoperov20, W. Kucewicz14, M. Kuich16, A. Kurepin19, D. Larsen13, A. László8, T.V. Lazareva22, M. Lewicki17_{, K. Łojek}13_{, B. Łysakowski}15_{, V.V. Lyubushkin}20_{, M.} Maćkowiak-Pawłowska18, Z. Majka13, B. Maksiak18, A.I. Malakhov20, D. Manić23, A. Marchionni25, A. Marcinek11, A.D. Marino26, K. Marton8, H.-J. Mathes5, T. Matulewicz16, V. Matveev20, G.L. Melkumov20_, _{A.O. Merzlaya}13_, _{B. Messerly}27_, _{Ł. Mik}14_, _{S. Morozov}19,21_, S. Mrówczy ński10, Y. Nagai26, M. Naskr ˛et17, V. Ozvenchuk11, V. Paolone27, M. Pavin4,3, O. Petukhov19, R. Płaneta13, P. Podlaski16, B.A. Popov20,4, B. Porfy8, M. Posiadała-Zezula16, D.S. Prokhorova22_{, S. Puławski}15_{, J. Puzović}23_{, W. Rauch}6_{, M. Ravonel}24_{, R. Renfordt}7_, E. Richter-W ˛as13, D. Röhrich9, E. Rondio12, M. Roth5, B.T. Rumberger26, A. Rustamov1,7, M. Rybczynski10, A. Rybicki11, A. Sadovsky19, K. Schmidt15, I. Selyuzhenkov21, A.Yu. Seryakov22, P. Seyboth10, M. Słodkowski18, A. Snoch7, P. Staszel13, G. Stefanek10, J. Stepaniak12, M. Strikhanov21, H. Ströbele7, T. Šuša3, A. Taranenko21, A. Tefelska18, D. Tefelski18, V. Tereshchenko20, A. Toia7, R. Tsenov2, L. Turko17, R. Ulrich5, M. Unger5, F.F. Valiev22, D. Veberiˇc5, V.V. Vechernin22, A. Wickremasinghe27, Z. Włodarczyk10, A. Wojtaszek-Szwarc10, O. Wyszy ński13, L. Zambelli4,1, E.D. Zimmerman26, and R. Zwaska25

1_{National Nuclear Research Center, Baku,}

Azer-baijan

2 _{Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia,}

Bulgaria

3_{Ru ¯}_{der Boškovi´c Institute, Zagreb, Croatia} 4_{LPNHE, University of Paris VI and VII, Paris,}

France

5 _{Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe,}

Germany

6_{Fachhochschule Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany} 7_{University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany} 8_{Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the}

Hun-garian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

9_{University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway}

10_{Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland} 11 _{H. Niewodnicza ´nski Institute of Nuclear}

Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

12_{National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw,}

Poland

13_{Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland} 14_{University of Science and Technology, Cracow,}

Poland

15_{University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland} 16_{University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland} 17_{University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland} 18 _{Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw,}

Poland

19 _{Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow,}

Rus-sia

20 _{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,}

Russia

21 _National _Research _Nuclear _University

(Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia

22_{St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg,}

Russia

23_{University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia} 24_{University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland} 25_{University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland} 26_{Fermilab, Batavia, USA}

27_{Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,}

USA

28_{University of Colorado, Boulder, USA} 29_{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA}

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The NA61/SHINE Limited Members

N. Antoniou1, N. Benekos3, S. Bordoni3, P. Christakoglou1, A. Datta4, A. De Roeck3, F. Diakonos1_{, P. von Doetinchem}4_{, T. Hasegawa}2_{, A. Kapoyannis}1_{, T. Kobayashi}2_{, U. Kose}3_, S.A. Monsalve3, T. Nakadaira2, K. Nishikawa2, A.D. Panagiotou1, K. Sakashita2, P. Sala3, T. Sekiguchi2, M. Shibata2, A. Shukla4, D. Sgalaberna3, M. Tada2, M. Vassiliou1, and L. Whitehead3

1_{University of Athens, Athens, Greece}

2 _{Institute for Particle and Nuclear Studies,}

Tsukuba, Japan

3_{CERN, Geneva, Switzerland}

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1 Executive Summary

The NA61 experiment plans to significantly increase the statistics for open charm measure-ments planned for the future. To achieve this goal a major upgrade of the readout of the main tracking detectors, namely the TPCs, is required.

Due to the ongoing upgrade of the readout of the ALICE TPC at the CERN LHC it was possible for NA61 to take over the readout electronics of the ALICE TPC wire chambers. The main effort required for the integration of the ALICE readout is the adaptation of the input of the ALICE front-end cards to the output connectors of the NA61 wire chambers. The second biggest effort is the integration of the new readout into the NA61 data acquisition system. In this technical design report the various efforts for this upgrade are described.

2 Introduction

This NA61/SHINE report presents the status and plans for the upgrade of TPC detector readout of the NA61/SHINE experiment [1] at the CERN SPS. For the upgrade of the read-out all readread-out components of the TPC of the ALICE experiment at the LHC will be directly taken over and installed in NA61. They are available now since ALICE changes to a new readout of their TPC by Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) which require a different electron-ics.

2.0.1 Main features of the ALICE TPC readout

In Fig.1the functional diagram of the front-end part of the readout electronics is shown. The architecture of the readout of the system as it was used in ALICE is shown in Fig.2.

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Figure 2:Architecture of the ALICE TPC readout.

2.0.2 Comparison of the NA61/SHINE to the ALICE front-end

Figure 3:Comparison of the NA61/SHINE to the ALICE front-end cards.

The design of the NA61/SHINE TPCs is similar to the design of the ALICE TPC. Therefore it is not surprising that the read-out electronics shows strong similarities in it’s key parameters listed in Table1.

The most relevant difference is the higher digitization rate which at the end allows a read-out rate up to a factor 10 higher than presently. In addition the dynamic range is considerably higher due to the 10 bit ADCs. Also the higher sensitivity and the lower noise level should be mentioned here.

For the transport of the data from the front-end-electronics to the DAQ system ALICE has developed a second generation read-out-control unit (RCU) called RCU2. Due to it’s seg-mentation into four 40 bit wide read-out buses where each read-out bus can connect up to 8 front-end-cards (FECs) and a 300 MByte/s optical link sufficient bandwidth is provided.

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NA61/SHINE ALICE

signal polarity pos pos

signal width (FWHM) ns 240 190

dynamic range 120:1 900:1

MIP S:N ratio 14:1 14/20/18:1

noise e 1100 <1000

ADC number of bits 8 10

number of time slices 512 1000

power dissipation mW/ch 58 35

sampling rate MHz 5, 10 5, 10

read-out frequency MHz 0.1 5, 10

integrated non-linearity % <2 0.2

Table 1:Comparison between key parameters of the NA61/SHINE and the ALICE front-end elec-tronics [2–4]

In the following the document is organized as follows: A list of the planned modifications is given in the form of work packages. For each item the detailed work plans are elaborated. It also includes a discussion of possible problems and their possible solution. At the end results of a first test with new components are presented.

A summary in Sec.6closes the report.

3 Status of the work packages for the upgrade of the TPC readout

In the upgrade planning for the NA61 experiment described in [5] a list of work packages was defined for the upgrade of the readout of the TPC. In this chapter the status and plans for of this upgrade is presented following this list.

3.1 Development of a 3-D model of the NA61/SHINE readout chambers:

This work is finished and only final details for the mounting of the front-end-cards (FECs) and the cooling plates need to be considered and are described later.

3.2 Development, construction and tests of prototype input adapter cables:

Based on the 3-D model prototype adapter boards including electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection network were developed and built in Frankfurt using the rigid/flex technology to incorporate the Kapton cables is shown in Fig.4, left side see [5]. The very first test of the effect of the protection network and the increased length of the adapter cables on the noise performance of the FECs was tested in an existing test stand at IKF. The results are described below.

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Figure 4: Left: Old design of the input adapter board with protection circuitry and two Kapton cables on the output side connecting to the FEC using the rigid/flex technology. Right: New design of the input adapter board with protection circuitry and two connectors on the output side for the Kapton cables connecting to the FEC (not shown).

In a subsequent on-detector test it was found that the original idea to use the rigid/flex tech-nology for the design of the input adapter boards together with the Kapton cables connecting to the FECs did not work properly. The weight of the 4 Kapton cables together with the in-put board made the handling rather tricky and lead to bent pins on the chamber connector side due to uneven forces when inserting the adapter boards. Therefore it was decided to go back to conventional technology and separate the Kapton cables from the adapter board. The new design, now with two output connectors, is shown in Fig.4, right side. Tests are foreseen within the next month.

3.3 Design of the mechanical support of the FECs:

3.3.1 VTPCs

Using the 3-D model a mounting scheme for the VTPCs was developed. Due to the limited space above the chambers given by the presence of the magnets the FECs have to be mounted in an inclined pattern shown in Fig.5. In addition the readout adapter boards who’s original layout was developed by the PHOS detector in ALICE had to be redesigned to minimize space requirements. In particular the copper pipes of the cooling plates covering the FECs had to be taken into account requiring a shift of the board position towards the center of the FEC (see3.5)

Due to the tight space it is necessary to use the original ALICE cooling plates visible in Fig.6

together with an adapter plate that allows the inclined mounting shown in Fig.7. In Fig.8a complete VTPC sector with FECs is presented.

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Figure 5:Simulation of FECs in a VTPC (not showing the cooling plates). The space constraints due to the presence of the vertex magnet are clearly visible.

3.3.2 MTPCs

For the MTPCs the situation is much more relaxed as sufficient space is available.

In Fig.9a design study is shown where the FECs are sandwiched between the old NA61 cooling plates such that on either side of a FEC a cooling plate is placed at a distance of only 3 - 5 mm.

3.4 Design and implementation of the FEC cooling:

The FECs will be cooled following the present NA61/SHINE scheme (under-pressure water cooling) and even use the existing cooling plates (see above). Some improvements of the cooling plant are foreseen to ensure safe operation in the future.

3.5 Production and tests of interface boards for the connection of the FEC output to the flexible buses:

First tests of the readout of the FECs using the RCU2 board within NA61 were done using interface boards developed for the PHOS detector in ALICE using the same FECs and RCUs as the TPC. This was done in the lab at Bergen. After the correct operation was established the same set-up was used for the on-detector test using two FECs described below. During these tests it was found that the two interface boards were so closely spaced (see [5]) that it

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Figure 6:FEC including copper cooling plate and adapter board for mounting in the VTPCs.

Figure 7:FEC with adapter board inserted into the mounting bracket.

was difficult to operate the locks. In addition it was realized that one side of the larger of the two adapter boards would interfere with the cooling pipe of the copper cooling envelope of the FECs planned to be used in the VTPCs. Therefore a redesign of the adapter boards was attempted combining the 2 separate boards into one and at the same time shift the position of the adapter board towards the center of the FEC to allow the passage of the cooling pipe. The result is shown in Fig.10. First tests using the new board will be performed within the next month.

3.6 Development of read-out and DAQ for the new electronics:

A rudimentary readout scheme for the RCU2 was developed for the on-detector tests de-scribed below. Work for the final readout oft he full TPC is ongoing see "TDR for DAQ".

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Figure 8:Overview of the FECs mounted in a VTPC sector.

Figure 9: Model of the mounting of FECs in a MTPC together with the old NA61 the cooling plates.

3.7 Laboratory tests of the new readout chain:

Tests of the readout of several FECs in the lab using the full read-out chain (FECs, flexible cables, small adapter boards, RCU2s) have been performed at Bergen and at CERN and the Warsaw University of Technology.

These tests have culminated in an on-detector test with beam using two FECs and one RCU2 with a simplified readout scheme. The results are described below.

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Figure 10:New design of the readout adapter board to connect a FEC to the three flexible readout bus cables.

3.8 Data flow

For an estimation of the maximum data rate in central Pb-Pb collisions, the event size per FEC is calculated using real data and fitted with two Gaussian distributions, see example in Fig.11. The mean value of the peak on the right representing central Pb-Pb collisions is used after adding three times the sigma of the fit as an estimator for the maximum event size and then recalculated to maximum data flow assuming 1 kHz trigger rate.

Event Size per FEC [MB]

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 counts 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Figure 11:Event size of one FEC in sector 6 of VTPC1 with the two Gaussian fits where the lower peak represents minimum bias and the upper one central Pb-Pb collisions.

This simulation uses real data from the last running period of NA61. The maximum data flow expected for central Pb-Pb interactions at a trigger rate of one kHz for VTPC1 is shown in Figure12. Here the data of one column of FECs is added together assuming one RCU2 for each column is used. Since the two outer columns show a significant drop in occupancy it is possible to combine the outer two columns into one RCU2. This way only two RCU2s are required per VTPC sector. The simulations show that the situation is considerably relaxed for the MTPCs and therefore one entire sector can be read out by one RCU2. This is true for the SR as well as the HR sectors.

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Figure 12:Maximum data rates [MB/s] expected for VTPC1 for central Pb-Pb events at one kHz trigger rate. The data of one column of FECs (12 FECs) inside a sector is summed up and assumed to be connected to one RCU2.

3.9 Design and implementation of a new Low Voltage system:

The new readout system requires power supplies, bus bars and cables for the distribution of the low voltage (LV). Each bus bar consists of 4 copper bars 6 x 6 mm mounted in a Macrolon envelope providing the analog and digital voltages for the FECs. Inside the sectors short patch cables connect the FECs to the bus bars. A first layout has been developed optimizing the number of FECs connected to a given power supply.

It follows the design of the ALICE TPC LV system using power supplies from the company Wiener. For the distribution of the LV inside the MTPCs a group of 5 chambers is supplied by 5 bus bars running along the inside of the top plate on the side of the chambers perpendicular to the beam direction. For the VTPCs three chambers in beam direction are supplied by one bus bar running along the outside (away from the beam) of the VTPCs. The full layout is sketched in Fig.13.

As an alternative to the relatively expensive power supplies from the company Wiener a development of new power supplies based on standard industry modules has been started in Krakow. If successful it will be used instead of the Wiener PS which remain the plan B option.

3.10 Development and implementation of new Detector Control System (DCS):

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Figure 13:Positions of the bus bars (in red) on the VTPCs and MTPCs. For MTPC-R not all details are shown.

3.11 Dismounting electronics from Alice and mounting in NA61/SHINE:

The first part of this work package is done, the 1000 FECs with cooling plates for the VTPCs, the 1000 FECs without cooling plates for the MTPCs and the 100 RCUs were dismounted, transported and stored in the NA61 experimental area.

The re-installation in NA61/SHINE will be done in due time.

In Table2a list of the actually needed material is presented. It shows that there is a sufficient supply of spares at hand for the upgrade.

TPC nb. of FECs nb. of RCU2s MTPCs SR 720 40 MTPCs HR 270 20 VTPCs 432 24 FTPCs 48 3 gap TPC 8 1 total 1478 88

Table 2:FECs and RCU2s needed for the upgrade.

3.12 Upgrade of the RCU2 firmware

The drift of positive ions in the amplification region of wire chambers causes a shift of the baseline which finally results in a deterioration of the dE/dx resolution as described in [4]. To overcome this a special feature has been incorporated into the ALTRO chip of the ALICE TPC readout: the moving average filter (MAF) see [4]

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An example of its operation is given in Fig.14.

Figure 14:Illustration of the working of the baseline restoration filter (MAF) inside the ALTRO chip. Top: TPC signals without MAF filter, bottom: TPC signals after application of the filter. The red line indicates the position of the threshold for zero suppression to be applied in the next step.

However, this very useful feature has never been used in ALICE during data taking due to the fact that the filter starts to drift away from the real baseline after encountering very large signals. A solution to prevent this was developed but never tested under normal data taking conditions. Instead ALICE uses off-line correction procedures. It would be extremely useful for NA61 to bring this feature to a successful operation by a firmware upgrade of the RCU2.

4 First test results

During the last running period of NA61 in 2018 the first test results could be already obtained for work packages 2 and 5.

In a first step the additional noise of the new input adapter boards was determined using the same lab test stand that has been used in Alice to do the acceptance tests for all FECs. It was found that the increase of noise of the new about 13 cm long Kapton cables together with the additional ESD protection (100Ω resistors and NUP suppressor diodes) is about 14% higher compared to the old Alice cables with 7 cm length.

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In a special test run two Alice FECs were mounted in a high resolution sector of one of the MTPCs. On the input side prototypes of the new input adapter cables were installed while on the output side prototypes of the new cable readout bus with the corresponding adapter boards and one RCU2 interface board was used. In Fig.15 left a comparison of the signal-to-noise ratios of the present NA61 electronics to the Alice FECs is shown. Clearly the new board fulfils the requirements or is even a bit better.

SNR per channel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 number of channels 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

NA61/SHINE electronics (3456 channels) ALICE electronics (64 channels)

SNR maxADC 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 counts 0 200 400 600 800 1000 NA61/SHINE electronics ALICE electronics Max ACD

Figure 15: Left:Signal-to-noise of the NA61 legacy electronics compared to the new Alice readout. Right: Maximum signal of the track clusters of the NA61 legacy electronics compared to the new readout.

5 Further information

5.1 Gating pulser system

The NA61 gating pulser system has been completely refurbished by replacing it by the AL-ICE gating pulser system. The basic functions of the new system are identical to the old one of NA61. The main difference is the full remote control of the system and the on-line error detection. For each individual pulser module the switching between transparent and closed state of the pulser is monitored. On error an alarm is generated. This requires the integration into the NA61 DCS system.

Potential space charge problems The wire geometry of the NA61 readout chambers is different from the ALICE wire chambers:

• ALICE has no field wires (on ground potential) between the anode wires

• the distance between cathode and gating grid plane is smaller in ALICE than in NA61: 3 mm instead of 6 mm.

• the distance between wires of the cathode plane is 1 mm in Na61 versus 2.5 mm in ALICE.

All three differences lead to a significant increase of the time it takes the positive ions to reach the gating grid and to be absorbed there. The arrival times of the positive ions at the various wire planes were calculated using the GARFIELD package and are shown in Fig.16.

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Figure 16:Arrival times of positive ions at the different wire planes.

In Fig.17the percentage of ions absorbed as a function of time after creation are shown.

Figure 17:Fraction of ions absorbed by the wire planes as a function of time.

Both figures show that the time for complete absorption of the positive ions is around 2000 us. Therefore it is not clear whether the goal of a 1 kHz data rate can be achieved without distortion effects due to space charge caused by the remaining ions.

In a first test run the operation at 1 kHz opening rate of the gating grid was tested during a normal NA61 running period. In the analysis the track residuals (the vertex was included in the fit) for the first event in a spill were compared to the track residuals of later events. For the first event no space charge is expected since the last interaction takes place at the end of the previous spill, many seconds earlier. In the analysis it was first shown that there is no difference between residuals of tracks of events in the first (0 - 3 s) and the last (7 - 9 s) part of a spill. Then the residuals of the very first event was compared to the events of the following 3 s.

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The result is shown for the residuals of MTPCL in Fig. 18. This TPC shows the biggest difference at the downstream part in the y-direction (drift direction????).

Figure 18:Comparison of residuals between the first event in a spill to events later in the spill for MTPCL.

At first glance this difference doesn’t look too worrisome. However, it is a first hint that there is an effect. It is planned to continue this analysis and try to isolate regions in the TPC where it is expected that the space charge effect is largest, for example close to the beam and in the mid plane of the TPC.

A possible cure for this charge build-up is the increase of the drift field between cathode and gating wire plane. Up to now the electric field between these two wire planes corresponds to the drift field of 140 V/cm. It is possible to increase the field to 400 V. First successful tests have been already performed to prove that the electronic components of the pulser system can operate at this voltage. In the next step it has to be proven, that the wire chambers themselves can operate at this voltage.

5.2 Planning

In Fig. 19 the planning for the TPC readout upgrade is shown. In this planning it is as-sumed that all grant applications will be rejected and the common fund has to supply all the funds. This is the pessimistic perspective. Depending on positive responses to our grant applications a more aggrssive schedule is possible.

5.3 Distribution of work

The distribution of work among the participating institutions for the new hardware for the project is given in Table3.

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Figure 19:Planning for the TPC readout upgrade assuming no funds from grants (contingency planning).

tasks group

3-D models, mechanical designs Jagiellonian University, Krakow input adapter cables/boards University of Frankfurt

read-out cables/adapters Jagiellonian University, Krakow hardware for mounting FECs Jagiellonian University, Krakow development of new LV supplies Jagiellonian University, Krakow read-out/DAQ Warsaw University of Technology

DCS Warsaw University of Technology

LV cables and bus bars Jagiellonian University, Krakow upgrade of the RCU2 firmware University of Bergen, Jagellonian U.

Table 3:Distribution of tasks from the different work packages among the participating institutes.

5.4 Estimated cost of the upgrade

1000 FECs with cooling plates for the VTPCs, 1000 FECs without cooling plates for the MT-PCs and 100 RCU2s were obtained from ALICE. In addition the complete gate pulser system was taken over from ALICE.

The cost of new hardware to be covered by the project is given in Table4.

6 Summary

The various work packages defined for the upgrade of the NA61 TPC readout electronics are on a good way and most of the critical items have been solved already.

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k EUR 6636 pc input adapter cables/boards (*) 202

1460 pc read-out cables/adapters (*) 121 hardware for mounting FECs 9.5

upgrade cooling plant 9.5

optical fibres for clock/trigger and read-out 10

LV cables and bus bars 9.5

total 361.5

Table 4:Cost of new hardware needed for the TPC read-out upgrade. Items above 50k EUR are marked with a star and are elaborated in separate document (Angebot_ItemName).

References

[1] N. Antoniou et al., [NA61/SHINE Collab.], “Study of hadron production in hadron nucleus and nucleus nucleus collisions at the CERN SPS,” 2006. CERN-SPSC-2006-034.

[2] F. Bieser et al.Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A385 (1997) 535–546.

[3] S. Afanasev et al., [NA49 Collab.]Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A430 (1999) 210–244.

[4] J. Alme et al.Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A622 (2010) 316–367,arXiv:1001.1950 [physics.ins-det].

[5] A. Aduszkiewicz, [NA61/SHINE Collaboration Collab.], “Study of Hadron-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at the CERN SPS: Early Post-LS2 Measurements and Future Plans,” Tech. Rep.

CERN-SPSC-2018-008. SPSC-P-330-ADD-10, CERN, Geneva, Mar, 2018. https://cds.cern.ch/record/2309890.

Technical design report for the upgrade of the TPC detector of the NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS

EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)