high rise buildings

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High Rise Structures

A preview of design and

structural concepts of high rise

structures around the world

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Special Design Considerations in

High Rise structures



_{The principal forces carried by a building are}

vertical in nature



_{However buildings are subjected to horizontal or}

inclined forces due to wind and earthquake



_{The effect of wind is more pronounced as the}

height of the structure increases

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Special Design Considerations in

High Rise structures



_{The effect of wind will also change as per the}

surrounding conditions for example the effect on

a building in the heart of the city surrounded by

other buildings will be much less than a building

in an open area.



_{The wind will impose a horizontal force on the}

(4)

Special Design Considerations in High

Rise structures



_{The building can be imagined like a cantilever}

with one end fixed to the ground and the other

free to move



_{The horizontal force of wind causes the free end}

to move causing swaying



_{The amount of swaying in some skyscrapers is so}

much that on windy days the occupants of the

offices on the upper stories have to be given the

day off because they become ‘sea-sick’

(5)

Special Design Considerations in High

Rise structures



_{The amount of swaying will depend on}

various factors such as

a)

Height of building

b)

Velocity and direction of wind

c)

Orientation of building with respect to

wind direction

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Special Design Considerations in High

Rise structures

• The building will thus have to be designed

in such a way that it is stable for both

vertical loads(dead and live loads) and

horizontal loads (wind loads)

• Also the swaying will have to be kept

minimal so that the regular functioning of

the building is not hampered

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Effect of wind on buildings and how it is

studied

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Effect of wind on buildings and how it is

studied

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Systems of designing high rise buildings



Systems in steel

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

1.

BEAM AND COLUMN FRAME



Beam and column structural frame



Entire Horizontal load carried by structural

frame



Joints between beams and columns were

made rigid to carry bending stresses due to

horizontal loads

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Systems of designing high rise buildings SYSTEMS IN STEEL

COLUMN BEAM JOINTS MADE RIGID TO COUNTER ACT LATERAL LOADS

COLUMN BEAM FRAME INTERACTION LATERAL LOADS

DUE TO WIND

GRAVITY LOADS CARRIED BY BEAMS AND COLUMNS

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

2. VERTICAL SHEAR TRUSS



_{Horizontal load supported by system of vertical}

cantilever truss

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BY BEAMS AND COLUMNS GRAVITY LOADS CARRIED DUE TO WIND

LATERAL LOADS

SHEAR TRUSS FRAME INTERACTION

SHEAR TRUSS LOCATED IN CENTRAL CORE OF THE BUILDING CARRIES LATERAL LOADS

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

3. SHEAR TRUSS-FRAME INTERACTION



_{This system is the interaction of Column Beam}

Frame and Shear truss



_{This concept was developed by Dr. Fazlur Khan}

(Partner- Skidmore Owings and Merril)



_{Advantages : 1) Lateral drift or sway is reduced}

by 50%

2) Distortion of floors is less significant.

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Systems of Designing

High Rise Buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

SHEAR

TRUSS-FRAME

INTERACTION

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

4. SHEAR TRUSS-FRAME INTERACTION WITH RIGID BELT TRUSS

 _{All exterior} _{columns connected to interior shear truss}

through horizontal belt trusses

 _{Addition of belt truss increases the stiffness of the}

structure by 30%

 _{Structural economy can be achieved}

 _{Neutralizes thermal movement effects on the exterior}

columns of the building

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BHP head quarters, Melbourne

LATERAL LOADS

CORE OF THE BUILDING CARRIES SHEAR TRUSS LOCATED IN CENTRAL

RIGID BELT TRUSSES AND SHEAR TRUSS LATERAL LOADS

DUE TO WIND RIGID BELT TRUSSES LOCATED ON THE OUTER PERIPHERY OF THE BULDING AND CONNECTED TO THE SHEAR TRUSS IN THE CORE GIVE ADDITIONAL STIFFNESS TO THE STRUCTURE TO COUNTER ACT THE LATERAL FORCES

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

5. FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM

 _{All column elements are connected to each other in such a}

way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box cantilevering out of the ground

 _{A system of closely spaced columns with deep spandrel}

beams at each floor creates an equivalent rectangular or square hollow tube with perforated openings

 _{Used by Dr. Fazlur Khan in 1963 in the 43 storey Dewitt}

Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago (which is in concrete)

 _{Also for the 110 storied World trade Center Building in}

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FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM LATERAL LOADS

DUE TO WIND CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS AND DEEP BEAMS FORM A ENVELOP WHICH IS LIKE A PERFORATED

TUBEWHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE INNER CORE CREATING A TUBE STRUCTURE

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE

 Columns are widely spaced but are connected by

diagonal members which makes the structure act like a tube.

 The diagonal members themselves act as columns

and do not develop tensile stresses.

 Efficiency of the structure is very high (Same amount

of steel used in 35 story column-frame building is required for a 100 story building with column

diagonal truss tube)

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OF MATERIAL IS MADE

STRUCTURE AND MORE EFFICIENT USE

DIAGONAL MEMBERS ADD TO THE STIFFNESS OF THE DUE TO WIND

LATERAL LOADS

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN STEEL

7. BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM

 Framed tube and diagonal truss tube is used in

combination to create larger tube envelop

 In buildings with larger floor area interior columns

also take part in resisting lateral forces

 First building to use this system is the 110 storey

Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago also called as ‘Sears Towers’ and is one of the tallest

buildings in the world

 Designers Skidmore Owings and Merril

 This system allows termination of each module at

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

1.

BEAM COLUMN FRAME



Same as that in steel structures

2. SHEAR WALL



The horizontal shear due to wind and

earthquake is resisted by a solid RCC wall

which is designed as a vertical cantilever

beam



Shear walls are located at lift or staircase

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

3. SHEAR WALL AND FRAME INTERACTION



The Shear wall acts in conjunction with the

frame structure increases the efficiency of the

structure in resisting horizontal loads



Example Burnswick building (1962) designed

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

4. FRAMED TUBE

 Same as that in steel structures

5. TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEM

 This is a combination of the framed tube concept with

the shear wall frame interaction concept

 Exterior columns are spaced very closely (1.8m) and

act together with rigid shear wall core enclosing the central service core area

 Example the 52 story one shell plaza building,

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

7. BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM: Systems similar to steel structures

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE

6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE: Principal same as that used in John Hancock tower only in this case in concrete

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Systems of designing high rise buildings

SYSTEMS IN CONCRETE Onterie centre in Chicago

6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE: Principal same as that used in John Hancock tower only in this case in concrete

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Marina City Towers, Chicago



Architect: Bertrand Goldberg



Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA



Date: 1959 to 1964



Building type: Mixed use residential and

offices



Construction system: Concrete



Two towers of 60 stories each

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Marina City Towers, Chicago

 450 apartments in upper 40 stories

 Parking in lower 20 stories with space for 450 cars  Since the residential level started from the 21st story

it provides magnificent views of the city for the apartments

 The services are housed in a 35feet cylindrical core  The form of the building is cylindrical with petal type

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Marina City Towers, Chicago



Other elements of the ‘City within a city’ are



16 story office building



1700 seat theatre



700 seat Auditorium



Stores, restaurants, bowling alleys,

gymnasium, swimming pool, skating rink, a

marina for 700 small boats and a sculpture

garden

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Water tower Place



Designed in 1975 in Chicago, USA



Height 262 m



Mixed use building with Mall, Offices,

Apartments



Concrete of high strength M62 is used



RCC peripheral frame with interior steel

columns steel slab system with concrete

topping



Designers : Loebl, Schlossman, Dart and

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ONE MAGNIFICENT MILE BUILDING

• Chicago USA 1983

• SOM building

• Concept of Sears towers

Bundled tube concept only

in this case in concrete

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THE ONTERIE CENTER

•

Chicago USA

1985

•

SOM building

last works of

Dr. Fazlur Khan

•

Concept of

Column

diagonal truss

tube as in John

Hancock centre

only in this case

in concrete

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SOUTH WACKER DRIVE



1990-Chicago USA



295m height high strength

concrete of M80 and above

used



Structural system :

combination of RCC and steel



Use of PT slabs

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JIN MAO BUILDING

• _{Shanghai, China}

• _{421m height}

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PETRONAS TOWERS

•

Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

•

Tallest building in the

world

•

452m height

•

Combination of RCC

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SWISS RE BUILDING LONDON

Architect: Norman Foster

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CITY CORP BUILDING



_{The tower elevated ten stories above}

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Standing at the corner of 54th Street and Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan since 1862, St. Peter's Lutheran Church controlled nearly 30% of the square block that developers considered ideal for Citicorp Tower. In 1970, the church congregation agreed to sell this property under two necessary conditions. The first was that a new church would be built in place of the old with "nothing but free sky overhead" and the second demanded the erection of a plaza under the tower to continue the church's tradition of hospitality.

To accommodate these demands, the tower was elevated ten stories above street level on four 17.5-foot columns and a central core. The area opened below was designed as leisure space for pedestrians and workers.

Most of the building's load (half the gravity and all the wind load) is directed to the trussed frame on the outside of the tower. The core carries the remaining gravity loads.

The four columns were originally designed to stand at the building's corners, but this design would have interfered with the new church's desire for a "free sky." Structural engineer Le Messurier decided

instead to move the four columns closer to the structure's center, thus clearing space for the church under the corner of the building.

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CITY CORP BUILDING



_{Citicorp Tower}

 Location: New York, New York, USA

 Height: 279m/915ft

 Stories: 59

 Use: Multiple

 Area: 1.3 million sq. Ft.

 _{Material: Steel}

 Cladding: Aluminum, reflective glass

 Completed: 1977

 _{Architect: Hugh Stubbins and Associates; Emery Roth & Sons}

 Structural Engineer: Le Messurier Consultants; Office of James Ruderman

 Services Engineer: Joseph R. Loring & Associates

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CITY CORP BUILDING

To reduce swaying of the structure in heavy

winds, a revolutionary system was designed in

the building's crown on the 63rd floor. A tuned

mass damper (TMD) consists of a 400-ton

concrete slab that counteracts swaying much like

a shock absorber. The damper reduces swaying of

the building by up to 40%.

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TAIPEI 101 TOWER

•

Architect: C.Y. Lee

•

Construction period: 1999-2004

•

Worlds tallest building

•

Height: 508 meters

•

Uses: Communication, conference, library,

observation office, restaurant, retail, fitness

centre

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TAIPEI 101 TOWER

 Foundation: Mat foundation on RCC piles of 1525mm

diameter

 Eight super columns: high strength box columns filled

with high fluidity concrete

 New technique which is going to adopted for high

rise structures

 Diagonally braced frames for wind and earthquake

loads

 61 elevators

 2 elevators are the fastest in the world with speed of

1010 m/min. They reach the 89th_{floor in 39 seconds}

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Dr. Fazlur Rehman Khan

(1929-1982)



_“

The technical man must not be lost in his own technology. He must be able to appreciate life; and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people.”

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THE FUTURE-MILLENIUM TOWER JAPAN ARCHITECT: NORMAN FOSTER

 _{Tokyo, Japan}  _{841m height}

 _{Conical shape most stable for}

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BURJ DUBAI

_{Burj Dubai became the world's tallest high-rise building on July 24, 2007,} _{Burj" is Arabic for "Tower".}

_{Designed by Adrian D. Smith, FAIA, RIBA Design Partner at Skidmore}

Owings & Merrill LLP.

_{The exterior cladding is of reflective glazing with aluminium and textured}

stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins of stainless steel.

_{The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer}

temperatures.

_{The building sits on a concrete and steel podium with 192 piles}

descending to a depth of more than 50 metres (164 feet).

_{Although the building's shape resembles the bundled tube concept, it is}

structurally very different and is technically not a tube structure.

_{Structural system: buttressed core} _{Structural material : steel, concrete}

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REF: http://www.eface.in

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Ref: http://www.eface.in

Look at the edge (uppermost right corner) of the picture, you can almost see the turn of the earth

The persons who are working on the upper most Girders can see the ‘ROTATION OF EARTH’

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Ref: http://www.eface.in

The Burj Dubai has been designed with highly fire-resistant concrete corridor walls and slabs. Certain elevators will

function in emergencies to allow a controlled evacuation. And because people cannot easily walk down 160 flights of stairs, pressurized, air-conditioned waiting areas are

located every 25 floors to allow evacuees the chance to stop and rest.

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Ref: http://caf.architecture.org

William F. Baker, Structural Designer

Partner, Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP

Adrian D. Smith, Architect