ITC 8 MBA-I Evening

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McGraw-Hill

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McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill

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_{A database is a logically organized collection of related}

data designed and built for a specific purpose

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_{Data is stored hierarchically for easier storage and}

retrieval

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_{Files: collections of related records}

 Records: collections of related fields

 _{Field: unit of data containing 1 or more characters}

 _{Character: a letter number or special character made of bits}

 Bit: a 0 or 1

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 Often an identifying number, such as social security

number or a student ID number

 Keys are used to sort records in different ways

 Primary keys must be unique

 _{Keys are used to access particular records in a database}

 Unique keys make records distinguishable from one

another

 Foreign keys appear in other tables and usually refer to

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_{Program files and Data Files}

 Program files are files containing software instructions

 _{Executable files are program files translated so they can be}

executed on the computer

 Double-clicking on them will usually cause them to run

 They have such file extensions as .exe and .com

 _{Data files}_{are files that contain--words, numbers,}

pictures, sounds. etc.

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Data files are the files used in databases,

spreadsheets, and word-processing documents

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 Software written specifically to control the structure of a

database and access to the data

 DBMS benefits:

 _{Reduced data redundancy (redundant data is stored in multiple} places, which causes problems keeping all the copies current)  Improved data integrity--means the data is accurate,

consistent, and up to date

 _{Increased security—DBMS limits who can create, read, update,} and delete the data

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_{3 Principal Database Components}

 Data Dictionary

 _{Repository that stores the data definitions and descriptions}

of the structure of the data and the database

 DBMS Utilities

 Programs that allow you to maintain the database by

creating, editing, deleting data, records, and files

 _{Also include automated backup and recovery}

 Report Generator

 Program for producing on-screen or printed readable

documents from all or part of a database

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 Coordinates all related activities and needs for an

organization’s database

 Ensures the database’s:

 Recoverability

 _Integrity

 Security

 _Availability

 Reliability

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McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Database Type Description

Hierarchical database Fields or records are arranged in a family tree, with child records subordinate to parent or higher-level records

Network database Like a hierarchical database, but each child record can have more than one parent record

Relational database Relates, or connects, data in different files through the use of a key, or common data element

Object-oriented database Uses objects (software written in small, reusable chunks) as elements within database files

Multidimensional database Models data as facts, dimensions, or numerical measures for use in the interactive analysis of large amounts of data

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 Fields or records are arranged in related groups

resembling a family tree with child (low-level) records subordinate to parent (high-level) records

 Root record is the parent record at the top of the

database, and data is accessed top-down, through the hierarchy

 Oldest and simplest; used in mainframes in 1970s

 _{Still used in some reservation systems}

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McGraw-Hill

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 Similar to a hierarchical database but more flexible--

each child record can have more than one parent record

 Used principally with mainframe computers

 Requires the database structure to be defined in

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McGraw-Hill

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 Relates or connects data in different files through the use

of a key, or common data element

 Data stored in tables (relations, or files) of rows (tuples,

or records) and columns (attributes, or fields)

 More flexible than previous models

 Examples for large systems are Oracle, Informix, Sybase

 Examples for microcomputers are Paradox and Microsoft

Access

 _{Users don’t need to know data structure to use the}

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McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill 

Relational Database (

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 Users employ SQL (structured query language) to create,

modify, maintain, and query the database

 Query by Example uses sample record forms to allow users

to define the qualifications for choosing records

 Some relational database allow the use of natural spoken

language to make queries

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_{Object-Oriented Database}

 Uses “objects,” software written in small, manageable

chunks, as elements within data files

 An object consists of:

 Data in any form, including audio, graphics, and video

 _{Instructions on the action to be taken with the data}

 This model is a multimedia database

 Examples include FastObjects, GemStone, Objectivity

DB, Jasmine Object Database, and KE Texpress

 Types include web (hypertext) database and hypermedia

database, which also includes links

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 Models data as facts, dimensions, or numerical answers

for use in the interactive analysis of large amounts of data for decision-making purposes

 Allows users to ask questions in colloquial language

 Use OLAP (online analytical processing) software to

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_{DM is the computer-assisted process of sifting through}

and analyzing vast amounts of data to extract hidden

patterns and meaning and to discover new knowledge

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_{Data is fed into a data warehouse through the following}

steps:

 Identify and connect to data sources

 Perform data fusion and data cleansing

 _{Obtain both data and meta-data (data about the data)}

 Transport data and meta-data to the data warehouse

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_{Data warehouse is a special database of cleaned-up data}

and meta-data

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_{DM applications include:}

 Sports

 Marketing

 _Health

 Science

 Counterterrorism

 Sentiment analysis

 Exploring the “deep web”

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 The buying and selling of products and services through

computer networks

 Examples of some e-tailers (electronic retailers):

 amazon.com sells books and almost everything else

 _{sees.com sells candy online}

 priceline.com sells airline tickets and hotel rooms

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_{Innovative e-tailer technologies make online shopping}

easier

 360-degree images

 Allow you to see all sides of an item

 _{Order tracking}

 Bar codes are assigned to items being shipped that allow

customers to track shipping progress via the internet

 Shop bots

 _{Programs that help users search for a particular product or}

service and then provide price comparisons

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 Business-to-Business (B2B)

 _{A business sells to other businesses using the internet or a}

private network to cut transaction costs and increase efficiencies

 Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

 A business sells goods or services directly to consumers

 Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

 _{Consumers sell goods or services directly to other}

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_{Information Systems}

 What are the qualities of good information?

 _{Correct and verifiable}

 Complete yet concise

 _{Cost effective}

 Current

 Accessible

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information must flow:

 Research and development

 Production (operations)

 Marketing and sales

 _{Accounting and finance}

 Human resources (personnel)

 Information systems (IS)

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_{Information flows horizontally between these}

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_{Besides the 6 departments, many organizations also}

have 3 levels of management:

 Strategic-level management

 Top managers (CEOs, COOs, CFOs, CIOs) concerned with

long-term, or strategic, planning and decisions

 _{Tactical-level management}

 Middle level managers who make tactical decisions to

implement the strategic goals set for the organization

 Operational-level management

 _{Low-level supervisors who make daily operational decisions}

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_{Information flows vertically through management levels}

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1. Office information systems

2. Transaction processing systems

3. Management information systems

4. Decision support systems

5. Executive support systems

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_{1. Office Information System (OIS)}

 Also called office automation system

 Combines various technologies to reduce the manual

labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity

 Used throughout all levels of an organization

 Uses, e.g., fax, voice mail, email, scheduling software,

word processing, desktop publishing

 OIS backbone = network (LAN, intranet, extranet)

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 _{2. Transaction Processing System (TPS)}

 Transactions are recorded events of routine business

activities, such as bills, orders, and inventory

 TPS systems keep track of the transactions needed to conduct

a business

 Features of a TPS:

 Input and output: transaction data  For operational (low-level) managers

 Produces detail reports (specific information about routine

activities)

 One TPS for each department

 Basis for management information systems (MIS) and decision

support systems (DSS)

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 Computer-based information system that uses data

recorded by a TPS as input to programs that produce routine reports as output

 Features

 _{Inputs are processed transaction data; outputs are}

summarized, structured reports

 Designed for tactical (mid-level) managers

 _{Draws from all departments}

 Produces several kinds or reports: summary, exception,

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_{4. Decision Support System (DSS)}

 Computer information system that provides a flexible tool

for analysis and helps management focus on the future

 Features

 Inputs are external data and internal data such as

summarized reports and processed transaction data; outputs are demand reports from top managers

 _{Assists tactical (mid-level) managers in decision making}

 Produces analytic models

 Developed to support the types of decisions faced by

managers in specific industries

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 Easy-to-use DSS made especially for strategic (top-level)

managers to support strategic decision making

 Uses data from internal systems and data from outside

 Allows executives to call up predefined reports

 Includes capability to browse through summarized

information on all aspects of the organization and drill down for detailed data

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_{6. Expert System}

 Also called knowledge-based system

 Set of interactive computer programs that helps users to

solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert.

 Used by both management and nonmanagement

personnel to solve specific problems

 One of the most useful applications of Artificial

Intelligence (AI)