NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND DIAGNOSTICS

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NON- DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

AND

DIAGNOSTICS

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND DIAGNOSTICS • № 3/2020

Modern business focuses on the whole world:

interview with Vladimir Linev, Director General and CEO of ADANI ___________________________

MOBILE MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC UNITS – a well-timed response

to the challenges of COVID-19 era and growing threats

to global stability

___________________________

X-ray Diffractometer POWDIX:

powder analysis

___________________________

X-ray Flaw Detector FLOWD:

for periodic inspection of X-ray protective clothing ___________________________

IN THIS ISSUE:

SPECIAL EDITION IS PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH RESEARCH

AND DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

№ 3 / 2020

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Editorial Board

Valery VENGRINOVICH – Editor-in-Chief Roman SHULYAKOVSKY – Deputy Editor-in-Chief Valentin ARTEMIEV

Boris ARTEMIEV Vladimir BELY Valery GUREVICH Vyacheslav DUDAREV Nikolay ISHIN Vladimir LINEV Anatoly MIKHAILOV Fedor PANTELENKO Sergey SERGEEV Mikhail KHEIFETS

Editorial Team

Alevtina SNEZHINA – Head, editor-in-chief of the special issue

Larisa ZEZETKO – Deputy Head Maria KUDRYAVTSEVA

Cover photo Alevtina SNEZHINA

The team of the Research and Development enterprise ADANI took part

in the preparation of this issue:

Ekaterina RYBALCHENKO – Business Development Manager Alexander BARLYUGOV – Director of the Design Department Sergey LASOTSKY –

Head of Industrial Design Department Alexander ZHUKOVSKY – designer Vladimir SHATILO – designer Denis BUSHIN – designer Vladimir ANTONOV – designer Design and layout Kirill ZADVINSKY Proofreader Valeria SHEGO Founders

Belarusian Association of Non-Destructive Testing and Technical Diagnostics, Republican Public Association Institute of Applied Physics

of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, State Scientific Institution

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

AND DIAGNOSTICS

No. 3, 2020

Journal of Research and Practice

Publisher

State scientific institution “Institute of Applied Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus”

Editorial office address:

Akademicheskaya st., 16, 220072, Minsk Tel.: +375 17 357 6794, +375 17 322 5142 Fax +375 17 357 6794

E-mail: info @ science Subscription index – 00844.

For subscription issues, please contact:

Akademicheskaya st., 16, room 305, 220072, Minsk Tel. +375 17 241 2415

E-mail: [email protected]

Signed for printing on 01.13.2021.

Format 60х84 1/8.

Offset paper. Myriad headset.

CONV. print l. 8,14.

Circulation 300 copies. Order No. 1277.

Printed by NAVITECH, Gradient printing house®.

License No. 02330/482 dated 02.21.2017.

Babushkina st., 6A, office 204, 220037, Minsk, Belarus.

ISSN 2224-1752

A special issue of the journal was prepared

in cooperation with the Research and Development Private Unitary Enterprise ADANI

Photo: Diana Nekrasova

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Dear friends!

You are holding in your hands a unique special issue of «Nondestructive Testing and Diagnostics», the journal of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, which was born as a result of cooperation with ADANI, the innovative high-technology enterprise.

We live in the era of innovation, and today this term has acquired a completely new, relevant meaning. Innovation is not just a new (or improved) product, a novelty at the market. It is an idea embodied in a material form, a device, product, service or software, which creates a new value for customers and users, depending on the business line.

But the most important thing is that innovation can only be considered an implemented idea which, in addition to the value for company and shareholders, also creates value anticipating user expectations. Innovation in its true meaning creates new opportunities for society, improves the safety and quality of human life, and changes it for the better.

Moreover, experts note the fact that in 2020 the world has undergone a global rethink- ing of business, value system, and interaction with customers. Today chances of success in innovation have those entrepreneurs who not only give meaning to their products and services, but also have a positive impact on the society and environment.

For almost 30 years, our company has been creating solutions ensuring the health and safety of human life with the help of innovations, and this principle was always the basis of ADANI. The unique synthesis of science and scientific entrepreneurship allowed the company to become one of world leaders in the creation and implementation of science-inten- sive disruptive and improving innovations.

In this journal it is very important for us to present publications prepared by our re- searchers and concerning the latest developments of ADANI. I hope that our journal will be useful to the readership and, perhaps, this cooperation will continue, and the it will receive a new breath.

With compliments, Director General and CEO of the Research and Development enterprise ADANI Vladimir Linev

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MODERN BUSINESS FOCUSES ON THE WHOLE WORLD

Interview with Prof. Vladimir Linev,

Director General and CEO of the Research and Development Unitary Enterprise ADANI

Companies, incapable of innovations in the innovation era, are doomed

to collapse and extinction.

Peter Drucker, the economist, one of the most influential business geniuses of the 20th century

– We are now witnessing the second wave of the Covid-2019 pandemic. How has your life and the life of your company changed?

– Our company creates innovative products, produces medical equipment and security systems that are essential for people around the world. Therefore, we cannot stop working. Even in the most difficult situations, we must fulfil our mission – help society to solve problems.

At the same time, we have very carefully implemented all necessary precaution measures, emphasized the attention of employees to the fact that they should not go to crowd- ed places. All those employees who do not feel healthy may take a day off. We have not yet had outbreaks of the Covid-2019 virus at the enterprise. I believe it is also impor-

issues have come to the spotlight today. We work for healthcare and produce what people are in need today.

– Has the concept of innovation been changed nowa- days?

– In recent years, the term innovation has acquired a completely new meaning. I have found over three hun- dred different formulations of this term, and they differ greatly from each other. First, it is necessary to separate innovation from creativity. To create, draw and invent is not enough. Innovation is not just something new to the market that exists as a sketch. An innovation is an idea embodied in a material form, it is a device, product, service or software, depending on the type of business. But it is always some-

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Modern business focuses on the whole world

INNOVATION IN ITS TRUE MEANING CREATES NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE USER, IMPROVES

AND SIMPLIFIES HIS LIFE.

Vladimir Linev is one of the first Belaru- sian entrepreneurs, professor, doctor of technical sciences, inventor, scientist in the field of applied nuclear physics and electronics, author of 144 scientific pa- pers, including 96 inventions and patents.

He began to conduct his research, develop scientific instruments and look for ways to help save a person’s life while still working at the Belarusian State University.

Vladimir Linev founded and headed the high-tech research and development enterprise ADANI in 1991. The work began with participation in the elimination of the consequences of the Chernobyl catastro- phe – the development of sophisticated analytical instruments for measuring radi- onuclides in food and the environment.

Since its inception, the company has come a long way and reached the global level. ADANI solutions in ensuring the safety of life, health care and scientific in- strumentation are presented in more than 85 countries all over the world, including Belarus, Great Britain, the USA, Russia and China.

The intellect of Vladimir Linev and his creative innovative ideas, implemented in unique technical solutions, became a timely response to the global challenges of the 21st century: from man-made nuclear disasters such as Chernobyl and Fuk- ushima to terrorism and smuggling.

Today the ADANI enterprise successfully realizes its Mission: «To create new opportunities to improve the quality of life and the level of human safety with the help of innovative high-tech solutions» and is one of the world leaders in the production and supply of unique equipment to the world market.

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of innovation has become outdated twice in the last decade! The world’s leading experts have agreed that a realized idea can only be recognized as an innovation if, in addition to the value for the company and shareholders, it has a value for the user. Innovation in its true meaning creates new opportunities for users, improves and simplifies their life.

Only product or service that changes a person’s life for the better can be considered an innovation. Nowadays only those innovators who have put the interests of the user on top have a chance to succeed. At the same time, the Smith Prize winner and the world’s leading expert in the study of the nature of competition, Michael Porter, developed the idea of innovation even further. In his opinion, innovation should bring value not only for the company, shareholders and users, but also for the whole society.

An innovation should not only be useful for each individual user but bring tangible benefits and improve quality of life for many people.

An innovative product must solve problems faced by a certain society – city residents, professionals of a specific industry, age or social group, population of the whole country. According to Michael Porter, only when you put the creation of value for society and value for the user as the highest priority in doing business, you can achieve other goals that you set for yourself and your business. Today, the product lifetime, the time from its initial concept to the market launch has been reduced to a minimum. If we take a fragmentary approach to the innovation process – from idea generation, product creation to market launch and mass production, marketing strategy – we will not fit into a short period of time. Circumstances are requiring that the product, market and manufacturing are carried out simulta- neously. This is a very important point.

In general, we are currently implementing dozens of projects in the behoof of our customers. Most of these projects are disruptive (“disruptive innovations”). We are creating a product and creating a market at the same time. There are three groups of projects: supporting, improving and disruptive innovations. The first group includes products produced off-the-shelf and having a low margin. Customized products are tailor-made and are manufactured quickly. The third group is a unique equipment that is created together with the market, here we foresee customer expectations.

– How do you see cooperation with research teams today?

– We cooperate with universities and research teams.

enterprise that creates innovative products for a specific customer cooperate with research teams, expecting that they can offer new unique solutions. Moreover, here we are facing the question: do they really have such solutions?

Today, one cannot expect a private company to come and buy a raw solution from a laboratory or university. Today, the lifetime of a new product is very short. Until the solution development reaches the implementation stage in an innovative company, it may become outdated.

Today, one cannot expect a private company to come and buy a

raw solution from a laboratory or university. Today, the lifetime of a new product is very short. Until the solution development reaches the implementation stage in an innovative company, it may become outdated.

– How much does it cost to build the Smart Factory?

– The first stage will cost about $50 million. We will use the principle of innovation, which means to build cheap and quickly. Nobody uses this principle anywhere else.

– What is the peculiarity of this innovative factory?

– We are going to create clones. We design one cell, and then we replicate it according to the principle of honey- comb. These honeycombs are the same, but they are aimed at different tasks. Our goal is to make an incubator for factories.

Clones will be programmed to solve different tasks. Infor- mation systems will be similar, the stuffing will be similar, but the programs will be different. The people operating there will be different. In fact, we spend money and effort for the design of one cell, and then we will have thrift on their inte- gration.

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ical X-ray diagnostic equipment, but also equipment for security, protecting people’s life and health, improving the quality of life.

We also design and manufacture a unique range of scientific instruments. In particular, last year we developed a compact X-ray diffractometer, the specifications of which are close to those of high level research instruments.

It is all about competencies developing. When you develop a product, this is the one thing. But when you develop competencies, you can destroy any large corporation by producing something unexpected. Even if the functions will be the same. For example, Nokia phones versus smartphones appeared later on the market. The winner is the one who developed the competencies.

Correct business modeling is important. For example, last year the MOH came to us and asked to produce a cheap tomography system. We developed it having very good specifications and solved the task.

This approach is the advantage of ADANI. It makes us competitive and in demand in the world. Our flexi- bility in tackling the challenges makes us completive.

Today there is a hot issue with coronavirus tests and large corporations started to solve it imme- diately. Billions of dollars have been allocated to this business. And the society is facing problems all the time.

– What important projects is ADANI implementing today?

– We are building a unique manufacturing plant of the future. This plant is a part of our Innovation Ecosystem. We have recently received ten hectares of land in the free economic zone and started the construction. We plan to complete it within two or three years.

This is a completely new model, so called “plant of factories”. In fact, there will be 50 factories inside the enterprise.

We have restructured the business, realizing that it was necessary to focus on certain competencies. Our plant will solve the following tasks: to create a product as quickly as possible, organize its production and quickly bring it to the market. A completely different operating principle will be implemented there. In the world it is called the Smart Factory, which is a “smart” enterprise with widely used digital technologies, and at the same time it is an absolutely innovative manufacturing. We are planning to construct eight buildings in total.

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– What, in your opinion, are the prospects for the de- velopment of Industry 4.0?

– Industry 4.0 is a model invented for Germany. Germa- ny is a major manufacturer of complex machinery, machine tools, equipment and much more. To implement its strategy for the development of industry and science, this country has introduced the concept of Industry 4.0.

All others are trying to copy this model, but the world is taking a different path.

Americans, for example, are working to create Smart Factory. In Belarus, there is no production of robots, machine tools with CNC (computer numerical control).

All these fantastic ideas about robots and a world without people are just utopia. Can you imagine how much it will cost to program a plant to produce one tablespoon?

I met people who are engaged in such projects in Germa-

ny, Austria and asked them what the cost of such spoon would be.

The whole world today is moving a different way and focuses on its own industry. I can give an example of Audi, which is considering building the Enterprise of the Future.

The company plans to give up the conveyor production. The same path has been chosen by Toyota. This is so because they understand that a conveyor means a narrow range of products. And the world today is demanding diversity.

This is a big secret, and I do not know at what stage their projects are today, everything is very classified. Instead of a conveyor belt, they will have robotic carts that will transport the car between different sections implementing a specific operation. They understand that this is not possible with the existing vehicle design. Therefore, the design of a car should also change dramatically. This is what a Smart Factory looks like.

WHEN YOU DEVELOP A PRODUCT, IT IS ONE THING.

AND WHEN YOU DEVELOP COMPETENCIES, YOU CAN DESTROY ANY LARGE CORPORATIONS

BY PRODUCING SOME UNEXPECTED THING.

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– What is in demand in Western markets today? Do you prefer any particular market?

– The global trend is health, safety and ecology. Any technology related to medicine. People today are ready to invest in their health, and this process will develop indefinitely.

If we talk about the healthcare field, this sphere is reshap- ing and tends to use digital technologies to the maximum.

IT specialists rushed to make software related to data cap- turing, but this is very primitive and lies on the surface. The same as adding games to a smartphone.

In my opinion, digital technologies in the healthcare field will go towards the fact that a person will take care of his health. Today we can measure our temperature or pressure, and tomorrow we will be able to independently make a test for coronavirus, paying for it.

Diagnostics begins with the collection of parameters, and artificial intelligence in this case is an aid tool for the doctor. Everyone wants to undergo a coronavirus test, but doctors cannot cope with this. So, you should go and do the test by yourself. And you can test yourself for a thousand of viruses.

We ourselves work extensively in the field of using artificial intelligence for diagnostic purposes. This is not only the creation of a software product, but also a hardware.

Today we are creating a next-generation mammography system for breast cancer diagnostics, which, among other things, will have better specifications. The system will also implement artificial intelligence, because the more compli- cated medical equipment becomes today, the more difficult it is for a doctor to work with. Our task is to ensure the unin- terrupted operation of this equipment 24 hours a day.

We are also working on various types of comprehen- sive security system. This is of vital importance for people today. Maybe this is not so critical for Belarus, but in many countries, especially in those that have been the trouble spots and have gone through military conflicts, security is of a high priority. In addition, here is another important point.

Modern business is focused on the whole world. You should never concentrate on a particular market or on the release of one product. Being successful in today’s realities requires diversification of products and doing business on the international scale.

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BUSINESS IS NOT ONLY ABOUT THE MONEY:

what matters today is what role you play on the market

Photo: Alevtina Snezhina

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Business is not only about the money: Business is not onlyabout the money:

Today, cardiovascular diseases take the first place in the world in terms of mortality, followed by oncological diseases. However, over the past ten years, oncological diseases have shown a stable growth. Every year all over the world, new cases of diseases are recorded among both men and women. Therefore, our specialists are constantly working on improving the equipment that allows for timely, quick and high-quality diagnostics and help to prevent the development of the disease.

ADANI: plans for the future

I’d like to note that, in 2021 we plan to launch the MAM- MOEXPERT system, a modern mammography system designed to obtain digital radiographic images of the mamma on a flat panel with a 3D (tomosynthesis) option. The system will implement the artificial intelligence technologies to as- sist the doctor in determining the patients’ priority. This is critical for the effective and timely diagnosis of oncology diseases, especially during breast cancer screening.

We have also been improving the functionality of the special X-ray diagnostic system PULMOSKAN, designed to obtain high-quality digital X-ray images of chest organs for detection of lungs diseases, such as changes in tissue structure, inflammation, tuberculosis, curvature of the spine and other pathologies. Using our new technology, it is possible to differentiate the pathology of the lung tissue. After we ful- fill our plans and receive the next generation device, it will be possible to diagnose cancer more accurately.

Considering the growth in the dynamics of diseases during the pandemic, I would like to speak separately about the computed tomography (CT), since this technique is the gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia caused by COVID-19. It is worth mentioning that the radiation dose per scan on ADANI VENTUM CT is 5-7 times lower than that received during a standard chest examination. Despite the widespread use of computed tomography, this equipment is still not available in all regions.

In the world, not every large clinic has the opportunity to purchase a CT system, equip an appropriate office and hire their own radiotherapist because this is quite expen-

A world-class high-technology corporation, ADANI develops and implements solutions in three areas: security, healthcare and benchtop analytical equipment. Medical area is one of the priorities, especially now, when the whole world is facing challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

ADANI medical solutions are based on the patented scanning technology for digital

X-ray image acquisition, which provides a wide range of users with access to up-to-date

achievements and the most efficient results. Moreover, our equipment is available for

customers in advanced countries and in hard-to-reach areas.

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sive. Therefore, ADANI is developing a mobile version of CT. We offer a customized, cost-effective mobile CT cab- inet that can be purchased by several medical facilities at once and can greatly simplify their work, granting pa-

tients access to rapid examination and diagnostics locally without the need for long travel and unnecessary contacts, which is especially important during the second round of the pandemic.

FOBOS, diagnostic digital system

FOBOS, the unique ADANI System

Today we are also working on the new possibilities of FOBOS, the special-purpose diagnostic digital system designed to obtain the full body X-ray digital images (structure of bones and soft tissues) during pathological studies in morgues and forensic centers. This system enables forensic specialists to determine whether a person died a violent death or a natural one.

As a cause of death injuries take the third place in the world, and a large amount of them are injuries resulting from road traffic accidents. Moreover, in each case it is necessary to understand the causes of accidents. Vehicle manufactur-

to determine the localization of fatal injuries, as well as the degree of correspondence of the injury declared to the in- surance company. Thus, in addition to the traditional scope of this system, we are opening up a new market for potential partners (manufacturers of crash test dummies).

We have received an active support from the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Belarus to the UN Office and other international organizations in Geneva, Yuri Am- brazevich. Last year, ADANI representatives attended a large symposium at WTO headquarters in Geneva, celebrating a decade of collaboration between WHO, WIPO and the WTO discussing the latest healthcare technologies. Moreover

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Business is not only about the money: Business is not onlyabout the money:

Radiotherapy and Oncology

The range of ADANI medical equipment includes not only diagnostic equipment, but also the X-ray therapy systems. In case of malignant oncological skin diseases, as well as benign neoplasms, in addition to the traditional treatment method, there is also an alternative method of radiotherapy.

The TERAD system, developed by ADANI, is a modern X-ray system for effective and safe treatment. It delivers a thera- peutic dose to the focus of the disease with minimal impact on the adjacent tissues. Now we are working on auxiliary in- telligent algorithm (a software) that can calculate the dose, time and depth of exposure, while minimizing complica- tions from exposure, choosing the right treatment method.

Crucial projects

It is important for us to promote our competencies to various markets. In Egypt, since 2019, within the “Egyptian Women are the Health of Egypt” national program frame-

work, the examinations have been carried out for early diagnostics of breast cancer. In a period of this program, millions of women have access to free screening and treatment. Since January 2020, we have been working with the Egyptian government focusing on one of the most important strategic projects for ADANI and we have sent the SCREENEXPRESS mobile diagnostic unit to medical center of the Office of the President of Egypt.

The system includes a diagnostic mammography system MAMMOSCAN and several multi-purpose rooms: an X-ray room, a laboratory (which can be transformed into a COVID lab), a reception, an ultrasound room, a gynecological room.

This is a completely customized solution.

As ADANI Business Development Director, I am sure that modern business is measured not only by the money.

It is important for business to bring benefits to the society.

ADANI has always been striving to foresee and satisfy user’s expectations.

Antonis Joseph, Business Development Director, Unitary Enterprise ADANI, interventional cardiologist, member of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Radiology (ESR), doctor of the highest category. Graduated from BSMU (Belarusian State Medical University). In 2012 Antonis Joseph received the title of Honorary Doctor. Since 2013 he has been working in ADANI.

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MOBILE MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC UNITS –

a well-timed response

to the challenges of COVID-19 era and growing threats

to global stability

Mobile medical units (mobile clinics) are working all over the world due to the numerous advantages, such as, among others, ability to move around the region and access to qualified specialists. In international practice such units are used not only in the areas of political and social unrest and humanitarian disasters, but also in the areas where internal systems of medical support are not fully developed.

Today, the importance of such mobile medical units utilization has

significantly increased because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to

minimize contacts, many people prefer not to be examined in health

care facilities at their place of residence, and in these conditions,

a doctor’s office on the wheels becomes an appropriate solution.

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Mobile medical diagnostic units – a well-timed responseto the challenges of COVID-19 era and growing threatsto global stability

According to studies of the Mobile Health Map Com- munity, mobile clinics are widely implemented in the US and are showing excellent results. By the way, radiother- apists who perform radiological (radioisotope) diagnostics and who perform radiation therapy for malignant and benign tumors are quite expensive specialists all over the world. It is a common practice for several American healthcare centers in the same state to buy one mobile medical unit sharing the cost. Such mobile clinic drives around the state and provides medical services to the entire region. This approach, in addition to convenience, allows to significantly save the budget.

Mobile clinics are also used for quick or initial diagnostics in places of mass sports, cultural, or religious events.

The density of visitors of such events is rather high and they are likely to be injured during, for example, clashes between sports fans.

The solutions are developed by the company individ- ually, taking into account the customer’s requirements and budget. An artificial intelligence software intended for checking and analyzing screening results and improving accuracy of various diseases diagnostics is actively implemented into the units.

In 2000 ADANI, a world-class high-technology corporation presented their multi- purpose mobile diagnostic

units to the medical community.

TODAY OVER 200 MOBILE CLINICS MADE BY ADANI HAVE BEEN PUT INTO

OPERATION IN THE CIS, EUROPE, ASIA, LATIN

AMERICA AND AFRICA WITHIN VARIOUS

HEALTHCARE PROGRAMS OF MEDICAL

EXAMINATIONS, FINANCED BY STATE

HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS, FOUNDATIONS

AND ASSOCIATIONS IN COOPERATION WITH

MANUFACTURERS OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT.

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IN RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC, ADANI HAS DEVELOPED A MOBILE COVID LABORATORY. THIS UNIT CAN INCLUDE ALL THE NECESSARY LABORATORY EQUIPMENT. THE SOLUTION MINIMIZES UNNECESSARY PATIENTS’ CONTACTS WITH EACH OTHER AND MEDICAL STAFF.

Mobile diagnostic unit SCREENEXPRESS is designed for screening and early diagnostics of oncological and non-oncological diseases of the reproductive system and has no analogues in Be- larus. The clinic on wheels includes an office, a laboratory where a variety of tests can be performed, including a prostate-specific antigen test for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, a mammography room, where an X-ray examination of the mammary glands is performed, and a registry room.

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PULMOEXPRESS is a mobile digital fluorographic X-ray room with a low-dose PULMOS- CAN system installed, designed to obtain digital X-ray images of chest organs for early detection of tuberculosis, cancer and other lungs diseases.

MAMMOEXPRESS is a mobile digital X-ray mam- mography unit for early diagnostics of breast cancer.

It allows women who live in remote, hard-to-reach and poorly equipped regions to get access to screening examinations.

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CT-EXPRESS is a mobile computed tomography room with VENTUM CT installed. The mobile unit is designed for quick, accurate and timely detection of diseases, such as inflammatory processes in tissues, degenerations and tumors, malfor- mations and vascular disorders, traumatic injuries and a number of other pathologies. High resolution computed tomography helps to identify minimal changes in the pulmonary pattern, bone structure and soft tissues.

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Over the past few years, ADANI PULMOSCAN systems in the X-ray protected cabins have been installed in mobile clinics in Morocco, and the PULMOEXPRESS system is used in Sri Lanka. In 2019, as a result of cooperation with the large American manufacturer Kentucky Trailer, four digital mammography diagnostic systems were supplied to Nigeria. The Egyptian government has been successfully cooperating with ADANI in the field of security for several years, but in 2020 they have expressed interested in the medical brunch of business. The result was the dispatch of the SCREENEX- PRESS mobile system to Egypt.

Among strategic partners of ADANI there are also healthcare institutions from Russia, Moldova, Ukraine and, of course, Belarus.

Mobile medical diagnostic units are delivered directly from Belarus. They could be built on the truck chassis of any brand in accordance to the request of the client, and have special X-ray protection room and digital X-ray equipment inside. Alternatively, the X-ray equipment can be installed

on the chassis of a truck purchased by a customer at the local market. The customer can also add any other necessary equipment to the solution, like an ultrasound system, instrumental and laboratory equipment, as well as life support systems and accessories.

ADANI team provides professional technical support and training for a team of local distributors in servicing the purchased equipment.

Advantages of ADANI mobile clinics are:

• ability to serve patients in hard-to-reach and distant places, rural areas;

• ability to operate both independently and in cooperation with a stationary healthcare facility;

• reliability with adverse environmental factors, such as di- verse temperatures and humidity and vibration;

• high maintainability, which reduces the cost of service throughout the entire life span;

• fast return on investments due to high productivity.

FOBOSEXPRESS is a mobile diagnostic digital unit designed for obtaining full body X-ray digital images (structure of bones and soft tissues) during research in forensic medical examination centers. The FOBOS system installed inside can scan at any angle in the range from 0° to 114°.

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UDC 539.261 Bui L.M., Doronin O.B., Emelyanov Yu.L., Kabanau D.M., Magonov S.N., Makarov D.A., Makovsky S.N., Tselkov Yu.A.

UE ADANI, 7 Selitsky str., 220075, Minsk, Belarus

The tabletop X-ray diffractometer Powdix 600 manufactured by ADANI, as well as the possibilities of practical use of the diffractometer for the phase analysis of powder samples, are considered. The analysis of the currently existing

and used technical features of X-ray diffractometry is carried out.

Introduction

Powder X-ray Diffractometry is a non-destructive analysis method that is widely used in various fields of science and technology: to identify crystalline phases and determine the structural properties and lattice parameters, including defor- mation, grain size, epitaxy, phase composition, transforma- tion of preferred orientation (Laue) type “order-disorder”;

thermal expansion measurements; for quantitative analysis of the composition of complex multiphase structures, for determining the degree of microstresses in the grid; measuring the thickness of thin films and multilayer materials, etc. [1].

This method is primarily aimed at identifying crystalline materials, which is of decisive importance for research in the field of geology, ecology, materials science, engineering and biology [2]. Powder X-ray Diffractometry analysis plays a cru-

portance for creating a competitive, safe and highly effective final product.

The Powdix 600 Diffractometer was created to solve the problems of X-ray phase and X-ray structural analysis of crystalline materials in the form of powders, solid samples, gels and liquids. The result of measuring the device is a diffraction pattern, which is deciphered by the analytical software and contains information on the phase composition of the analyzed material.

Analyzed data

The created Diffractometer operates on the basis of the Bragg-Brentano optical scheme [4]. The Bragg equation is used to interpret the radiograph:

X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER POWDIX

Powder Analysis

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Scientific publication

scattering angle). Figure 1a shows a diagram of X-ray diffraction on the surface of a crystalline sample. When a crystal is bombarded with X-rays with a fixed wavelength, at a certain angle of incidence θ, an intense reflection of X-rays occurs, which is possible only if the interference condition is met.

X-rays scattered by a crystalline solid form a specific diffraction pattern (a series of peaks). The location of the peaks is strongly related to the parameters of the crystal grid; therefore, it is successfully used to identify and determine the characteristics of a material.

Powder X-ray diffraction is a fast analytical technique widely used to identify crystalline materials and measure the purity of samples [5]. The analysis of the diffractogram allows for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the various phases of the crystalline material and can provide information on the parameters of the unit cell. The advantages of the method are high reliability and fast measurement speed.

For non-destructive analysis, a small amount of substance is required, not exceeding 0.1 g.

When analyzing the diffraction pattern, the profile of the obtained peaks also carries important information. The radiation leaving the crystal in certain directions, given by the Bragg equation, forms high- intensity peaks at the detector.

Each such peak is associated with the Miller indices, which are characteristic of the set of planes on which the incident radiation diffracted. Since the waves are scattered by atoms in different positions, they reach the detector with a relative phase shift. Therefore, the measured intensities provide information about the relative positions of the atoms. Due to the finite crystal size and the limitations of the measurement resolution, as well as due to material defects, the diffraction peaks are transformed, giving them a finite width and a certain characteristic shape. Analysis of the peak shape provides important information on the size of crystallites in a sample, as well as on the defects they contain. An example of a characteristic diffraction peak of corundum (Al₂O₃) is shown in Fig. 1b. The experimental peak can be described by various functions, including Gaus and Lorentz.

The following information can be distinguished, carried by the diffraction pattern about the material:

• the background, which is mainly generated by scattering from the sample holder and air, from Compton scattering. However, it should be taken into account that the background can be formed by diffuse scattering from the sample and carry information about the amorphous fraction and grid dynamics;

• the position of the reflex peaks carries information about the lattice parameters, symmetry groups, which is important for the analysis of macrostresses and qualitative phase analysis;

• the intensity of the reflex peaks, which depends on the crystal structure and is taken into account in the quanti-

tative phase analysis, since associated with the density of scattering centers in the test substance;

• peak-reflex profile, which is dependent on instrumental function and broadening due to sample characteristics, which is used for microstress and domain size analysis.

Diffractometer design

Let us consider the main design features of the Pow- dix 600 X-ray Diffractometer.

This System is equipped with control elements that fully meet all the requirements for ensuring the radiation safety

Figure: 1a. X-ray diffraction on the surface of a crystalline sample

Figure: 1b. The result of processing the experiment and modeling the corundum diffraction peak

Diffraction angle, 2-θ

Intensity

d sinθ d

θ

Peak Position

Peak width at half height FWHM

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of the system. Visual and audible alarms are used to inform users about the operation of the X-ray source. In case of an attempt of unauthorized user access to the working area or in the event of an emergency situation during the operation of the equipment, the built-in protection systems block and turn off the X-ray source.

As mentioned earlier, for this powder diffractometer, the θ-θ optical Bragg-Brentano scheme was selected, which solves the problem of analyzing flowing and free-flowing samples due to the horizontal arrangement of the sample in the cuvette. The radius of the goniometer is 150 mm, which is sufficient to achieve a high spatial resolution (up to 0.02°) and at the same time accommodate a wide range of optical elements for solving various applied problems. The 2-θ scan range is -3° to +154°. The precision mechanical components of the goniometer ensure high positioning accuracy and re- peatability of the experiment. In this case, the minimum scanning step is 0.0004° along the 2-θ angle. In addition, thanks to the design that provides free movement of the goniometer arms, various scanning methods are implemented: continuous, point by point, frame by frame, which allows measurements in different modes, including unconnected scanning.

The working area of the Powdix 600 diffractometer is shown in Figure 2. This configuration uses an X-ray source BSV-40 (Russia) in a protective casing and a linear detector Dectris

Mythen2 R 1D (Switzerland) [6] with collimation optics, as well as holders samples with a mechanical spring and a collimator knife. The protective cover prevents X-rays from being emitted in any direction other than the measurement area. It also houses some elements of the anode cooling system.

A vacuum glass tube with a massive grounded anode and cathode that maintains a high negative potential (high accel- erating voltage) is used to generate X-rays. Depending on the selected spectral range, a metal target made of Cu, Al, Mo, W, Cr or Ag can be used as an anode. The electron source is heated to emit electrons, which are accelerated from the cathode to the celianode. But the main goal of such a bombardment is to obtain X-rays, which are emitted through windows transparent for X-rays (mainly from beryllium).

X-ray tubes generate a lot of heat. Consequently, a reliable cooling system is needed to dissipate it. In the case of powerful radiation sources, the use of water cooling systems is optimal. For the Powdix 600 diffractometer, an efficient in- tegrated closed-loop water cooling system has been developed, which does not require maintenance, except for periodic replacement of the water in the circuit.

The next key element of the diffractometer is the X-ray detector. The device is equipped with one of the best high-per- formance X-ray detectors of the Swiss company Dectris. It is known that it is preferable to use a linear detector to measure

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powders. This is the reason for the choice of the Mythen2 R 1D (DECTRIS) detector, which has 640 pixels with a step of 50 µm on an 8×32 mm area. This detector has an adjustable energy threshold to cut out low-energy noise, which significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio.

The choice of the optimal detector is determined by the type of radiation source used. The correct choice of the pair

“source-detector” provides a high level of quantum efficien- cy, close to 100%. Thanks to its high detector resolution and precise goniometer positioning, the POWDIX 600 diffractometer achieves a peak position measurement accuracy better than ± 0.02˚ in 2-θ over the entire angular range. Peak width less than 0.05° in 2-θ.

Moreover, to improve the measurement accuracy and achieve a high resolution during the recording of diffraction patterns, special X-ray optics are required. The technical characteristics of optical elements depend on the specifics of the problem being solved, which determines the order of measurements. One of these elements is a collimator – a device that narrows a beam of particles or waves. For the analysis of powders in a diffractometer, an optical scheme of a diverging-converging beam is used. In this case, collimation can be achieved using a series of closely spaced parallel metal plates (called Soller slits). When analyzing thin films or single crystals, an optical scheme of parallel beams is used – in this case, specialized systems of X-ray mirrors or mono- chromators are used [7].

The Powdix 600 X-ray diffractometer uses a range of accessories to perform a wide range of powder X-ray diffractometry tasks, allowing you to perform measurements in different modes.

It is convenient to use special sample holders to study different types of materials. The standard spring- loaded holder is used for powders and serves to fix the cuvette with a pre-prepared sample. A special holder for bulk samples with adjustable height, shown in Figure 3a, allows to align the plane of the measured sample with the working plane of the goniometer.

To improve the measurement accuracy of powder materials, we recommend using the improved holder with sample rotation function. Sample rotation speed can be varied up to 100 rpm. For correct measurements, it is necessary to select the rotation speed such that the sample is rotated one revolution by one scanning step of the goniometer. This measurement mode provides simple control of the rotation speed to collect the optimal amount of data during the scan.

Routine measurements often require the simultaneous installation of several samples in the working area of the device and their automatic change with each subsequent measurement. Designed for the POWDIX 600 diffractometer, the automatic sample changer shown in Figure 3b is ideal for this purpose. The user prepares a series of samples and plac-

es them in the device. Next, a series of measurements is automatically performed with the replacement of the sample according to a given algorithm without operator intervention.

The collimator knife is an indispensable accessory for high precision measurements at low diffraction angles. If the collimator knife is not used at low angles, this leads to unwanted illumination of the linear detector by scattered X-rays, which significantly distorts the diffraction pattern. The collimator knife is easily installed in the working area and is controlled both manually and automatically, setting the position depending on the position of the goniometer arms.

Another factor affecting the quality of measurements in any experiment is sample preparation.

To carry out correct measurements of powdered samples, it is necessary to know several specific rules of the sample preparation procedure.

A well-prepared powder sample should have many ran- domly arranged crystallites, and the orientation distribution should be smooth and uniform [8]. To obtain reliable statisti- cal data for powder samples, the crystallite size must be less than 10 µm. Large crystallite sizes, as well as non-random orientation of crystallites lead to a change in the intensity of peaks, which will cause a discrepancy between the obtained diffractograms and the reference patterns presented in the database. Mills, mortars or sieves are widely used to prepare powder samples.

During the development of the diffractometer, special attention was paid to the safety of measurements. The radiation protection of the POWDIX 600 diffractometer ensures safe working conditions and excludes the possibility of exposing people to a direct radiation beam thanks to the stationary X-ray protection of the case and a multi- level electronic security system. Generation of X-rays inside the device is only possible with the housing door closed and the security system in an active state during the measurement.

The design of the device under all possible operating conditions ensures the attenuation of the equivalent ambient dose of X-ray radiation at any accessible point at a distance of 0.1 m from the outer surface of the installation to a level of no more than 1 µSv/h.

Data management, collection and analysis software The work with the diffractometer is completely carried out using a personal computer with specialized software.

Thus, the PowDIXCon software module is used to control the diffractometer and to pre-process the data. This program performs the following functions of diagnostics and maintenance of equipment operability: diffractometer diagnostics, X-ray tube warming up, calibration by a reference sample, software update to the latest version. Also in this program you can configure the parameters of the generator, detector and goniometer. The control functions allow you to select

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continuous, step-by-step and hybrid scan modes, as well as scan parameters such as: angular range, step size, integra- tion time, measurement time.

For the subsequent processing of experimental results and conducting quantitative and qualitative phase analysis,

the ALMAZ program is used, which supports a number of standard databases of materials: ICDD PDF2 and COD, which contain general crystallographic information about the material and diffraction lines calculated separately based on crystallographic data. It is also possible to create a database

Figure: 3. Dedicated sample holders for the Powdix 600 diffractometer

0,0 5,0k 10,0k 15,0k

Intensity

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References

1. A.A. Bunaciu, E.G. Udristioiu, H.Y. Aboulenein, X-ray diffraction: Instruments and apllications, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2015, Vol. 45, p. 289-299.

2. Marek Kotrly, Application of X-ray diffraction in forensic science, Z. Kristallogr., 2006, Vol. 23, p. 35-40.

3. N.K. Thakral, R.L. Zanon, R.C. Kelly, S. Thakral, Applications of powder X-ray diffraction in small molecule pharma- ceuticals: achievements and aspirations, Journal of Phar- maceuticals Science - Review, 2018, p. 1-14.

4. Bob B. He, Geometry and algorithms to expand 2-θ cov- erage of a 2D detector, Powder Diffraction – Technical articles, Vol. 33 (2), 2018, p. 147-155.

5. L. Brugemann, Ekkehard K.E. Gerndt, Detectors for X-ray diffraction and scattering: a user’s overview, Nucklear instruments and methods in physics research, Section A, 2004, Vol. 531, p. 292-301.

6. Dubravka Sisak Junk, Lasse Suominen, Jari Parantainen, Christoph Hormann, Mythen detector – perspectives in residual stress measurements, Advanced Materials Re- search, 2014, Vol. 996, p. 203-208.

7. N.M. van der Pers, R.W. A. Hendrikx, R. Delhez, A.J. Bott- ger, A diffracted-beam monochromator for long linear detectors in X-ray diffractometers with Bragg-Brentano parafocusing geometry, Review of scientific instruments, 2003, Vol. 84, p. 045102 1-6.

8. N.A. Raftery, A novel sample pressing technique to re- duce preferred orientation using the back-pressed pres- entation method, JCPDS – International Centre for Dif- fraction Data, 2011, ISSN 1097-0002, p. 67-71.

9. A.L. Ortiz, F.L. Cumbrera, F. Sanchez-Bajo, F. Guiberteau, R. Caruso, Fundamental parameters approach in the Ri- etveld method: a study of the stability of results versus the accuracy of the instrumental profile, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2000, Vol. 20, p. 1845-1851.

for a specific category of samples by the user himself.

The ALMAZ software module is built on the use of a large number of analytical methods for data analysis and offers a solution to the following problems of X-ray structural analysis of polycrystalline samples: automatic search for diffraction peaks; data preprocessing (background subtraction, Kα₂ suppression, Kβ suppression, Lorentz correction, absorp- tion and polarization correction, smoothing; phase identifi- cation; qualitative phase analysis; quantitative analysis based on the method of corundum numbers; quantitative analysis by the method internal standard using calibration coef- ficients; refinement of the lattice parameters by full-profile refinement methods (Rietveld, Pauly, Le Bale) [9].

The program allows the user to change the lattice parameters, which may be required to quantify the use of many peaks in a long 2-θ range to detect and correct sys- tematic errors such as sample bias and measurement peaks, zero bias using peak search.

Figure 4 shows the result of processing the experimen- tally obtained diffractogram of a cement sample. In this case, the correction with the Kα₂ deduction was carried out, then the smoothing by the Savitskaya-Golay method and the background subtraction using the SNIP algorithm.

Peaks were also searched for by the second derivative method and the simulated diffractogram was fitted with the PseudoWoight model.

The analysis revealed the following main phases in the composition of the studied cement sample: tricalcium silicate (66%), dicalcium silicate (14%), tricalcium aluminate (17%), tetra-calcium alumoferite (3%).

By accurately measuring the positions of the peaks in a large 2-θ range, it is possible to determine the lattice parameters of the unit cell, the sample doping phase, temperature, pressure, and other parameters.

Conclusion

The developed Powdix 600 X-ray diffractometer meets the high requirements imposed on modern benchtop powder diffractometers. Design solutions, selected components and software algorithms for data processing allow for fast and high-precision analysis of a wide range of materials, not just powders. The versatility of the equipment is realized due to the development of various specific scenarios for conducting an experiment both for scientific research for a large class of objects, and routine measurements in industry to control the quality of products.

This article is an introductory part of a series of works de- voted to the development and creation of the Powdix 600 X-ray diffractometer. In the future, it is planned to publish a number of works on detailing design solutions, the specifics of conducting specific experiments with various materials and performing phase quantitative and qualitative analysis.

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UDC 539.261 Zlotsky S.V.¹, Anishchik V.M.¹, Emelyanov Yu.L.², Kabanau D.M.², Tselkov Yu.A.²

FUNCTIONALITY

AND TECHNICAL PARAMETERS of the POWDIX 600 Diffractometer

The functional capabilities and technical parameters of the POWDIX 600 diffractometer (ADANI, Belarus) have been tested. The measurements of various

types of samples were carried out with benchtop POWDIX 600 and stationary Ultima IV diffractometers (Rigaku, Japan) under the same conditions. The quality

of XRD patterns measured with bench top XRD for different classes of samples demonstrate the suitability using this equipment for a large number of tasks.

Introduction

Modern X-ray diffractometry devices appeared thanks to the discoveries in this area of Laue and the theoretical foun- dation of Wolfe and Bragg, which describes the principles of X-ray diffraction on the crystal lattice of a solid. At the same time, the method of X-ray structural analysis itself was developed by Debye and Scherrer.

and technological monitoring. Modern methods of X-ray diffractometry, depending on the characteristics of devices and areas of application, can be divided into the following types: powder diffractometry [1], diffractometry of thin films and single crystals [2], stress analysis [3], small angle diffractometry and reflectometry [ 4] and others. The main manufacturers of devices in this area are: Rigaku (Japan) [5], Bruker

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the research and production enterprise ADANI produced a desktop-type X-ray powder diffractometer POWDIX 600. The diffractometer of this class was developed in accordance with modern requirements for this type of device. Therefore, it will be interesting to compare the main characteristics and functionality of this device both with the closest analogs and with devices of a higher level.

Experimental data comparison

Various types of samples were measured to test the functionality and technical parameters of the POWDIX 600 benchtop diffractometer. Various powder and semiconductor materials were chosen as objects: corundum (Al₂O₃ – SRM 1976b NIST); lanthanum hexaboride (LaB₆ – SRM 660c NIST); various types of limestones (main components: dolo- mite CaMg(CO₃)₂, clay minerals (Mg, Al)Si₃O₁₂, flint SiO₂); ce- ments (main components: tricalcium silicate 3CaO · SiO₂, dicalcium silicate 2CaO · SiO₂, tricalcium aluminate 3CaO · Al₂O₃, tetracalcium alumoferite 4CaO · Al₂O₃ · Fe₂O₃); Ni, CuO, SiC powders; semiconductor wafers, which are epitaxial nitride heterostructures grown in the wurtzite modification on sap- phire substrates of the (0001) orientation (B046 – AlN layer 320 nm thick, B119 – GaN layer 2130 nm thick with a thin intermediate AlN layer 80 nm thick), etc. The selected types of samples have different crystallographic characteristics, allowing you to investigate the quality of the device in a wide range.

At the same time, these materials were studied on an Ul- tima IV diffractometer [11] (manufactured by Rigaku, Japan).

Shooting modes are shown in Table 1.

Figures 1-4 show some comparative X-ray diffraction patterns of samples taken with POWDIX and Ultima IV diffractometers (using standard holders and recessed glass cuvettes).

As can be seen from Figures 1-4, the X-ray diffraction patterns of various materials obtained with the POWDIX and Ultima VI diffractometer are the same. The differences are in the lower (10 times) intensity of the diffraction peaks for the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained on POWDIX, and the increased background in the 2-θ = 10-30° angle range, which is associated with the higher power on the X-ray tube for Unima VI (1.4 kW) compared to POWDIX (600 W). In this case, the position of the diffraction peaks obtained for various diffractometers is close within the error limits of these devices.

As can be seen from Figures 1-4, the ratio of the intensities of the diffraction lines for different powder materials is the same for the X-ray patterns obtained with the POWDIX and Ultima VI diffractometers.

Analysis of the data obtained for semiconductor materials showed that the POWDIX powder diffractometer can be used to analyze simple semiconductor structures, but only with the number of layers no more than two. With a large number of layers, and with the gradient structure of the layers, it is impossible to accurately determine the structure of

Table 1 Sample acquisition modes on POWDIX and Ultima IV diffractometers

Parameter Diffractometer

POWDIX 600 Ultima IV

Anode voltage, kV 40 40

Anode current, mA 15 40

Exposure geometry Bragg-Brentano Bragg-Brentano

Goniometer type Vertical, θ-θ Vertical, θ-θ

Goniometer radius, mm 150 285

Detector Linear silicon Dectris Mythen2 R 1D D/teX Ultra2 high speed detector

Mask, mm 8 10

Soller slots, deg. 5 5

Divergence slit, deg. 0,655 0,5

Filter Ni Ni

Angular range 2-θ, deg. 10-120 10-120

Angular step, deg. 0,05 0,05

Scanning speed in 2-θ, deg / min 4 (0,066 °/sec) 4

Software ALMAZ (Unitary Enterprise ADANI) PDXL2 (Rigaku, Japan)

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Fig. 1. X-ray images of powder materials LaB₆ (a) and Ni (b) obtained on POWDIX and Ultima VI diffractometers

а

в

Fig. 2. X-ray images of powder materials CuO (a) and meteorite (b) obtained on POWDIX and Ultima diffractometers

these layers, the order of the layers’ arrangement due to the

“integral” information obtained during the Bragg-Brentano focusing. To solve this problem, it is necessary to use the geometry of a parallel beam and sampling of samples at different angles of incidence of the beam.

To estimate the minimum measurable volume of the samples, researched were carried out with a powder ma-

decrease in the area occupied by the powder material will lead to a decrease in the intensity of the diffraction peaks.

In order to remove the peaks of the substrate (if required), it is necessary to install a smaller mask or use specialized zero-background silicon-based cuvettes.

Thus, it has been established that the POWDIX 600 diffractometer makes it possible to study small-volume powder

2-θ, deg.

IntensityIntensity IntensityIntensity

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lyzing samples, you can use different types of holders, made of different materials and different thickness of the analyzed material. It should be taken into account that in X-ray diffractometry, the analyzing radiation penetrates into the sample to a depth of about 100 μm. It should also be taken into account that the use of a small volume of powder samples will lead to the receipt of diffraction peaks from the material from which the cell is made. To avoid this, it is necessary to use the type of cuvettes, the diffraction peaks from which have a low intensity (for example, glass or do not overlap with the sample under study. The best option in this case may be the option of using a back ground- less silicon-based cells.

Comparison of data obtained after processing by analytical software packages

Using the ALMAZ data analysis software supplied with the POWDIX 600 instrument, a qualitative phase analysis of the Ni powder sample was carried out for the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained in the course of experiments on two X-ray diffractometers. Table 2 contains the results of the analysis and the test of compliance (FOM). Phase analysis was performed with and without correction. The correction in- cluded: subtraction of the measured background; suppression of Кα₂; suppression of Kβ; Lorentz correction; polarization correction; smoothing by algorithms: Savitsky-Golaya;

subtraction of the measured background by SNIP.

Fig. 4. Radiographs of semiconductor materials B046 (a) and B119 (b) obtained on POWDIX and Ultima VI diffractometers Fig. 3. X-ray images of powder materials SiC (a) and CI-45.5H (b) obtained on POWDIX and Ultima VI diffractometers

а

в

2-θ, deg.

IntensityIntensity IntensityIntensity

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According to Table 2, the correction of the X-ray image obtained with the POWDIX decreases the FOM, and for the Ultima IV it increases. Thus, one of the criteria for the correction can be a change in the criterion of compliance.

Tables 3-4 show the results of calculations of diffraction peaks with and without correction, obtained using the AL- MAZ software.

In a similar way, using the PDXL2 software, we calculated the X-ray diffraction patterns of Ni powder obtained on a POW- DIX 600 and Ultima IV diffractometer. According to Table 5, the correction of the radiograph obtained on POWDIX and Ultima IV with this software package leads to an increase in FOM. The results of the comparison of analytical data obtained by different software packages are presented in tables 6-7.

Using ALMAZ and PDXL2 software, a quantitative analysis was carried out by the method of corundum numbers of a powder limestone sample (POWDIX). Preliminary, a qualitative phase analysis was carried out without the use

of correction and two phases were revealed in this sample:

SiO₂ and Mn₅Si₃. The results of calculating the concentrations of these phases are shown in Table 8.

This analysis shows good match between the results of quantitative analysis calculated using the ALMAZ software and the data calculated using the PDXL2 software.

Using the ALMAZ and PDXL2 software, the grid parameters were refined using the Rietwild, Pauly and Le Bale methods. Previously, a qualitative phase analysis was carried out using correction and the Sb phase was identified in this sample. Then the analysis was carried out by the Ri- etveld method (for ALMAZ and PDXL2 software) and Poli and Le Baile (for ALMAZ software). The results of the refined lattice parameters are shown in Table 9.

Analysis of the data obtained shows that the grid parameters obtained by different methods (Riet-Welda, Pauly, and Le Baile) coincide. The difference in the grid parameters for ALMAZ software and PDXL2 software is 0.001 nm.

Fig. 5. X-ray images of powder material LaB₆ with full filling of duralumin holder (a) and half filling of duralumin holder (b)

obtained on POWDIX 600 diffractometer

Fig. 6. X-ray images of powder material LaB₆ with standard stationary duraluminium holder (a) and glass (b),

obtained on diffractometer POWDIX 600

2-θ, deg. 2-θ, deg.

Intensity Intensity

Table 2 Powder Ni phase analysis results (ALMAZ)