Integrated Design of Solar Water Pump and Biosand Filter for Rural Well-Water Purification

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World Academics Journal of ___________________________________________ Research Paper . Engineering Sciences

Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.20-31, June (2020) E-ISSN: 2348-635X

Integrated Design of Solar Water Pump and Biosand Filter for Rural

Well-Water Purification

A.E. Isiyaku1*, S.M. Alhassan2, S.S. Danmahe3

1,2_{Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Kebbi State Nigeria} 3_{Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Kebbi}

State Nigeria

*

Corresponding Author: abbufaisal8@gmail.com, Tel.: +2348069228613

Available online at: www.isroset.org

Received: 10/April/2020, Accepted: 19/May/2020, Online: 30/June/2020

Abstract— Rural wells are accessible in many networks and provincial settlements inside Nigeria. These wells are typically shallow sort development and around 5 to 15 meter depth which requires much energy input in lifting out the water. Additionally, the water for the most part get polluted and wind up unpurified due to various types of waste produced from the expectation for everyday comforts and afterward results to waterborne diseases. Hence, an easy access to well water and making it cleaned have turned out to be vital. This paper works on a proposed design for a potential integration of a solar water pump and a Biosand Filter (BSF) for the purification of rural well water. A Biosand purification technique was adopted for being a natural purification method and water pumping using solar energy which is a propitious alternative to regular power and diesel based pumping frameworks was utilised for the study. Solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping technology runs a DC or AC engine based water pump by converting solar energy into electrical based energy. The required system power is provided by PV, which runs the circuitry system. A point-of-use (POU) biosand filter of Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) was adopted and designed for multiple users POUs in a circular shape and each POU has water inlet and outlet channel. DC submersible water pump was connected directly to the storage tank from the well. An Arduino microcontroller coupled with water sensor was programmed to control the water level for refilling the BSF from the storage tank and also serve as the on and off control mechanism. The system operation requires no basic procedures of human association and will provide healthy clean water in rural communities by easy means with high performance.

Keywords— Well water Purification; Solar water pump; Biosand filter; Arduino Microcontroller

I. INTRODUCTION

Rural Communities in developing nations utilize their own drives to get drinking water from either surface water sources (streams, dams and so on.) or ground water sources. For surface water, water is brought by the utilization of pails. For the ground water sources, shallow openings are burrowed, in which water is gotten utilizing basins fixing to ropes. Unfortunately, human exercises (both household and modern) have contaminated a great deal of the characteristic water sources. Abnormal amounts of neediness make water treatment for all intents and purposes inconceivable (even boiling is not guaranteed with shortage of firewood), [17].

Biosand filter (BSF) for home usage haslatterlyturned out to be a standout amongst the most well-known POU filtration devices, within excess of 500,000 units disseminated in the range of 1991 and 2015 [3]. The basic structure usually includes a plastic or strong shell, filled for the most part with a sand media, with a release tube that is raised to a measurement to such a degree, that a shallow layer of water is kept over the highest point of the sand [5]. Exactly when water is added on to the channel, a weight slope is made which starts stream out of the release tube.

The rate of flow diminishes as the water level inside the filter moves toward a similar level as the release tube. In a properly working unit, a volume of sifted effluent equivalent to the portion volume should leave the filter before flow totally stops [19]. In the midst of filtration pathogens are acknowledged to be ousted from water by the procedures of trapping, regular cease to exist, adsorption, assimilation and predation by other microscopic organisms (organic activity). Those joined methods permit the filter to satisfactorily deactivate a substantial degree of pathogens that are littler in size than the openings between sand grains [3].

Pumping of water is commonly subject to conventional power or diesel produced power. A Solar powered water pumping limits the dependence on diesel, gas or coal based power. The use of diesel or propane based water pumping frameworks require exorbitant powers, yet additionally result to air contamination and clamour. The general upfront cost, maintenance and operation cost, and replacement of a diesel pump are 2–4 times higher than a solar photovoltaic pump. Solar powered pumping frameworks are condition cordial and require low support with no fuel cost [7]. Considering the deficiency of grid power in provincial and rural regions in numerous places

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of the world, PV pumping is one of the most encouraging utilizations of solar power. This technology is like some other traditional water pumping framework with the special case that the source of power is solar based energy. Photovoltaic water pumping is picking up significance as of late due to non-availability of power and augmentation in diesel costs. The rate of flow of pumped water is dependent on solar radiation incident and size of the Photovoltaic array. An appropriately structured PV framework brings about noteworthy long haul cost saving when differentiated to ordinary pumping frameworks. Additionally, tanks can be used for storage of water instead of batteries requirement for storage of electricity power [14].

The paper aims at designing a multi-user POU biosand filter integrated with a solar water pump to be situated in locations of rural community well water. The input into the BSF is unpurified water and the output will be purified naturally treated well water using BSF. The goal of the study is on the working process of the system which is an automated controlled solar pump programmed with Arduino microcontroller and coupled with water sensors to the point of water collection. This study tends to minimise the use of hand lifting well for accessing drinkable water and thus serve rural communities with purified water.

Literature Survey

Approximately 1.8 billion people by and large consume water from dirty sources. Sadly, lacks of clean and safe drinking-water, environmental sanitation and hand neatness have brought about 842,000 losing their lives yearly, as a result of diarrhoea. It is moreover evaluated that around 361,000 children of an average age of five do pass away each year due to diarrhoea. However, to some extent diarrhoea is considered preventable. Accessibility to clean water, sterile equipment, and well informed personal hygiene, can diminish the rate mortality [16].

There exist enormous scope tools to battle these dangers, and for each instrument research is imperative to legitimize its use. The ideal circumstance to counter unsafe drinking water is to channel the treated water to each individual family household by methods of pressurized pipes linked to an available, guaranteed source which exist already in some countries. Regardless, with the target still possibly decades away for certain systems with less money related resources, point-of-use (POU) water treatment gadgets are commonly used to improve safety of water in homes [18]. POU water treatment devices are used to upgrade water safety after transport to homes and regularly treat only bit of the total flow allocated for drinking [6].

At the point when utilized appropriately, POU frameworks decrease the rate of diarrhoea by near half [11]. Essential treatments with POU incorporate disinfection by solar energy, treatment by use of chemical, and filtration. Earlier examinations show that a biosand filter is a simplified and capable means of water purging technique that cleans the water both biologically, physically and

chemically. A BSF is often assembled using local or nearby material and is stacked up with sand, which makes the build-up simple and easy to fix. Earlier assessments have exhibited that this decontamination strategy can decrease waterborne infection by 99.9% with the help of a biofilm layer which creates in the top layer of the sand once the condition are fulfilled [2].

Biosand Filter

The biosand filter (BSF) is a traditional moderate sand filter adaptation, which has been utilized for rural settlement water treatment for just about 200 hundred years. The biosand filter is normally smaller and adjusted for irregular use, making it appropriate for family units. The filter compartment can be made of concrete or plastic and is loaded up with layers of exceptionally prepared and selected rock and sand [2].

Dr. David Manz built up biosand filter for household use during the 1990s at the University of Calgary, Canada. Dr Manz has prepared numerous associations on the structure, development, establishment, activity and support of the biosand filter. He additionally helped to establish CAWST in 2001 to give the expert administrations expected to the philanthropic circulation of the filter in developing nations. In June 2009, an estimation of over 200,000 CAWST biosand filters have been actualized in excess of 70 nations around the globe [2].

BSF Purification

The biosand filter has shown unfathomable potential to diminish physical and microbial tainting in water. Past examinations, presented in [2], have had effective microscopic organisms, infection, protozoa and turbidity decrease by a biosand filter. Microscopic organisms of up to about 96.5 % could be diminished in research laboratory test and 87.9 – 98.5% in field. Infection decrease, in light of research facility test, was from 70 to over 99%. The influent water's turbidity level could be diminished by 95 % to a level lower than 1 NTU. Protozoa could be diminished by 99.9%. From previous literatures distinctive procedure of water cleaning, for example, utilization of chemical treatment, solar energy, however this procedures set aside opportunity to purge water and additionally this were not beneficial to drink in view of synthetic compounds, consequently we are utilizing the biosand technique for purifying water. The filtration of sand is endorsed to be made of squashed rocks since it diminishes the peril of being degraded by organic matter and pathogens. Stream and sea shore sand ought to be kept away from because of high danger of contamination from animal and human excreta and organic matter. The water quality might be worse when filtered if the sand is tainted. In the event that the sand contains a great deal of organic matter, like leaves and sticks, they can be sieved or washed away. The pathogens can be ousted by cleansing in the sun or by using chlorine. If chlorine is being used, guarantee everything is washed away before it is set in the biosand filter so the biofilm can create [2].

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Solar PV Water Pumping Technology

Solar pumping through direct coupled DC was first introduced in the field in late 1970s. Prior PV water pumping frameworks have impediments of by and large execution of the system because of absence of appropriate structure. From that point forward, manufacturers have restructured their items to improve the exhibition and dependability. Direct coupled DC solar powered pumps are basic and dependable [9], however it cannot work at most noteworthy force reason for PV generator as the sun radiation changes in the midst of the day from morning till night. Nonetheless, by including a maximum power point (MPPT) and controls/protections improve the execution of a Photovoltaic pump. Photovoltaic water pumping frameworks have shown colossal types of progress in the latest decade. The original photovoltaic pumping frameworks utilized centrifugal pumps generally driven by DC motors and variable frequency AC engines, with demonstrated long haul unwavering quality and water powered effectiveness differing from 25% to 35%. The second era photovoltaic pumping frameworks utilize positive displacement pumps, diaphragm pumps or advancing cavity pumps, by and large described by low PV input power prerequisites, low capital expense and high pressure driven efficiencies of even 70% [13].

The current solar based pumping technology utilizes electronic frameworks which have additionally expanded the power output, execution of the system and the overall efficiency. The system controller gives contributions to observing tank levels, controlling the pumping pace and uses most extraordinary force guide following innovation toward improve the water. Progression has occurred in the following system of PV exhibits from manual following to double pivot programmed following frameworks by microcontroller programming. Sun tracking diminishes the physical size of PV board territory required for a given yield enhances control yield, in general proficiency of the framework and rate of return. Solar based water pumping system expands the ideal opportunity for pinnacle water yield. The solar based pumping accessible in the market can lift water from 5 m to more than 200 m with yields of up to 250 m³/day, [4].

Principle of a Solar Water Pump

Solar based water pumping depends on photovoltaic technology that converts sunlight into electricity for water pumping. The photovoltaic panels are connected with an engine (DC or AC) which changes over electrical energy provided by the photovoltaic into mechanical energy which is changed over to hydraulic driven energy by the pump. The limit of a solar powered pumping framework for water pumping is a component of three principle factors: pressure, flow, and power to the pump. For setup purposes weight can be seen as the work done by pumping to lift a particular proportion of water up to the capacity tank. The rise differentiates between the water source and capacity tank chooses the work, a pump needs to do. A specific force is drawn by the water pump which is supplied by a PV array [4].

Source of Water Supply

Source of water supply can be a lake, stream, spring, shallow well, profound penetrated well or a river. Water sources need to restore much quicker than the rate of pumping. Instances where rate of pumping is faster than reviving pace of water source, the supply can dry which ought to be stayed away from to forestall harm to the pump. Fundamental factors for framework configuration are water store volume, revive rate and cost. An installation of a linear current booster between the PV panels and pump turns on the pump during low sun radiation. Linear current booster should be estimated according to the voltage of the pump and panel yield. A combiner box is utilized to make safe the wiring in case more panels are utilized. The circuit breakers are presented for the situation for shielded and quick shutoff of the boards in the occasion that modifying is required by the framework. The circuit breakers can in like manner be used as a switch control for the pump on and off [4].

Solar Pumps

Solar based water pumps are evaluated as in sync with voltage supplied and accessories like filters, drift valves, switches, and numerous others for optimal performance. Constructions of solar based pumps using high-quality stainless steel and low lead marine grade bronze are assumed for corrosion free and maintenance service even in cruel condition with long haul overall execution and unwavering quality. Solar powered pumps are marked into three sorts in line with their packages: submersible, floor, and floating water pumps. A submersible pump draws water from profound wells, and a surface pump draws in water from shallow wells, springs, lakes, waterways or tanks, and a floating water pump draws in water from reservoirs with altering top limit. The engine and pump are developed in altogether in floating and submersible structures. Inside the surface gadget, pump and motor might be chosen in a steady progression to look at the performance of framework alongside controller and PV panel.

The Solar Water Pumping System is fit for running a wide range of electrical water pumps with applications changing from irrigation to family requests. Irrigation pumps, for example, submersible, surface or profound well can likewise be combined with drip irrigation systems to improve the profits from this design. Contrast with conventional AC Pumping System, solar pumping system will work under variable frequency, as solar source power change over time. With the change of input solar energy, the rotate speed of pump motor is in change, and of course, the water output flow is also in change.

II. RELATEDWORK

[1] His investigation was to manufacture and assess a biosand filter as a water treatment strategy in Ghana. Altogether, three biosand filters were worked with nearby material, each with different sand statures. The evaluation was done by inspecting the waters physical, regular and

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substance properties when the filtration, which by then was stood out from the water quality measures from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Sweden. The results show that none of the three filters could convey water which fulfilled the rules for drinking water, which might be achieved by the high movement of water through the filter which hindered the biofilm to create. With the help from the results in Ghana, another arrangement of water filters has been made to decrease the movement of water through the channel. Which gave another biosand filter plan with a width of 42 cm that, sand height of 80 cm and gravel height of 15 cm?

[10] Presented an advanced model of Biosand Filter ,'JalKalp', created in tempered steel so as to vanquish the limitations experienced with standard biosand filter made in pre-cast solid concrete (organized by CAWST). This model is found performing better than the ordinary biosand filter. JalKalp offers extended filtration rate and better minimization and creation quality control. Water quality tests show its practicality against E Coli, Total Coliforms, Turbidity and iron contamination. JalKalp model of biosand channel discussed in the paper is found to have a progressively broad open entryway for application and appointment in different graphical conditions.

[8] The essential objective of his assessment was to look into water cleaning with a biosand filter, worked of close by materials at the Chonyonyo school. The filter performance was destitute somewhere around considering the diminishing of pointer living creatures in the filtered water. The data gained should be conveyed to workers at Mavuno, allowing them to independently work the biosand filter and separate the water quality. The examination was done as a Minor field concentrate with assistance from SIDA, in a joint exertion with Swedish Engineers. The assessment fuses a composing overview and a field study where a biosand filter was built and attempted. After turn of events, the biosand filter was worked for about a month and a half during which water tests were assembled and examined. Water tests were assembled from the influent rough water and spouting filtered water. The microbial properties of the water tests were inquired about by examination of the pointer living beings complete coliform microscopic organisms, e.coli and enterococci.

[12] Reviewed the practical utilization of Biosand filter, recognizes the significant plan considerations and proposes an efficient structure system proportion of the pore volume to the water measurement volume are built up and utilized as configuration checks. The media properties, water prerequisites, filter process duration and water temperature was recognized as the most significant design input parameters. The resultant determinations were the water measurement volume, water volume rate of production and media bed measurements. He proposes two parameters for portraying the filtration rate, to be specific the initial and average clean bed filtration rate. Numerical expressions for these two parameters and the filtration time were determined. Rule esteems for the filtration rate and the

proportion of the pore volume to the water dose volume are set up and utilized as configuration checks. The filtration rate was resolved exclusively by the properties of the water temperature and the media—standard imperatives presented by the bed zone and the bed depth were removed. In this way the core of BSF configuration lies in the cautious and proper determination of the filter media.

Performance Parameters of Solar Pump

[4] Worked on review of performance of solar water pumping system which is subject to the accompanying parameters:

 Accessibility of solar radiation at the area;

 Total Dynamic Head (TDH): Sum of suction head (height from suction point till pump), discharge head (height from pump to storage inlet) and frictional losses;

 Flow rate of water;

 Total quantity of water requirement; and

 Hydraulic energy: potential energy required in raising the water to discharge level.

Hydraulic energy Eh (kWh/d) required per day to supply a volume V of water (m3) at TDH is given by:

……….. (1)

Where ρ is the water density, g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2), TDH is the total dynamic head (m) is sum of static head (m) and friction losses (m).

Solar photovoltaic array power Ppv required is given by ( ) ……… (2)

Where IT is the average daily solar irradiation

(kWh/m2day) incident on the plane of array, F is the array mismatch factor, is the daily subsystem efficiency.

The amount of water pumped V (m3) is given by

( ) ( )…….. (3)

The efficiency of the motor-pump system is given as

follows:

Efficiency = hydraulic energy output / input energy input Efficiency of PV array (%) is given by

( )

( ) ( ) ………... (4)

The overall solar water pump system efficiency is obtained

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III. METHODOLOGY

In this proposed design, a CAWST Version 10.0 Concrete Biosand Filter was redesigned into multiple users POU of seven BSFs. This can be constructed using locally materials available according to the details of the Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology's Biosand Filter plan [2].

Figure 1: Biosand Filter Components [2].

Operations of the Biosand Filter

The biosand filter has five specific zones: 1) inlet reservoir zone, 2) standing water zone, 3) biological zone, 4) non-biological zone, and 5) gravel zone.

Figure 2: How Biosand Filter works [2].

Pathogens and suspended solids are evacuated through a blend of natural and physical procedures that occur in the biolayer and inside the sand layer. These procedures

include: mechanical trapping, predation, adsorption, and natural death.

a. Mechanical trapping. Suspended solids and pathogens are caught physically in the spaces between the sand grains.

b. Predation. Pathogens are devoured by different microorganisms in the biolayer.

c. Adsorption. Pathogens become appended to one another, suspended solids in the water, and the sand grains.

d. Natural death. Pathogens finish their life cycle or die for the fact that there isn't sufficient food or oxygen for them to survive.

Contaminated water is filled the repository on an irregular premise. The water gradually goes through the diffuser and permeates down through the biolayer, sand and rock. Treated water normally spills out of the outlet tube, [2].

CAWST Biosand Filter Specification and Proposed Multiple-users design.

Figure 3: Version 10.0 Concrete Biosand [2].

Figure 4: AutoCAD Isometric view of Proposed Multiple Users POUs design.

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Figure 5: AutoCAD X-ray view of Proposed Multiple Users POUs design.

Coupling of Solar Pumping System

A direct coupling strategy is utilized for the framework power design. In direct-coupled pumping framework, power from the PV modules is sent directly to the pump, which accordingly pumps water via a channel to the capacity tank. This structure is planned to pump water simply during the day. The proportion of water pumped is completely dependent on the proportion of sunlight hitting the PV panels and the kind of pump. Since the intensity of the sun and the edge at which it strikes the PV board changes for the span of the day, the proportion of water pump by this structure has moreover changed for the term of the day.

Direct-coupled pumping frameworks are estimated to store extra water on radiant days so it is available on cloudy days and around night time. Water storage capacity is significant in pumping system. A schematic of the proposed solar water pump and biosand filter framework is shown in figure 6 and the flow chart showing the algorithm is shown in figure 7.

Figure 6: Schematic of the proposed solar water pump and biosand filter for rural well water purification.

Figure 7: Flowchart Showing Algorithm of solar water pump and biosand filter design.

IV. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

This design presented is a proposed study in which natural available water in rural well is purified using this method. Firstly, the unpurified well water will be collected in an overhead storage tank using the solar PV water pump to lift water into the tank. The solar photovoltaic water pumping framework comprises of a PV array, a submersible solar DC water pump, water level sensors and microcontroller. The PV array is placed on an appropriate structure with arrangement for a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) which will add to improve the PV pump performance.

As for the biosand filters, each one is connected to a motorized valve that open and closes the BSF water channel automatically. This has to be done within some time interval depending on the amount of usage. Water is pumped in the course of day, to be used at some point of day time, night or below cloudy situations. For the most part, battery is not utilized for the storage of PV power; however, for exact reliable necessities it very well may be utilized. The proposed system will suit more in public places like market, rural square or centres where rural wells are normally located and this will certainly help in quick access to purified drinking water.

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An additional exit channel from the storage tank will help provide water for other household purposes aside drinking. So the system will serve more than a purpose as improve towards developing indigenous technology. The parts utilized in the PV water pumping framework will comply with universal standard.

ARDUINO SMART WATER CONTROL

The microcontroller atmega328 is program to control two cascaded register ICs 74HC595 via digital pin 5, 6, 7 as clock pin, latch pin and data pin respectively. The 74HC595 expand the number of pins to eight by utilizing only three pins from atmega328, the second register (74HC595) is cascaded to the first one, resulting in 16 outputs via only three pins from microcontroller.

The 12 pins out of the 16 will control 12 relay switches that on/off the various motorized water valve of the biosand water filter outlets, through two ULN2003 relay driver ICs, and the two relay switches level ―PUMP‖ control the submersible pump, the water probe 1 and 2 measure level of water from storage tank and well respectively, using microcontroller analogue to digital conversion and calculation.

The Infrared proximity sensors levelled ―Sensor 1 through 8‖, each attached to the particular biosand filter water outlet to detect the presence of bucket or water dispensing, and send the signal to the microcontroller to turn ON or OFF the corresponding outlet, the sensors are all connected via process I call resistance encoding switching to the analogue pin 2 of the microcontroller.

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ARDUINO CODING:

// It is assumed that the LCD module is connected to // the following pins using a level shifter to get the // correct voltage to the module.

// SCK - Pin 8 // MOSI - Pin 9 // DC - Pin 10 // RST - Pin 11 // CS - Pin 12 // #include <LCD5110_Graph.h> #include <EEPROM.h> #include <ShiftRegister74HC595.h> // create a global shift register object

// parameters: (number of shift registers, DS, SH-CP, ST-CP)

ShiftRegister74HC595 sr (4, 7, 5, 6); LCD5110 myGLCD(8,9,10,11,12);

boolean toggle[4]{0,0,0,0,};//this is vartual on/off switches /* index

0 on/off monitor for LDR dependant swithes(0=Night 1=Day)

1 miscellaneaus shortterm on/off switch 2 miscellaneaus longterm on/off switch 3

*/

int dice; //to be use with random()

int probe1 = 0; //water level sensor1 connected to A0

int probe2 = 0; //water level sensor2 connected to A3

int pbGain = 0; //probe1 gain control @ A1 int oe=13;

int newVal = 100;

int vScale=0; //virtual scale

byte tolerance = 2; //Sensors tolerance

byte lwrGuage = 50; // predefine value to trigger the pump

byte uppGuage = 95; // tank maximum capacity in percentage

boolean refill = false;

int valve[8]; // this control biosand outlet valve

int sensor[8]; // this detect the container and enable the dispense at corresponding valve

//******Oscllator Variables*********** int x = 0, xT = 0, dT = 0;

byte xData = 0;

boolean oscl=0, oscl_stat=0;

//********************************** unsigned long updtTime =5000, updt =0; unsigned long timeOut=10000, start=0; int timer=0;

int minute=6; //10sec*6=1min

extern uint8_t MyLoGo[]; // S2Tech logo bitmap extern unsigned char TinyFont[];

extern uint8_t SmallFont[]; extern uint8_t MediumNumbers[]; void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600); //Dump Device info

/***********************************/ Serial.print(" Device Code: "), delay(50);

for(int i = 8; i < 15; i++){Serial.write(EEPROM.read(i));} Serial.println(); Serial.println("________________________"); pinMode(oe, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(oe, HIGH);//75HC595

// analogReference(EXTERNAL); //Using analog refrence voltage

myGLCD.InitLCD();

myGLCD.setFont(SmallFont); myGLCD.clrScr();

digitalWrite(oe, LOW);//75HC595

myGLCD.drawBitmap(18, 0, MyLoGo, 43, 44); // display S2Tech Logo myGLCD.update(); delay(2000); myGLCD.clrScr(); myGLCD.print("S2TechnologY", CENTER, 0); myGLCD.print("S2TecH", CENTER, 20); myGLCD.drawRect(23, 18, 62, 28); for (int i=0; i<6; i++){

myGLCD.drawLine(63, 18+(i*2), 82-(i*3), 18+(i*2)); myGLCD.drawLine((i*3), 28-(i*2), 23, 28-(i*2)); }

myGLCD.setFont(TinyFont);

delay(5000); myGLCD.clrScr();

//Sync toggle 0 status from EEPROM for(int i=0; i<5;i++){

if(EEPROM.read(32+i) ==

1){toggle[0]=1,i=5;}//end the loop else if(i>=4){toggle[0]=0;} }

Serial.println("Ready");

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}

void loop()

{ //regData = 0x20, regstr();//lcd backlight digitalWrite(oe, LOW);//75HC595 ouput enable

if(dice>=1){ dice--; }else{ dice=20000; } // generate dice value

if(toggle[1] ==

1){sr.set(3,HIGH),delay(500),toggle[1]=0;sr.set(3,LOW); } //beep 500u sec

pbGain = map(analogRead(A1), 0, 1025, 0, 524); //probe1 gain control

probe1 = map(analogRead(A0), 300, 500+pbGain, 0, 100); //probe1 Analog pin data mapping

int RES = map(analogRead(A2), 0, 1025, 0, 100); //resistance encording switching

probe2 = map(analogRead(A3), 300, 720, 0, 100); //probe2 Analog pin data mapping

//Serial.println(pbGain);

vScale = map(probe1, 0, 95, 0, 6); //tank graphical bars mapping(virtual scale)

Valve Control

if(RES >= 80 && 84 >= RES){ sensor[0]=1; } else{ sensor[0]=0; } // Sensor 1

for(int i=0; i<8; i++){ if(sensor[i] == 1){ sr.set(8+i, HIGH);} }//valve x ON

for(int i=0; i<8; i++){ if(sensor[i] == 0){ sr.set(8+i, LOW);} }//valve x OFF

Data Update

if((updt + updtTime) < millis() && probe1 >=0 && oscl==false){ // data updated every 5 seconds

byte rndm = 0;

rndm = random(3); //choose a random number from 0 to 3

updtTime = 5000, updt = millis(); control();

tankMonitor();

if(minute >= 1){minute--;} //10sec*6=1min

else{ minute=6; if(timer >= 1){timer--;} Serial.println("**minute elapsed**"); } } if(toggle[1]==1){ toggle[1]=0; } else{ } if(oscl==false){

//Sensors tolerance control

if(probe1>=newVal-tolerance&&probe1<=newVal+tolerance){} //probe1 tolarance

else{ newVal = probe1; control(); Serial.print("probe1:"),Serial.println(probe1);

}

if(probe2>=newVal-tolerance&&probe2<=newVal+tolerance){} //probe2 tolarance

else{ newVal = probe2; control(); Serial.print("probe2:"),Serial.println(probe2); } } if(probe1 >= 0 ){ tankMonitor(); } osclator(); } void osclator(){ Level Indicator //Serial.println(probe1);

if(probe1 >= 1 || refill == true){

myGLCD.drawLine(6,14,45,14);//level line 5 myGLCD.drawLine(6,20,45,20);//level line 4 myGLCD.drawLine(6,26,45,26);//level line 3 myGLCD.drawLine(6,32,45,32);//level line 2 myGLCD.drawLine(6,38,45,38);//level line 1 }

for(int i=7; i<=43; i=i+3){ //fill 1

if(vScale >=1){ myGLCD.setPixel(i,40); } else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,40); }

}

for(int i=10; i<=40; i=i+3){ //fill 1

if(vScale >=1){ myGLCD.setPixel(i,42); } else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,42); }

}

for(int i=7; i<=43; i=i+3){ //fill 5 if(vScale >= 5){ myGLCD.setPixel(i,16); myGLCD.setPixel(i,18); } else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,16); myGLCD.clrPixel(i,18);

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} //fill 4 if(vScale >=4){ myGLCD.setPixel(i,22); myGLCD.setPixel(i,24); }else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,22); myGLCD.clrPixel(i,24); } //fill 3 if(vScale >=3){ myGLCD.setPixel(i,28); myGLCD.setPixel(i,30); }else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,28); myGLCD.clrPixel(i,30); } //fill 2 if(vScale >=2){ myGLCD.setPixel(i,34); myGLCD.setPixel(i,36); }else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,34); myGLCD.clrPixel(i,36); } }

for(int i=19; i<=31; i=i+3){ //fill 6

if(vScale >=6){myGLCD.setPixel(i,10);} else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,10); }

}

for(int i=10; i<=40; i=i+3){ //fill 6

if(vScale >=6){myGLCD.setPixel(i,12);} else{ myGLCD.clrPixel(i,12); } } myGLCD.update(); } void control(){ if(probe2 >= 20){ }

else{ //if well water level drop to low level

myGLCD.clrScr();

myGLCD.setFont(SmallFont);

myGLCD.print("Well Water is",CENTER,12); myGLCD.print("Significantly Low",CENTER,20); myGLCD.update();

delay(4000); myGLCD.clrScr();

sr.set(3,HIGH); delay(300), sr.set(3,LOW); //beep for to seek for attention

}

if( probe1 >= 0 && probe2 >= 20 ){ myGLCD.setFont(TinyFont);

myGLCD.print("Water Level", RIGHT, 0); myGLCD.print("Percent%", RIGHT, 28); myGLCD.setFont(MediumNumbers); if(probe1>100){ probe1=100; }

myGLCD.printNumI(probe1, RIGHT, 10, 3,'0'); //display probe1 readings

if(refill == false && probe1 <= lwrGuage){ // Switch on the pump myGLCD.clrScr(); myGLCD.setFont(SmallFont); myGLCD.print("Submersible",CENTER,12); myGLCD.print("Pump is ON",CENTER,20); myGLCD.update(); delay(4000); myGLCD.clrScr(); refill = true;

sr.set(0,HIGH); // Switch the pump ON sr.set(3,HIGH); //beep

delay(200); sr.set(3,LOW);

}

else if(refill == true && vScale <= uppGuage){ // display refill arrow

if(refill == true && probe1 >= uppGuage){ // Switch off the pump

sr.set(0,LOW); // Switch the pump OFF myGLCD.clrScr(); myGLCD.setFont(SmallFont); myGLCD.print("Submersible",CENTER,12); myGLCD.print("Pump is OFF",CENTER,20); myGLCD.update(); delay(4000); myGLCD.clrScr(); myGLCD.update(); toggle[1]=1; //beep refill = false; }

else if(refill == false){

} }

else if(probe1 >= -60 && probe1 < 0){ // if probe1 is connected

refill = false, sr.set(0,LOW); // Switch the pump OFF myGLCD.clrScr(); myGLCD.setFont(SmallFont); myGLCD.print("Connecting to",CENTER,12); myGLCD.print("probe1....",CENTER,20); myGLCD.update(); delay(4000); myGLCD.clrScr();

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newVal=100;

}

else{ // if probe1 is not connected

refill = false, sr.set(0,LOW); // Switch the pump OFF myGLCD.clrScr(); myGLCD.setFont(SmallFont); myGLCD.print("probe1",CENTER,12); myGLCD.print("Disconnected",CENTER,20); myGLCD.update(); delay(4000); myGLCD.clrScr(); newVal=100; } }

Figure 9: Architectural 3D Model of assembled solar-water pump and biosand filter in a rural community settlement.

V. CONCLUSION ANDFUTURESCOPE

In lots of areas of the world, rural wells have confirmed very effective due to their locally available technology and low cost. The proposed design of water purifier integrates solar water pump and a biosand filter at low cost and applicable to areas with no grid electricity. The study introduces a solar pump coupled with a programmed arduino microcontroller and water sensors to serves as an automated control mechanism to the point of water collection from the biosand filter. Rural wells constructed and fitted with the proposed idea will be proven sustainable in offering clean and healthy consuming water

to many users at the same time and also save the stress of manually lifting out water from well. This study have demonstrates that BSF innovation keeps on being a compelling and feasible water treatment alternative for rural communities.

REFERENCES

[1] Andersson, L. ―Evaluation of biosand filter as a water treatment method in Ghana : An experimental study under local conditions in Ghana‖. (Dissertation). 2017.

[2] CAWST. "Biosand filter manual Design, construction, installation, Operation and maintenance". CAWST Training Manual Edition, pp 2-11, 2009.

[3] CAWST. "CAWST Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology". 2015

[4] Chandel, S. S., Nagaraju, M. N., & Rahul, C. "Review of solar photovoltaic water pumping system technology for irrigation and community drinking water supplies". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49, pp 1084–1099, 2015

[5] Elliott, M. A., Stauber, C. E., Koksal, F., DiGiano, F. A., & Sobsey, M. D. "Reductions of E. Coli, Echovirus Type 12 and Bacteriophages in an Intermittently Operated Household-Scale Slow Sand Filter". Water Research 42 (10–11), pp 2662–70, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.016.

[6] EPA. "Point of Use (POU) Technologies Radionuclides Decision Tree US EPA.‖. Office of Web Communications and Office of Environmental Information. 2015.

[7] Foster , R., Majid, G., & Cota , A. "A test book of solar energy". Renew Energy Environ. 2014.

[8] Gjerstad Lindgren, J., & Olivecrona, Z. ―Water purification with a biosand filter in Tanzania : A minor field study - Karagwe District, Tanzania‖. (Dissertation). 2016.

[9] Kou, Q., Klein, S. A., & Beckman, W. A. "Method for estimating the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems". Sol Energy, 64: pp 33–40, 1998.

[10] Lalit Mohan, S. & Saurabh, S. ―Reinventing the Biosand Filter: An Easy Solution for Safe Drinking Water‖. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology

(IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN:

2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. I. pp 43-48. 2016.

[11] Lenton, R. L., Albert , M. W., & Kristen, L." Health, Dignity and Development: What Will It Take? "Earth scan. 2005. [12] Michael, K., and Johannes H., ―Rational design of domestic

biosand filters‖ Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA | 59.1 | pp. 1-15, 2010.

[13] Protoger, C., & Pearce, S. "Laboratory evaluation and system sizing charts for a second generation direct PV-powered, low costsubmersible solar pump". Sol Energy, 68: PP 453–74, 2000. [14] Rohit, K. B., Karve, G., & Khatri , M. "Solar water pumping

system". Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng, 3: pp 225–59, 2013. [15] Sobsey, M. D., Christine , E. S., Lisa, M. C., Joseph , M. B., &

Mark , A. E. "Point of Use Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical, Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Developing World". Environmental Science & Technology 42 (12), pp 61– 67, 2008. doi:10.1021/es702746n

[16] United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. ―Clean Water and Sanitation: Why it Matters‖. 2016.

[17] Watering Malawi. ―Water Projects‖. 2009.

[18]World Health Organization. "Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality", Fourth Edition 2011.

[19] Young-Rojanschi, C., & Madramootoo, C. "Intermittent versus Continuous Operation of Biosand Filters". Water Research, 1;49: pp 1-10, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.011.

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AUTHORS PROFILE

Aminu Eyinavi Isiyaku is a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero. He holds M.Eng in Energy Engineering from Bayero University

Kano and B.Eng degree in Mechanical Engineering from Federal University of Technology Minna. He is a registered Member with the Council for Regulation of Engineering (COREN) and a Corporate member of Nigeria Society of Nigeria (NSE).

Shittu Musa Alhassan is a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero. He holds a B.Eng degree in Mechanical Engineering from Bayero University Kano.

Sagir Shehu Danmahe is a student in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero