East Asian countries

The data in Table 1 shows some similarities in the well-paid father only leave provided by some East Asian and non-East Asian countries. For example, Hong Kong and Italy provide no more than three days of this form of leave. The difference between the length of well-paid father only leave in Luxemburg and Japan is no more than two days (see Table 1). The view that East Asian and non-East Asian countries have similarities in their ways of providing well-paid father only leave is further reinforced in Table 3 which classifies the 14 countries into three groups based on the welfare index method. This shows that the five East Asian countries are spread into three groups. Japan is located in the high score group, Singapore is in the medium score group while Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan are in the low score group. The nine non-East Asian countries are also spread into three different groups with Germany, Luxembourg and Sweden in the high score group; Finland, France, Portugal and Spain in the medium score group; and Italy and the UK in the low score group. This implies that in terms of the length of the well-paid father only leave, Japan has more similarities with Germany and Sweden than with the other four East Asian countries; Singapore has more similarities with Finland, France, Portugal and Spain than with the other four East Asian countries. Following the same logic, we should not overlook the similarities between Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, Italy and the UK.

In light of the above observations it would be imprudent to argue that our present paper is the final in examining the Wagner’s Law. The main purpose of this paper is to show how the Wagner’s Law can be analysed with a technique that allows for structural breaks in the cointegrating relationship. We examine the Wagner’s Law for East Asian countries (China, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea) with the well-known Gregory and Hansen (1996a & b) techniques for the period 1960-2007. The balance of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly provides an overview of the literature. Section 3 discusses the specification and methodology. Section 4 details empirical results and Section 5 concludes.

The results indicate that convergence parameter and investment variables are statistically significant with correct sign and consistent size of effects. Population growth however is not. Meanwhile, Investment Profile and Polity2 emerge the most important institutional characteristics towards growth of the East Asian countries for the period before crisis as their significance survives both model specifications (model 5 and 6) at consistent significant level and coefficient size. As for the Polity2, the negative coefficient remains to further corroborate the strong government hypothesis previously discussed. As for the Government Stability variable, notwithstanding its significance in the previous section estimations, it however turns out insignificant across all estimations and yields inconsistent sign.

This paper examines the interaction between openness, growth, and development using a panel of ten developing East Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao and Vietnam) and five- year averages for the period, 1975-2005. Its primary objective is to determine whether there is a direct link between the level of development and openness, while controlling for the indirect effect of openness through its impact on economic growth. Using a two- equation simultaneous-equations model of development and growth and an alternative measure of openness, our findings suggest that openness has a positive influence on both economic growth and human development. We also find that while economic growth makes a positive contribution to development, the converse is not true in that the more developed a nation the slower its growth rate.

We argue that small countries (in terms of land area and population) are not necessarily efficient in taking off. However, most countries that experienced the “take-off” and have been “flying” for the past decades were relatively small. We will examine this by conducting panel regrssions. For robustness tests, we consider several control variables that may also affect development. La Porta et al. (1998) and Djankov et al. (2008) argue that the degrees of financial investor protection and governance enforcement are strongly and positively correlated with sustainable economic development. Lucas (2009) claims that open countries perform better in economic growth. In addition, Eichengreen et al. (2013) find that countries with highly educated people are advantageous in economic growth. In this research, the empirical implication is that an average economy grows faster the smaller the landmass, and/or the larger the potential workforce, and/or the higher the population density, controlled for the quality indices of capital markets, economic regime, openness, and human capital.

In recent years, genetic analyses of congenital deficiencies of three anticoagulant proteins, antithrombin, protein C (PC) and protein S (PS), in East Asian patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) have greatly increased. The PS-K196E mutation is often identified in the Japanese population with an allelic frequency of 0.86 %, and a total of approximately 10,000 Japanese are estimated to be homozygotes. The heterozygotes show PS anticoagulant activities ranging from 40 to 110 %, and 16 % lower mean anticoagulant activity than that in wild-type individuals. Specific assay methods to identify carriers of this mutation have recently been developed. The mutation carriers are at risk of thrombosis during pregnancy but do not appear to be at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. To promote future research into this mutation and its relation to thrombosis, a thrombosis-prone mouse strain with the PS K196E mutation has been developed. We found the PS-K196E mutation and the heterozygous PS-deficiency in mice caused increased VTE, but did not cause aggravation of ischemic stroke, unlike factor V Leiden mutation. Importantly, the PS-K196E mutation is only identified in Japanese. This suggests that although East Asian populations including Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans are geographically and genetically close, the PS-K196E mutation seems to be Japanese-specific, suggesting that the mutation is a recent occurrence and fixed within the Japanese population. Some recurrent genetic mutations predisposing to VTE have been reported in Chinese and Korean populations. Although the genetic background for VTE is known to differ between populations with Caucasian descent and East Asian populations, some of the recurrent mutations differ even within the East Asian populations.

The impact value was high on multidisciplinary sciences 17.33, public health 3.269 and clinical medicine 2.426, followed by biomedical research 1.959, physics 1.222, biology 0.713,and ch[r]

European Union is extremely integrated market with more than 500 million consumers searching for quality goods. EU trading bloc is largest exporter to more than 80 countries and 71 per cent imports enter in EU region at reduced or sometimes at zero tariffs. Still EU has having motivated agenda with other world for a number of trade agreements in the pipeline. Basic idea behind this research study is, whether EU trading bloc has improved the performance of member countries or not? Research study finds that EU trading bloc has increased the production and welfare of the peoples in EU region. Now, it is suggestion for East Asian countries to make East Asian Trading Bloc (EATB) for improved performance and better wellbeing of the people in near future.

More importantly, the candidate countries for an East Asian FTA embody a far broader range of economic development levels than is the case in Western Europe. In 1994, the unweighted average of purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates of per capita GNP for the ten East Asian countries was $11,321, as compared with $17,627 for the EU-12 countries. 8 The standard deviation in per capita GNP was perceptibly wider among the East Asian states ($7,836) than was the case with the EU states ($4,425). More to the point, the ratio of the country with the highest per capita GNP to that with the lowest per capita GNP in PPP was 8.7 among the East Asian countries and 2.5 among the EU countries. 9 According to the World Bank categorization scheme based on per capita GNP in US dollars, all of the EU member states are high-income economies with the exception Greece which is an upper-middle-income economy. In contrast, the East Asian states run the gamut from a low-income economy (China) to lower-middle-income economies (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand) to upper-middle-income economies (Malaysia, Korea, Taiwan) to high-income economies (Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan). 10 While this diversity represents a potentially salubrious division of labor à la the “flying geese” pattern of East Asian economic development (Akamatsu, 1962), it also contains the seeds of discontent, especially among the region’s developing countries, which might harbor suspicions of perpetual subservience to the advanced countries.

“Economic growth accelerated in more than half the world’s nations in both 2017 and 2018. Developed economies expanded at a steady pace of 2.2 percent in both years, and growth rates in many countries have risen close to their potential, while unemployment rates in several developed economies have dropped to historical lows” (United Nations, 2019). East Asian countries are performing even better, but many developing economies are falling behind, Delays in emerging nations joining East Asian and rich countries may be explained in part by their poor economic governance performance. Indeed, as shown in Figure 3 comparing the five emerging countries’ average economic governance performance to rich country and East Asian averages, the five emerging countries consistently lag behind the average performance of rich countries and even further behind the average for the countries of East Asia, at every level of economic governance, except for government spending. Further, emerging countries do not seem to be convinced that WMS is fundamentally a function of the quality of economic governance and that wealth can be improved merely by increasing incomes within the labour force. They would do well to understand that overall, human capital can account for up to two thirds of the wealth of nations (Lange et al., 2018).

With the above background, this paper considers the question of industrial policy for African countries and what lessons they can draw from the experience of other countries. As latecomers to industrialization, the African countries are well placed to carry out such an exercise. Economic history of the last half century indicates that whereas industrial policy has been highly successful in some countries, it has been equally unsuccessful in others. The African countries would wish to draw appropriate lessons from both sets of countries. There is, however, a prior question which they obviously need to consider. Should they have an industrial policy at all? Here the experience of the East and South East Asian countries does indicate that industrial policy has played a key role in the extraordinary success of these economies in recent decades. 3 In addition to this there is another related and powerful reason for African countries to examine closely the experience of Asian countries. Many countries in the two regions at the time of independence from colonial rule had broadly similar economic structures and income levels. To illustrate, in the 1950s around the time of the country’s independence, Malaysia’s economy was much like that of Ghana, based on exports of primary agricultural commodities, rubber in the case of Malayasia and cocoa in relation to Ghana. Both countries shared the common legacy of British colonial rule. However, today, the Malayasian per capita income is nearly 5000 USD at current exchange rates and 10,000USD at PPP rates,

Firstly, the current widely held and highly influential thesis that the root cause of the present financial crisis in South East and East Asian countries lies in the dirigiste model of A[r]

At this moment the Sr-rmmit of East Asian countries are bringing out the dynamics that will play out whether ASEAN countries can contintte to be in the driving seat or more probably, [r]

Uganda aspires to become “a transformed society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years”. This aspiration and the targeted steps to be taken to achieve it are laid down in a document titled Uganda Vi- sion 2040. Industrialisation is considered to be one of the avenues to use to achieve this Vision, despite the fact that the country has made a number of efforts to promote industrialisation in the past, which have not yielded posi- tive results. Reviewed here are the efforts that have been made to this regard since its independence and short falls highlighted. These efforts are compared with the East Asian countries’ efforts towards industrialisation to note what policy makers and investors can do better in order to have industrialisation work for a country like Uganda. The comparison is based on the fact that these countries were at almost the same economic level of development in the 1960s and therefore there is a need to learn lessons of what was done differ- ently. The country needs to develop a stepwise approach to industrialisation that can guide all efforts towards a common agenda.

Figure 9 Comparison of TTIP’s real income effects (in %) without and with spillover effects shows the country-specific real income effects of TTIP for the different scenarios; Table 3 pro- vides regional averages. The upper panel refers to the baseline situation without spillovers. The middle part shows the effects of the one-way trade cost reduction with third countries. The low- er part refers to the two-way trade cost reduction between TTIP countries and third countries. Spillover effects will buffer a lot of the negative welfare consequences for third countries. Countries which would have to tolerate a welfare loss from TTIP, in particular ASEAN coun- tries and other East Asian countries like China, Japan and South Korea, will instead see small increases in their real income with the one-way trade cost reduction due to, e.g., simplification of rules of origin and harmonization of standards. What is more, the welfare of TTIP countries is also further advanced in this scenario. The positive welfare effects for negotiating countries as well as their trade partners outside the FTA negotiations should increase the likelihood of politi- cal enforceability of FTAs with standard harmonization.

The empirical analysis reported by World Bank economists in the East Asian Miracle shows that the high rates of investment in East Asian countries have made an important contribution to [r]

In category 3, all Warm countries (SAARC and South East Asian countries (SEAC),. 729[r]

based on several reasons. First, the East Asian countries have created a very high export such as Japan, China, and South Korea. The significant export of the East Asian countries mostly based on government support in planning the economy and promoting the sectors of export industry as an economic pillar. Second, the successes of the NIEs in changing the structure of the economy from unskilled-labor intensive production to skilled-labor intensive production and eventually into capital intensive production, so NIEs become a pioneer in changing the focus of export from primary commodities into manufactured products then followed by many other countries. Third, the success of Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore have now become a leading exporter of world class. The successful of these countries are not only based on market mechanism but also on the determination of the level and composition of export production, which planned directly by the government and not based on the market mechanism. Fourth, trade expansion generally occurs in developed countries such as Western Europe and North America, but for the Asian region is geographically concentrated in the East Asia, especially in Japan and China. Fifth, based on the data from World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) in the period 2010-2014, it shows the three countries of Indonesia's main trade partners for both exports and imports are Japan, China, and Singapore where these countries are located in the same region with Indonesia. Sixth, the NIEs are examples of countries that succeed in the strategy of export promotion as well as the earliest countries that carried out an export promotion strategy.

After the repulsion of six invasions from two of China’s strongest dynasties, Goguryeo finally fell in 668. Up to that point, if any one of the kingdoms became too powerful, the weaker two would form an alliance and maintain a balance of power. However, with the unification of China, Silla made a decisive move to ally with the Tang Chinese. Tang would assist Silla in conquering Baekje, and Silla would then aid the Tang against Goguryeo. Both Baekje and Goguryeo fell to the two-sided threat of the Silla- Tang Alliance. Goguryeo fell quickly because infighting had developed in Goguryeo after the death of its commanding general, Yeon Gaesomun, on how they should best deal with foreign threats. Many Goguryeo Koreans fled east and established a separate kingdom, Balhae, under the leadership of Dae Joyoung. Gradually, Silla and Tang established a big-little brother relationship. Both heavily influenced by Confucian ideals, Tang took great pride in being the big brother, while Silla also took pride as the little brother. From this point on, Korea often sent tributes to China, and China in exchange returned gifts, and a “tribute trade” developed between China and Korea. 10 The stability with China allowed Silla’s culture to flourish, and there

In conclusion, I hope people will begin to appreciate Korean history more, because it is unique and different from China and Japan. Although Korea became caught in the Soviet Union-United States Cold War conflict, the two Koreas continue to play a big role in East Asian and now world politics. For South Korea, its economic growth has propelled itself to become one of the top economies in the world and now has a major voice in the G20.