The Percentage of currently married women aged

The effect of contraceptive use is seen to operate only at higher birth orders. This is a substantial indication that most Filipino women tend to use contraception not so much to space births but to limit their births after their family has become disagreeably large. This might be a concern for the national family planning programme in the country. To be more effective, their programme would need to concentrate on efforts in promoting the use of contraception both for spacing and limiting further births. Availability of effective methods of contraception among women who want to have few children and want to prevent exessive births is essential. On the other hand, women who want more children should be helped to space their children with longer intervals and advised about the importance of well spaced births. The programme should also exert efforts to prevent discontinuation of contraceptive use among women at risk of childbearing.

results of regression analysis show that type of place of residence, religious affiliation and partner’s current age are significant determinants of women’s use of modern contraception whereas household wealth quintile and partner’s educational qualifications are insignificantly related to women’s modern contraceptive use in Malawi. There is need to invest substantial efforts in female education that shall see to it that Malawian women stay in school and thus marry late, get educational empowerment that shall make them economically stable, beware of family planning services and have a say in terms of family planning and choice of family planning methods to use. Early marriages should be condemned in Malawi, a nation whose 26 percent of teenagers aged under-20 have already began childbearing. This is because such teenagers have no say about family planning, and even if they had, most of them lack the economic ability to afford them. Extra efforts should be put in place to reduce on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi so as to ensure the survival of births that shall lead to increased use of contraception to reduce on fertility as families attain their ideal family sizes. A wide range of contraceptives should be equitably availed countrywide to enable each woman access that which she feels comfortable to use and thus eliminate on unmet need.

There are some limitations to interpret the results of this study. First, as pointed out previously, we restricted our subjects to only currently pregnant married women at the time of survey, so obtained prevalence of women with experience of unintended pregnancy should not be gener- alized to the general population in Nepal. The main objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and examine the factors influencing unintended preg- nancy among currently pregnant married women in Nepal. Thus we intentionally selected a group of women who were currently pregnant during the period of survey, though risk factors of mistimed and unwanted pregnancy is not same, Second, because a cross sectional design of the study and all of the items analyzed in the logistic regression analysis were information at the time of survey, the analysis can only provide evidence of statistical asso- ciation between those items and the experience of unin- tended pregnancy and cannot show the cause-effect relationships.

Number and percent distribution of currently married women 1544 years of age by place of most recent family planning visit in the last 5 years, according to race or Spanish origin and ag[r]

On contrary, a study among Indian women showed prevalence of unmet need more in younger age groups [17]. Egyptian society particularly in rural areas in Upper Egypt, boys are highly valued over girls, and husbands are the decision-makers in almost all aspects of life, including reproductive choices. This fact was confirmed in this study, sig- nificant associations between number of children, number of females offspring and unmet need were identified, as the number of children especially females increased, so did the total unmet need as shown both in univariate and multiva- riate analysis. Additionally, negative attitude of husbands toward the use of FP methods by their wives was one of the most significant predictors in the multi- variate regression model. Similar findings were reported in many studies [13]

As a result there is a need to develop and implement program that encourage the involvement of women in family planning, and try to make contraceptive methods available and accessible at all level of the health facilities. ♪ One of the findings of this study shows that women‟s employment status is also has a strong effect on the use of contraception in the regions. Generally work is an important factor that provides women with more autonomy. Women who were more likely to use contraceptive was the ones who were currently employed. Therefore, this finding suggests that the Governmental and Non Governmental organizations should create and provide great employment opportunities for women, so that they may get a chance to adopt themselves with new ideas and support the family with finance. By doing so, they can have better understanding about the use of contraception and can control unwanted pregnancies and as the same time will decrease fertility rate of the regions.

Therefore study concludes that son preference strongly influence the acceptance of contraception and also it is higher in Bihar as compared to Uttar Pradesh. 7. Summary and Conclusions Though the fertility level has been declined in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar due to the various family planning programmes, still there is scope of further improvements. The findings reveals that strong preference for son is an obstacle to fertility decline if couples continue having children after their over family size goal. Also desire for male children can be seen in terms of treatment seeking behavior like full vaccination and duration of breast feeding. The study observed that the contraceptive prevalence rate among currently married women in both the state is lower than the national average. Preference for male child strongly influences the use of family planning method. Therefore it can be concluded that there is significant association between son preference and contraceptive use. Apart from policies and program, all efforts to educate the girl, to increase the exposure of mass media about the value of girl children, to establish system of social security for the elderly and to strengthen and enforce existing laws to reduce the incidence of infanticide and sex selective abortion should be started from grass-root level.

Among the women’s empowerment indicators decision on her own health and decision to visit friends/relatives was associated with current usage of modern contraceptive methods. These results are congruence with Wado et al who also reported that decision making autonomy was positively associated with ever use of contraceptives among married women in Ethiopia. 8 Tuladhar et al from Nepal reported that highly empowered women were significantly more likely to have four or more antenatal visits during pregnancy compared to women with low/moderate empowerment. 7 However Msuya SE et al Tanzania found that women’s empowerment was associated with usage of modern contraceptive, having four or more antenatal visits as well as use of skilled birth attendant during child birth. 12 Use of contraception is a sensitive matter in most of the rural patriarchal societies and women most of the time needs consent from spouse before adopting a contraceptive method. To use health facilities during delivery, women need cooperation from their husbands in matters pertaining to travel and financial help in case of emergencies and health facility costs. So, strengthening women’s empowerment should be a priority using mechanisms both inside and outside the health sector.

Figure 4 shows the behavior of both the participation rate and the number of years of education. The left vertical axis measures the years of education while the right axis measures the participation rate. Thus, we can observe that, up to a scale, there is a similarity in the move- ments of the two variables; even more, the peak of education is reached about two years before the peak of participation rate; after that, both variables start to decline with age. Figure 5 presents the relationship of the participation rate and education. It seems clear that participation increases along with the years of education; however, it also seems that two types of women co-exist with education between 4.5 and 8.5 years: one type that participates, on average, more than 12 percentage points than the other type. This difference is evident between women with 6.5 and 8.5 years of education. The level of wealth is a plausible candidate to explain such a nonlinear behavior.

that there are two types of individuals. For one type, career women can grasp a professional set of skills and networking in order to return after the childbearing period, while for another type, non-career type women would like to be housewives. Changes in labor force participation rate across cohorts are driven by shifts in the composition of married women with preschool-aged children, while it is possible that changes are motivated by changes in average behavior. The women’s attitude about the female’s career role in the family is the key variable to influence the women’s employment preference. My results show that the rising of the percentage of career women can explain 30.33% of the growth across cohorts. Among the unexplained changes, the change in the composition of career motivating career type women can at least explain 51.2%. That means it can at least explain 17.22% growth in the labor force participation rate across cohorts.

Different studies across the developing societies have reported that religion has dominant role in the decision of contraceptive adaptation for family planning [4, 30]. Here in this study also we have found that Muslim women adopted spacing and traditional methods over modern limiting TABLE 4. Percentage of currently married Muslim and non-Muslim women aged 15-49, who are using spacing contraceptive method by selected background characteristics in seven Muslim densely populated states of India.

6. Way forward Within the past two decades, there was an insignificant change in unmet need for contraception among married women in Ghana. Given that less than one in three women were using modern contraceptive methods to delay or limit childbirth and the more than one in three married women having unmet need, there is nagging need to understand drivers of modern contraceptive methods seeking behavior. There is the need for research to understand the geophysical and socio-eco-cultural dynamics that influence unmet need. Also, family planning service delivery and other related factors should be addressed through a more responsive and gender sensitive health care system. Health concerns, fear of side effects and women themselves opposition to contraceptive use which emerged in our review points to the need to incorporate counselling and follow-up services to monitor the discomfort associated to some contraceptive methods. Consistent information to counteract misconceptions and misinformation on modern contraceptive methods should be given top priority by service providers through media. Family planning services should target women with unmet need according to their need categories so as to experience the demographic impact of acceptable fertility rates and population growth which is the sine qua non for poverty reduction as well as social and economic development of the republic of Ghana.

Then, the sample for the respective selected kebeles was allocated proportionally to their population size of mothers in reproductive age groups. Using a sampling frame fromthe family folder in the health posts and any updated information that was added from HEWs in the selected kebeles, actual sample for each selected kebele was determined. Accordingly, 584 currently married women of reproductive age group were selected from all selected kebeles using systematic random sampling tech- nique. In case, when the household in which eligible mother resides was closed during data collection or the eligible mother was absent on the date of data collection, interviewers were revisited that household three times at different time intervals and interviewed (included) these mothers (Fig. 2).

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of family migration on income. Migration is here defined to occur between sub-regions (NUTS 4), which correspond to the actual labour market areas. The sample consists of working-aged persons, who are married with the same spouse throughout the inspection pe- riod, i.e. from 1987 to 1994. The study inspects the existence of the tied mover-phenomenon, and investi- gates both genders separately. Both the level and change of income, and their regional variation are exam- ined. This is done to find out whether the returns to family migration depend on the characteristics of des- tination regions. For this reason the sub-regions are classified into eight categories on the basis of their function and characteristics, and not solely on the ground of administrative borders, as in many previous studies. The study uses multiple estimation techniques and, unlike most earlier family migration studies, encounters selection bias in the estimations.

The aim of this study is to describe the relation between socio economic variables and modern contraceptive use among currently married women aged 15 to 49 in rural Central Java. Due to the nature of the data which have been used the present study makes no attempt to represent all rural Central Java. It is suggested that the results of this study apply only to the selected hamlets. Nonetheless it is likely that the result do reflect characteristics of women in similar circumstances in rural Central Java. In accord with other studies done in Indonesia, this study supports the hypothesis of a positive relationship between socio-economic variables and modern contraceptive use. However the evidence shows that differences between socio-economic classes were small and there was substantial use of modern contraceptives even among the poor and less-educated women.

The Women’s Questionnaire collected information from all women aged 15-49 in half of selected households. This questionnaire asks questions about women respondents and their children born in the five years previous to the survey. Topics include: education, residential history, media exposure, reproductive history, knowledge and use of family planning methods, fertility preferences, antenatal and delivery care, breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding practices, vaccinations and childhood illnesses, marriage and sexual activity, woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics, childhood mortality, awareness and behaviour about AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), awareness of TB and other health issues, exposure to malaria during their most recent pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey and the treatment for malaria, and domestic violence (GSS, 2009).

Women are making inroads into the hitherto male dominated automotive industry. Tata Review meets six women designers, from Tata Motors Ltd’s (TML) global design studios, who are calling the shots in the colours, materials and finish (CMF) segment with their creative and innovative flair

MARRIED WOMEN’S PROPERTY [CH.129 – 7 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– [Original Service 2001] STATUTE LAW OF THE BAHAMAS marriage as aforesaid, if the plaintiff in the action shall seek to establish his claim, either wholly or in part, against both of them; and if in any such action, or in any action brought in respect of any such debt or liability against the husband alone, it is not found that the husband is liable in respect of any property of the wife so acquired by him or to which he shall have become so entitled as aforesaid, he shall have judgment for his costs of defence, whatever may be the result of the action against the wife if jointly sued with him; and in any such action against husband and wife jointly, if it appears that the husband is liable for the debt or damages recovered, or any part thereof, the judgment to the extent of the amount for which the husband is liable shall be a joint judgment against the husband personally and against the wife as to her separate property; and as to the residue, if any, of such debt and damages, the judgment shall be a separate judgment against the wife as to her separate property only.

Many guys think that their woman would never in a million years cheat on him, but yet it happens all of the time. It is simply not cool to delude yourself. The argument that only women that are ready to get out of their relationships are the ones that cheat can be proven false by watching the show Cheaters. On that show you will notice that half of the time the women caught cheating is begging for forgiveness. In other words, she does not want to leave the guy she just cheated on. In other words she expresses to him that she loves him.

1 Factsheet: Women and Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Force Since the 1970s the role of women in the U.S. workforce has changed tremendously - more women have entered the workforce, they are increasingly holding positions in management, and the pay gap between men and women has diminished. Although these are significant