Post traumatic stress disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most-discussed psychiatric conditions in relation to ancient literature yet the secure identification of historical figures that experienced it has so far proved impossible. The reasons for this failure to identify it in the historical record of ancient Greece are explored in this paper, which aims not to provide a survey of the possible incidences and references to PTSD in ancient Greek literature, but rather to critically review the reasons why such a survey would be largely in vain. Instead, this paper advocates using a more general understanding of various post- traumatic stress conditions, of which PTSD is just one, and recognizing their prevalence within human populations of all kinds and all periods is a more realistic and helpful way to understand some of the generalizing tropes and motifs of what might be described as ‘Old Soldier’ characters in ancient Greek literature. This approach will have wider significance for our readings of many different ancient works, be they mythical, literary or historical.

Stellate ganglion block used to treat symptoms associated with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: a case series of 166 patients.. SGB for PTSD in 166 Service Members with C[r]

Objective: The detention have a negative impact on the psychological well-being of adolescents in detention; the purpose of our study is to assess the post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD in a incarcerated adolescents in school at the level of the centre of reform and discipline of the prefecture of Salé in Morocco, to evaluate comorbid disorders and thus to study the effect of PTSD on their social and school life. Method and measures: Regarding to 52 adolescents, incarcerated male in school who have complemented the ob- jectives of the study, their age varies between 13 and 17 years old and they supplemented by themselves successively questionnaires concerning soci- odemographic data, a list of life events score, the CPTS-RI (Children Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index) to assess the symptoms of PTSD, the STAIY (State Trait anxiety Inventory) and CDI (Children Depression Inven- tory). Results: A high proportion of post-traumatic stress disorder was found among students with 78.85% but with different levels (23.08% PTSD low, 28.85% PTSD moderate and 26.92% PTSD severe). 84.62% of students are anxious and 82.7% of students experience depression. In the event the main traumatic condition that caused the post-traumatic stress disorder was deten- tion with 44.2% followed by a road accident with 15.4%. PTSD, anxiety and depression have a negative effect on students’ school life; therefore, 90.4% of students have poor grades. Conclusion: Given this specific category of stu- dents who are in detention and who are in deficit serious school, we have this high rate of post-traumatic stress disorder. There are the practical implica- tions for the support and care for these adolescents.

Forensic radiography involves the collection of legal evidence from either living or dead individuals 1 . In the case of the deceased, evidence may be obtained from whole cadavers and/ or from pathological specimens 1. The Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR) and The International Association of Forensic Radiographers (IAFR) state that forensic imaging is a specialist area of post-registration practice and must be undertaken by experienced radiographers who are appropriately trained in forensic practice at postgraduate level 1 . However they also recognise that elements of forensic radiography could lead to possible Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

In the last twenty years there has been rapid development of research on birth trauma and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A review and meta-analysis of 59 studies of the prevalence of PTSD during pregnancy and postpartum showed 4% of women develop PTSD after birth (Dikmen Yildez et al., 2016). This means approximately 204,000 in the European Union and 157,000 women in the the USA are likely to be affected every year (Eurostat Statistics Explained, 2015; Martin et al., 2015). Unlike many other postpartum psychological problems there is the potential to prevent postpartum PTSD by changing maternity care to reduce the number of women who experience birth as traumatic.

In adolescents, substance abuse, antisocial behavior, social withdrawal, so- matic complaints, decreased academic performance, sleep problems, suicidal ideation can be seen [69]. The literature reports that academic difficulties and poor performance may be at the forefront of children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder [48]. In the longer term, the consequences of PTSD can be manifested by difficulty concentrating, dropping out of school, episodes of depression and suicidal attempts [70]. Adolescents with PTSD demonstrate several other issues such as problems in their interpersonal rela- tionships, poor academic outcomes and health problems [37].

In the past few years, psychiatric disorders have increased significantly among combatants who have already gone to war in the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) in eastern Ukraine, including the emergence of a dysphoric variant of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many researchers confirm that a number of professions have an impact on human activity in extreme conditions. These include work in sensory isolation, that is, in a socially impoverished environment. But it is impossible not to say about the link between various long-term stressful influences, such as being at war. Participants in various expeditions are also affected by this stress factor. The need for a long time to work in isolation from home, from family, in conditions of a limited circle of communication, information insufficiency - all this is a common feature that affects the mental state of patients in the future [8, 9, 22, 23].

Both Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) touch the lives of many individuals. The female veteran population experiences a high level of trauma and PTSD (Zinzow, Grubaugh, Monnier, Suffolette-Mairel, & Freuh, 2007). PTSD and SUDs often co-occurr (Najavits, Weiss, & Liese, 1996). Given the fact that PTSD and SUD co- occurrence is high for the female veteran population, it is alarming that this population is currently growing (Zinzow et al., 2007). Given these three facts, the exploration of female veterans with PTSD and SUDs is of utmost importance if this population hopes to receive the best possible care offered by the counseling field.

CONCLUSION: This work has elucidated the toxic effects of oral ingestion of Cannabis sativa extract as being a dose-dependent elevation of biomarkers for liver and kidney, congestion of the central vein due to portal inflammation in the liver and immunosuppression due to the observed difference in white blood cell count between treatment groups and the normal control groups. RECOMMENDATION: The study proved the potentially toxic effects of Cannabis sativa. Care must be taken in prescribing the drug to patients of post-traumatic stress disorder to avoid addiction that may result in the consumption of higher doses of the drug, to the detriment of the user.

Ageing with mental illness is a neglected area of research and policy. People who grow older to later life with on-going mental health problems may not have their needs well understood. This understanding is important if mental health services are to ensure direct or indirect age discrimination is avoided. This paper discusses the issues of ageing with mental illness over a prolonged period of time with a focus on one person’s story, Bernard, of ageing with post- traumatic stress disorder in the UK. Implications for practice are discussed in the context of life course, recovery, self-help and preventing suicide. The narrative illustrates how time, memory and meaning interweave and how ageing with mental illness become part of a person’s ongoing identity.

Dr. Jeffrey Borenstein: Post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD has been with us for thousands of years and has a history as old as war itself. The condition was referred to as Soldier’s Heart during the Civil War, shell shock during World War I and combat fatigue during World War II. PTSD doesn’t confine itself strictly to war. Other traumatic events such as natural disasters, violent assaults, auto accidents and terrorists attacks can also cause post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD affects over 5 million Americans. Not every traumatized person gets PTSD but for those who do, the important thing to remember is with help, there’s hope. PTSD may develop after exposure to a terrifying ordeal or event in which there was a potential for serious physical harm or death. A person with PTSD has three main types of symptoms. One, re-experiencing the traumatic event, for example, nightmares and flashbacks. And for that person it really feels like they’re back in that terrible situation again. Two, avoidance and emotional numbing, feeling detached from others and a loss of interest and activities that used to be enjoyable. And three, increase arousal in the form of feeling hyper vigilant or on guard as well as irritability and outburst of anger. In addition, the person often experiences insomnia. Let’s learn more about the symptoms and treatment of PTSD with Dr. Ganesan Krishnamoorthy from the Northport VA Medical Center.

Research has established that anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are risk factors for the development of heart disease in healthy populations. In addition, anxiety and PTSD are associated with further morbidity in people with existing heart disease. This article considers whether anxiety and PTSD influence onset and recovery from heart disease. Clinical implications for cardiac nursing are considered, including screening, treatment, and referral on to specialist services.

The aim of this study is to research deeply on the post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Proving the presence of forms of the disorder in children and the their treatment mode will be in the center of the study. The methods used to conduct this study will be a literature review on the focused issue referring to reviews of articles which focus on the defined peer group. For the purpose we have selected only articles focusing on sexually abused children treated for post-traumatic stress disorder. The results of the study reveal that all forms of abuse could bring consequences on children, even more, post- traumatic stress is the language with which the victims communicate their sorrow in the most typical mode. Sexual abuse as one of the major forms of abuse, is among the most severe which cause irreversible consequences over a category of children. In conclusion we can assume that post-traumatic stress in sexually abused children might appear through the most severe forms of psychiatric and psychological symptoms and for the recovery and rehabilitation of the child in many cases the pharmacological treatment seems as the best choice for the child.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex, severe and chronic psychiatric illness, an anxiety disor- der (DSM-IV-TR code: 309.81; ICD-10 code: F43.1, F62.0) that can develop in a person after exposure to a terrifying event (or after witnessing or learning about such an event) or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, terrorist attacks, accidents, or military combats. The person’s response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror. PTSD is clinically manifested with three main syndromes: re- experiencing; avoidance behavior and numbing of emo- tion; and physiological hyperarousal, accompanied by a number of “ somatic ” pathologies. Symptoms usually begin within the first 3 months after the traumatic event and last for many years, although there may be a delay of months, or even years, before symptoms appear.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that is triggered by an individual experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, which may precipitate persistent flashbacks and severe anxiety, causing individuals to be fearful and hypervigilant of their surroundings. Approximately 14-30% of traumatized individuals may present with a dissociative subtype of PTSD, which is often associated with repeated trauma or childhood trauma. These patients may present with additional symptoms, including depersonalization and derealization, where they may feel as if the world or self is “dream-like” and not real and/or describe “out-of-body” experiences. This dissertation explores potential neural alterations that may signify how traumatized individuals with PTSD and its dissociative subtype experience sensations differently, whether they are from the outside world (i.e. touch, auditory, visual sensations) or from the internal body (i.e. emotions, visceral sensations). It is hypothesized that alterations in neural pathways important for the processing of these sensations may have cascading effects on the performance of higher- order cognitive functions, including emotion regulation. Various functional magnetic

Although the lifetime prevalence of exposure to traumatic events is thought to be between 40% and 90% in the general population, the overall lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is estimated at 7%–12%. This means that exposure to a traumatic event does not entirely explain the etiology of the disorder. The suspicion is that individuals with an existing genetic vulnerability have a higher risk of developing PTSD once they experience a trauma. Two sources of evidence support a genetic component, ie, transgenerational research and epidemiologic studies in twins. Transgenerational studies have reported that PTSD is more likely to occur in certain families. Twin studies have found that monozygotic twins are more concordant for developing PTSD after trauma exposure than dizygotic twins. 1–4

Hull, A.M., Alexander, D.A. & Klein, S. Survivors of the Piper Alpha Oil Platform Disaster: Long-term Follow-up Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, Nov 2002; 181: 433 - 438 NICE guidance: Post-traumatic stress disorder: the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=57890

In recent years, with the increase of natural disasters, wars, and terrorist inci- dents, etc., there are more and more researches on post-traumatic stress dis- order (PTSD). This paper bases on the definition, pathogenic mechanism and related gene research of post-traumatic stress disorder. Mechanism, reviews the research status of post-traumatic stress disorder to improve people’s un- derstanding of post-traumatic stress disorder, and prospect for future re- search.

The impact of disasters on the mental health of adults and children remains a controversial issue, w ith some studies suggesting little or no negative effects (Quarantelli & Dynes, 1977; Taylor, 1977) but by far the m ajority of studies report post trauma psychological morbidity in at least some trauma victims. Raphael (1986) defines disasters as "....usually overwhelming events and circumstances that test the adaptational responses of community or individual beyond their capability, and lead, at least temporarily, to massive disruption of function for community or individual” (p. 5). What factors, relative to the traumatic event and the individual experiencing that event, change this temporary dysfunction to more long term psychological distress? The task of isolating factors, which have been consistently shown to predict post trauma psychological morbidity across diverse traumatic events, was particularly d iffic u lt given the large number of studies using different measures and methodologies to assess a diverse range of post trauma psychological consequences. Nevertheless, several common factors have been consistently reported as pathogens over a wide range of disaster studies. Post traumatic stress disorder has not always been specifically implicated or measured but w ill be assessed in this present study.

Abstract. this paper presents a scientific and theoretical study of the psychological consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder in a post- conflict region. These circumstances cause active attention to the region, where two military campaigns took place and for a long time residents of the Chechen Republic were under negative influences that affected their psychological state, causing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. All these points require an active study of this issue, as at present there are residual effects of post-traumatic stress disorder in persons who have survived military conflicts. To resolve the psychological consequences it is necessary to increase psychological stability and mental security providing psychological security of the surrounding space.Various studies of PTSD symptoms have shown that the following psychological consequences are mainly observed: obsessive memories, repeated internal living of a negative traumatic situation, nightmares, stress, overstrain, accelerated physiological reactions, apathy. All the negative aspects of the manifestation of PTSD require the organization of psychological correction in the first place the psychological diagnosis using effective tools with which you can get objective comprehensive and reliable results.