São Paulo State

The reasons why VL is spreading in such a fast and alarming way in this region are not well understood. A complex array of factors may be fueling the epidemic and sustaining endemic transmission [4]. In São Paulo state, the association of the spread of VL throughout the area around the Marechal Candido Rondon Highway, the Bolivia-Brazil railway, and the gas pipeline construction (GASBOL), linking the endemic region of Mato Grosso state in direc- tion of São Paulo, is overwhelming [3] (Fig. 3). Similarly, we suggest that in RRAS11, the dispersion of canine VL and human VL vectors is associated with the Euclides Figuei- redo Highway as the primary axis, and the Julio Budinsky Highway as the secondary axis. Nevertheless, dissemination of the vectors of VL could be aggravated by the extensive watershed flowing into the three biggest rivers of south- western and southern Brazil, with nine large lakes and a flooded area of 2384 mile 2 , supporting hydroelectric plants and bridges. These bridges link dozens of small towns and villages connected by a large number of highways (1480 miles). They support a daily flow of people, cars, animals, and goods linking endemic regions to VL-free areas (Fig. 3). Some shortcomings should be mentioned when inter- preting our data. This is a retrospective study over 10 years with selection bias as a result of different investigators. The protocol for VL diagnosis changed during the study period and immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation were not available for all patients.

This study was developed in northwest region of São Paulo State (PalmaresPaulista, Monte Aprazível and São José do Rio Preto cities which were classified according to the population density, in small, medium and large) and discussed the therapeutics effect of boldo species. This study was conducted with 200 people of both sexes and various ages and by free and spontaneous way, initially with the identification of the species of boldo examined, being classified as Vernoniacondensata, Plectrantusbarbatus, Peumusboldus

The municipalities of Ubatuba, Campos do Jordão, and São José dos Campos are located in the re- gion of São Paulo State (Brazil). These municipalities are recognized nationally for having an ele- vated number of recorded landslides on slopes and embankments. In addition, these municipali- ties contain multiple areas that are at risk for landslides. Various soil landslides occurred in these municipalities in January 2013, when real-time climactic and geotechnical variables were moni- tored by automatic rain gauges, humidity sensors and soil temperature and suction devices. The resulting data were used to understand the functions of each variable in the occurrence of land- slides. Analyses of rainfall, humidity and soil temperature were used with field investigations to formulate a hypothesis regarding the predominant rupture mechanism and the role of each mo- nitored variable in the deflagration of the soil landslides that occurred in the three studied muni- cipalities. The geotechnical variable data revealed that both temperature and soil moisture con- tents played fundamental roles in the deflagration of shallow planar landslides in urban areas. The hourly rain intensity and/or rainfall accumulation for 24 and/or 72 h were responsible for the deflagration of the landslides that occurred in the studied areas, along with the existing anth- ropic constraints in the risk areas. Significant variations did not occur in the soil suction data during the landslides, principally due to the unsatisfactory sensor precision when reading field suction between −10 and −100 kPA (±25%).

Alequexandre Galvez de Andrade, Nélio Fernando dos Reis & Taune Moreira Geraldo (2019). The Quality Management System in Small and Medium-sized Entities: a field study in the city of São Roque, São Paulo State, Brazil. International Journal of Science and Business, 3(3), 245-254. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3086295

In the pre-HAART period, the occurrence of OI has led to diagnosis of infection by HIV-1 in 22 (33.8%), out of the 65 patients whereas in the HAART period, such diagnosis was identified in 71 (29.9%) out of the 237 pa- tients. Comparison showed no significant difference. In the pre-HAART era, there were 76 episodes of OIs, with pulmonary pneumocystosis being the most frequent one, 28.9% of the cases, followed by tuberculosis (19.8%), encephalic toxoplasmosis (18.5%), cryptococcal menin- goencephalitis (14.5%), esophageal candidiasis (11.8%), intestinal isosporiasis (3.9%), and cytomegalovirus in- fection (2.6%). In the HAART era, there were 159 epi- sodes of OIs, with esophageal candidiasis being the most frequent 22.0%, followed by encephalic toxoplasmosis (19.5%), tuberculosis (18.9%), pulmonary pneumocysto- sis (15.1%), cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (10.1%), intestinal isosporiasis (8.2%), cytomegalovirus infection Table 1. Presence of HIV-1/HBV, HIV-1/HCV co-infection, defining opportunistics infections in patients admitted at Hospital Escola Emilio Carlos, Catanduva, São Paulo State, Brazil.

Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. To study the prevalence and genetic variability of NoV in children with acute gastroenteritis in Sa ˜o Paulo State, Brazil, we examined 234 stool samples from children with or without gastroenteritis during a 5-year period (1995 to 1999). NoV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. We used two different oligonucleotide primer sets targeting the 3 ⴕ end of the RNA polymerase gene (region B), as well a partial capsid region at the 3 ⴕ end of the VP1 gene (region D). A total of 78 (33.3%) of the samples tested positive for NoV, and in region B, of the 66 strains sequenced, 4 (6.1%) belonged to GI, 52 (78.7%) belonged to GII, and five samples (7.6%) contained a mixture of the GI and GII genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority (40 of 66 [60.6%]) of the strains belonged to genotype GII.4. The nucleotide sequence identity of three strains was lower than 77.9% compared to a region B reference sequence database but showed 85.3 to 88.8% identity with GII.2 Melksham strain in region D, indicating the circulation of a possible recombinant NoV strain. One sample (GII.3) was sequenced only in region D. In conclusion, we have a total of 67 sequenced strains. This is the first report that describes the predominance of GII.4 NoV strains in children visiting the ambulatory of different hospitals in Sa ˜o Paulo State, Brazil, and we show that mixtures of different strains can be found in individual samples, including some possible new recombinant strains.

Sayad [45] noted that, while serving as a store of value in periods of accelerated inflation, demand for land can exist regardless of the prevailing conditions in the pro- duction sphere. Land income was relatively constant during different economic cycles, making land a high- demand asset in periods of cyclical decline. Egler [15], in turn, draws a parallel between the land market and financial markets, noting the importance of interest rate movements as a land price determinant. To Reydon et al. [42], the determination of land value depends (in addition to the prices of agricultural products and inputs) on the actual interest rate, farming credits, and technological innovations. Reydon and Plata [41], as another example, state that between 1966 and 1975, growth in land price was influenced by technological innovation that changed the way in which agricultural activities were conducted. For Novo et al. [33], buying land and investing in farming is based on several reasons, including capital protection (land value used to increase over time and is considered a safe asset to invest money earned in urban business), social recognition (to pursue a farm is a clear sign of wealth to the urban society), leisure weekends and vaca- tion activity, and nostalgia. Oliveira and Costa [34] also highlight that, in addition to agricultural product prices and inputs, the transportation infrastructure was one of the determining factors in land price.

early DENV-diagnosis is not accessible to all the regions and patients during the course of long dengue epidemics in developing countries, this including Brazil. In order to improve dengue management in this situation, an alter- native strategy used by public health care institutions in São Paulo State is, according to the size of the popula- tion, determine an epidemiological threshold after the epidemic has reached the incidence rate. Before this, pa- tients undergo dengue laboratory diagnosis. Considering our results, if the epidemiological and hematological profile patterns of the dengue-affected part of the popu- lation are investigated in the beginning of the outbreak, when specific diagnosis is carried out after the threshold is reached, the resultant hematological profiles could be used with more accuracy to improve disease manage- ment. Furthermore, to reduce the number of dengue false-positives from exclusive clinical-criteria diagnosis, individuals notified as being infected but presenting high scores for LEU and PLA, could be submitted to dengue serological testing. Thus, definition of the epidemio- logical pattern of DENV transmission in regions with re- current outbreaks could help healthcare institutions to prevent virus spread and manage associated diseases.

Department)of)Social)Dentistry,)Araraquara)School)of)Dentistry,)University)of)São)Paulo)State,)Araraquara,)São)Paulo,)Brazil*) Department)of)Pediatric)and)Social)Dentistry,)Juiz)de)Fora)[r]

Some studies have already pointed out the prominence of the State and the municipality of São Paulo in relation to the creative sectors. In 2015, the Secretaria de Desenvolvi- mento Econômico, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação – SDECTI (São Paulo State Secretariat for Economic Development, Sci- ence, Technology and Innovation) elaborated a panorama of the creative economy of São Paulo, whose objective was to help in the “understanding of the more present creative activities in the State”, making it possible to identify the re- gions of São Paulo in which each of the sectors had a more significant presence (2015, p. 13). The work employed the same methodology previously used by the Fundação do Desenvolvimento Administrativo – FUNDAP (Administrative Development Foundation), when in 2011, it analyzed the creative economy in the city of São Paulo (Caiado, 2011).

This work develops a method for the construction of input-output systems capable of estimating the flows of goods and services among cities, having in view that the creation of accurate strategies depends on the regional peculiarities incorporated in the scope of the economic planning researches. The study innovates by combining geoprocessing with input- output theory elements, facilitating the interpretation of the information available on the extensive data set of interregional input-output systems. The analytical potential is showed through a panoramic evaluation of the São Paulo State supply and demand relations, and by the application of the estimated input-output system to a study of the regional impacts of the “Bolsa Familia” Program, an income transfer program from the Federal government. The results show that this program must be understood not only as a form of income transference, but also as a catalytic agent for decreasing the regional inequality inside the state.

Buildings are one of the largest energy consumers in developed countries as well as in Brazil, and no other segment has such a potential for improving energy efficiency. Several policies have been applied for this purpose around the world and energy benchmarking is one of the most used worldwide. Thus, this paper brings a new benchmarking approach that involves not only energy consumption, but it also evaluates managerial issues in energy. For this, Support Vector Machine was used in order to predict the energy consumption using data of vocational schools in the São Paulo state, Brazil, to validate the methodology and Data Envelopment Analysis was used for the elaboration of the efficiency scale. It were considered 92 school buildings for the development of the predictive model and 72 for elaborating the efficiency scale in DEA. The results indicated a great potential for saving energy and financial resources when compared to the best practices.

Environmental monitoring and assessments of potentially harmful effects that chemicals released into the environment may have are fundamental for gaining a full image of the environmental dynamics of pesticides after utilization. Although experiments with ATZ have been conducted for a long time using different species of aquatic organisms worldwide, which even resulted with the ban of its use in the European Union in 2004 (11), in many regions, including Brazil, ATZ is still one of the most widely used herbicides. It is therefore especially important to continue ecotoxicological studies on ATZ since the herbicide and its residues are still detected as persistant contaminants of aquatic environments. Along these lines, the objective of present study was to determine and quantify ATZ levels in five streams located in the north of the São Paulo state (Brazil) using HPLC-MS/MS and evaluate their effects by studying several biomarkers in young P. mesopotamicus.

The production of urban space is directly related to the laws, policies and culture of each society. Therefore, the definition of the urban structure of each city is unique. Based on these assumptions, this article focuses on the analysis of the city of Presidente Prudente, in the countryside of the state São Paulo in Brazil, and seeks to expand the discussion about the production of urban space in medium-sized cities, correlating it with issues of policies related to environmental conservation between 1997 and 1999. The case study of this article for discussions includes social housing developments financed by the Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano 5 (CDHU) of the São Paulo State Government.

Data on confirmed cases that occurred before 2007 were retrieved from SINAN website. Data not freely ac- cessible, such as suspected cases, were made available for this study by the São Paulo State Epidemiological Surveillance Center (CVE-SP). Cases were stratified by age, diagnostic confirmation criteria, and health outcome (death or cure). Information on vaccination coverage and homo- geneity were collected from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) website [16]. The Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI) estimates the administrative vaccine coverage as the number of third dose of pediatric pertussis-containing vaccines administered divided by the number of children in the target age group multiplied by 100. Homogeneity is defined by the number of municipalities with vaccine coverage ≥ 95% divided by the total number of municipalities.

Identification and diagnosis of species was conducted following the original description of taxa (Pinto-da-Rocha 1996, Baptista and Giupponi 2003). We compared individuals from Lapa do Cipó cave and those from the type-locality, Olhos d’Água cave. Additional reference material, deposited at Laboratório de Estudos Subterrâneos (LES) collection from Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos municipality from São Paulo state, were also used for the comparison.

The transfer of vinasse through pipelines, trucks and irrigation channels increases the chances of accidental spills, and threats rivers and streams located near the mills. It is difficult to quantify how frequent accidental spills occur because they are illegal and, therefore, not always reported. Therefore, in order to obtain at least an idea of the frequency of these accidents, we searched for data on fines for vinasse spills in regional offices of the São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB) re- sponsible for monitoring fifteen mills located in the east- ern portion of the state for the period of 2003-2008. In the surveyed period, we found eleven accounts of spills of untreated industrial effluent to water bodies, most in- volving vinasse. Therefore, regardless the limited num- ber of mills included in this survey (15), which was less than 10% of the number of mills operating in São Paulo, we confirmed that accidents do occur and that they are rather frequent.

A 50 year old black female patient was referred to São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos Dental School, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Ca[r]

Objective: To verify if there is an increase in frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and glucose intolerance in children and adolescents who are overweight and obese. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey. The study population consisted of 2757 students of both sexes (1415 girls and 1342 boys) attending public schools in São Paulo state, Brazil,aged 10 – 19 years, from 2011 to 2012. Students not within this age range and those with type 1 diabetes mellitus were excluded. Upon interview, anthropometry, capillary blood glucose testing, fasting glucosemia (FG) and glucosemia 2 hours after 75 g of dextrose (AD) variables were obtained. We emphasize that, inspite of the 2757 students included in the next stage, only 88 students agreed to participate, and low compliance of those partici- pants is due to the fact that they were children and adolescents who depend on the authorization of their parents or tutors, who have demonstrated de fi cient knowledge of familial chronic diseases such as obesity and its consequences, and the risk of DM2. Results: More often girls, 1415 (51.3%). A total of 27.3% was overweight/obese/severely obese. Capillary blood glucose testing was performed in 88 (3.2%) children and adolescents with low values of glycemic results after the glucose load. There was no statistical sig- ni fi cance between sex and glucosemia, with an average FG and AD of 92.8 mg/dL (male), 91.8 mg/dL (female) and 89.1 mg/dL (male) and 88.9 mg/dL (female), respectively. Conclusion: This survey emphasizes that more attention should be paid to diet interventions and practicing of physical activities demanding habit changes and acquisition of special behaviour for self-care, and provision of a better educational health program, suggesting the effective participation of the family.

of DRS XIII, there were 19,834 hospitalizations due to pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium, of which 5043 were originated in patients admitted in a different munici- pality. In principle, these hospitalizations denote some ex- ceptional circumstances, since the delivery care should be the responsibility of the municipality of residence or at least of the micro-region or health region. In the case of the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, 85% of the hospitaliza- tions coming from outside DRS XIII were concentrated in two categories: normal delivery and non-complicated cesarean delivery that are not a priori exceptional circum- stances. In spite of the positive aspects of hospital avail- ability, its widespread use is also pushing up the rate of unnecessary procedures as C-sections, a trend that is be- ing observed across Brazil. The Ribeirão Preto hospitals had in 2012 74% of C-sections, well over the 2010 national average of 44% [28] and the São Paulo state average of 58% for 2009 [29].