Social Media and New Media

Crowds can be easily mobilised through interactive Web 2.0 environments (Cox, 1999). Anyone can gain access and mobilise a crowd, not just pressure groups, political parties or organisations. One example was the Malaysian Spring during 2013 GE, initiated by architect Ng Sek San, who said people felt alienated and disconnected from the political and democratic process for too long. He added, “The simple gesture of making a flower and planting them in the street is the first step to get them involved. It is something for people to do, for communities to come together at this time of political shift.” Political parties, bloggers and civil society groups like Tindak Malaysia (TM) have used the Internet to recruit supporters and volunteers for projects such as voter education and registration campaigns. TM are active social media users with Facebook and Twitter accounts (https://www.facebook.com/TindakActionMalaysia) as well as a website and an online forum (http://www.tindakmalaysia.org/home-2; http://www.tindakmalaysia.com/forum.php). They created voter education videos to guide people, especially first-time voters, through the voting process, that were circulated widely through social networks, as well as offline voter education sessions and training for polling and counting agents that were publicised widely online. TM must be credited for having successfully recruited people via social media to become polling and counting agents as well as trainers. From just a few people concerned about Malaysia’s socio-political situation, TM evolved into a key civil society group through its innovative Web use. It is not surprising that governments are concerned that such crowd-mobilising ability by individuals through online means could erode their grip on power.

Abstract: This paper examines the print media and the challenges posed by the social media. It is no doubt that the social media has altered the news gathering and processing paradigm but the print medium remain relevant in news dissemination. The study is anchored on technology determinism theory by Marshall McLuhan. The theory states that media technologies shape how we as individuals in a society think, feel act and how a society operates as we move from one technology age to another. In another way, McLuhan predicted that we would be in the midst of a revolution, and that the world will never be the same due to the advance in technology. Scholarly journals and conference papers formed the sources for secondary data for this study. Findings from the study reveal that the new media have caused the print media, particularly the newspaper a huge lost in revenue and advertisement. The study also discovered that the social media have altered the traditional gatekeeping theory of the print media; hence it is common to find all sort of information on social media platforms. The study also reveals that media technology has aided the media audience to become more sophisticated thereby being able to manipulate the new media in effect creating audiences that have contributed in reshaping the information gathering and dissemination process on the social media. Furthermore, the paper succinctly reveals an emerging paradigm in media convergence; it discovered that the new media converge on the traditional media. As a result, the new media also need the traditional media to survive. The implication of this study is therefore, with the continuous development in technology it becomes safe to argue that no mass medium will totally triumph over the other.

New Media to reach a wider audience of the Nigeria populace particularly the millions of Nigerian youths. Beyond the media institutions of the government, the National Orientation Agency, (NOA), and the Voter Education Unit/Department of Independent National Electoral Commission, (INEC) also play crucial roles in civic sensitization and advocacy. Though, we are yet to see concerted efforts of these agencies to activate the mechanism of the New Media to better inform, educate and enlighten Nigerians on issues of national interests and the political process. In advanced democracies, the new media technologies are efficiently explored to mobilize and sensitize the electorate to participate in the elections. For instance, the e-campaign of the American President, Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential election was unprecedented and underscored the dawn of the new media technologies in the electoral process. In Nigeria’s party politics, the global trend of the New Media is still at its infancy with reference to poor awareness culture of our politicians and political parties toward the essence of the social media networks to mobilize the electorate. Hence, it is fundamental for political mobilization and participation. However, the process had begun with the enthusiasm of Nigeria’s productive population and, there is high optimism that the New Media communication channels shall feature prominently among the ruling APC, PDP and other opposition political parties during the 2019 electioneering process. Pertinently, the present Buhari’s Presidency should activate measures to explore the gains of the New Media to inform and educate Nigerians on the essence and targets of the “Change Agenda”. This is critical to the success of this administration and places enormous responsibility on the shoulders of the Ministry of Information and Culture in synergy with other relevant institutions and agencies.

With the contemporary explosion in popularity of web 2.0, Twitter, Skype, Facebook and other social media providing a great number of people with the ability to instantaneously communicate around the globe it is interesting to note that digital, electronic social media is a Victorian invention. In many discussions on “social media”, which is often conflated with “new media”, radio is often overlooked, even in historical accounts where it is seminal to the development of technologies that are today commonplace. In developing this paper a longitudinal survey of a variety of amateur radio-related publications including periodicals, books, websites and regulations was undertaken. Regular listening to amateur radio broadcasts was informative and participant observation research included on-air participation and attendance at events.

McQuail in Ardianto (2011) describes that the main characteristics that present the differences between new media and old/conventional media based on the perspective of users are, i.e. (1) Interactivity; It indicates on the ratio of response or initiative from the users against “offer‟ from source/sender (message), (2) Social presence (sociability); It indicates what the users experience, the sense of personal contacts with others that can be created through the use of a medium. Media richness: the new media can bridge any different frame of reference, reduce ambiguity, give signs, more sensitive and personal, (3) Autonomy; Users feel that they can control the content and how to use it and have independence to source, (4) Playfulness; It is used for entertainment and enjoyment, (5) Privacy; It is associated with the uses of medium and or the chosen content, (6) Personalization; The level where the content and media uses are sensitive and personal [15].

Social networking sites otherwise known as ‗Web 2.0‘ such as LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and Chinese ‗Renren‘, are growing ceaselessly with huge opportunities providing fast and cheap human interaction as well as vast economic expansions through digital 'word of mouth' (Li et al, 2013). A huge number of social network users publicly share a large proportion of their private and sensitive information within their online social networking space (Lee, 2010). The information shared consists of: personal contact addresses, business addresses, telephone numbers, date of birth, demographic information, images, videos, posts and comments (Gayathri et al. 2012). Most of this information is shared without consideration; therefore social networks have now become a repository of uncontrolled sensitive data (Manos, 2012).

Due to increasing awareness of people it is important for a board of directors to understand the implications of Social Media. They don’t need to understand how to use Twitter or the tiny details of Face book. But what the need to understand is how people use Social Media and how it can affect a large, mid-cap or small-cap public company or even privately held company. Information that might once have been safely proprietary can now escape the confines of a corporation and gain viral public exposure. Corporate missteps that might once have been easily and quietly managed can get magnified into crises. Directors are faced with sorting out how social media impacts the firms that they oversee and their own roles on Boards. The use of sites like Face book, MySpace, YouTube, LinkedIn and micro- blogging sites (e.g. twitter) present many challenges to employers. We frequently receive pleas for advice from employers when an employee posts an inappropriate comment on the web which damages the reputation of the business. Even when an employee uses social media outside of working hours, comments which damage the company’s reputation or portray the business in a bad light are being ’published’ and may have repercussions for the employer. Social media can impact a business unit in applying corporate governance in the following way:

To distinguish these forms, it may help to think of an example drawn from everyday life. Imagine that you are sitting in a café in the square of a busy city. Around you is a teeming multitude of people—the set of people in this part of the city. You do not know who they are, and they are not part of your social net- work though you may be learning things from them, such as whether it is raining or not: you might, for example, note how many are carrying unfurled umbrellas. As you look around, you see subsets of this set: men, women, children, people dressed in red coats, people running, people going to work. Some of these people come in groups—families, friends, classes of schoolchildren—that share a purpose and are, in some way, coordinated in their movements and activities. They may be there for the purpose of learning together: children on field trips, surveyors mapping out the land, or tourists being shown the sights of the city. Every now and then you see people running into friends, colleagues, and people they know. Strung between the people in the crowd are networks, exchanging information and co-constructing knowledge. Then you notice a cluster of people forming, gathering around a street entertainer performing in the middle of the square. No one has organized the gathering—a small crowd seems to attract more members, as though there were an invisible force pulling them together, a leaderless form of coordination, an emergent order: a collective. The crowd is acting as a signal for others to join it, playing a role not unlike that of a teacher telling a class to pay attention to some reading or performance.

Many crises can lead to huge public discussion online. People can use Social Media tools to organize protests and gather information which can be used in litigation and puts members of the board in a liability suit situation. During and after issues, monitoring Social Media channels can help counsel better assess risk and potential outcomes. As executives, employees and board members blur the boundary between their professional life and their personal life on social media, the reputation risk is growing for companies. Researches shows mostly of the employees interviewed agreed that using social networks make it easier to damage a company's reputation. So, directors need to embrace social media to better promote their vision and connect with stakeholders. For social media efforts to be successful, directors need to implement a plan that outlines a strategy’s goals and objectives, determine a course of action, assess the results and evaluate the outcomes. A measured, planned approach to using social media will result in using social media networks to their fullest extent, enabling you to reach your audience with clear, consistent messages that have a positive impact on your company’s sales, reputation or image. Measuring the effectiveness of your social media plan will help to determine how well they are reaching to their customers. Directors should evaluate Face book comments, measure Twitter activity by followers and analyze analytics to see activity levels. They should provide this feedback to an organization’s plans and strategies for improvements.

Abstract: Social Media, due to its ubiquitous nature, has permeated into the daily lives of the customers of the organizations. The existing and prospective customers are increasingly engaged with the organizations through a two-way communication channel, which is almost always available to them. Through these engagements, an enormous level of data (big data) is being generated on social media platforms. However, this data, generated on social media platforms, is highly unstructured in nature that needs to be organized before suitable inferences can be drawn to facilitate the decision making by the organizations. This data is analyzed through social media analytics to understand the experiences, expectations, user behaviors, among others to improvise or innovate the existing product/service portfolio or to develop new products.

Most researchers will be citizens or workers but as your research develops you may need to become a maker to conduct deeper research data analysis (coding existing programmes or developing new ones), an entrepreneur to develop ways to disseminate and your key audiences interact with your research or expose and commercialise a particular research niche. If you are interested in the public engagement of research, impact and dissemination to the public; you may be interested in becoming a gamer to gamify and help non-specialist or the public interact with your research and key messages.

Stay abreast, recommend and assess new opportunities in advertising, media production, social media, web and digital marketing that may be in the best interest of the Lottery and present the findings for the Lottery’s review. Agency personnel assigned to the account are expected to build and maintain an industry knowledge base that will support business decisions and recommendations. Each year one of more individuals from the Agency team is encouraged to attend industry conferences or training seminars and share learnings and best practices with the broader team.

In recent years, social media have changed online communication. People share their views on individual companies as well as reviews of various products, and actively engage in discussions. Communication that spreads in this way is referred to as eWOM. The question is how important eWOM on social media can be for companies and what we can conclude based on eWOM. This research study aims to evaluate the signifi cance of eWOM for companies in terms of the connection between eWOM and stock prices. Further, we explore the impact of eWOM on company website traffi c. The research was conducted using a sample of 1,420,000 posts on social media sites mentioning companies that make up the components of the US30 stock market index. The results show that companies in the B2C segment with a higher share of positive posts compared to negative ones have seen a greater increase in stock prices. However, posts on social media mentioning companies in the B2B segment are not connected to the movement of stock prices of these companies. The research also revealed that 3 % of the total traffi c on companies’ websites comes from social media sites. Based on the fi ndings of the research, we can consider eWOM to be of major signifi cance for companies in the B2C segment. These conclusions can be useful in predicting stock prices of particular companies on stock markets based on eWOM.

with this statement and feel people tend to have no filter on the Internet. People are more than willing to post candid, brutally honest blurbs about their personal lives online, and it doesn’t matter whether one or one million people will see it. Growing up in this technology-filled era, people quickly learn what will get the most buzz, likes, comments, or favorites. For instance, on Instagram there are things like “Selfie Sunday.” This is an excuse for people to post pictures of themselves with the guarantee they will get a lot of likes on the picture because to people today, likes equate to self-esteem. If you post a picture of yourself and get one hundred or more likes, you feel good about yourself and feel pretty. But, if you post a picture of yourself and only get 30 likes, you feel ugly or embarrassed and may want to delete the picture. It’s a sick mind game, but it works. As the article states, “‘Cause I think it’s just so … I don’t know if superficial is the right word. But plastic. These profiles of people just parading themselves.” These social media sites seem to be an outlet to let people express their best selves, not necessarily their true selves. They want to show the world they’re fun, exciting, pretty, and interesting. What’s worse is that so many people buy into it and really care. People check their different feeds so many times a day, waiting to see what’s trending, who is talking about what, and what’s new. In a generation that is used to faster, better, and always improving technology, people are willing to post more in order to keep up.

Relates to how much intimacy we can achieve using technology. In 1990 Fulk argues basically that the more physical contact we have the greater the presence. Greater presence causes greater intimacy. The less the personal communication, the less social value it has. Examples email, text messaging, chat rooms interaction will have less value than phone which has less value than sitting across the table from someone.

Lee and Kim (2018) explored why people intend to Continuously Co-create on corporate controlled Social Networking Sites such as Facebook and Twitter through a survey. They asked participants about their most important Co- creation activity, on the long-term and what they expected from their Co-creation. Lee and Kim use the Expectancy-value theory and additionally what value people derive from different Co-creation activities. These benefits include Cognitive, Social integrative (including Personal Integrative) and Hedonic benefits similar to the Use and Gratification theory. (Figure 1)

In addition, this study is constrained from the point of view of a small retailer. How have smaller firms used online networking in their plan of action? How fruitful has the online networking been in expanding their client base, mark mindfulness, and deals? It has turned out to be certain that when advertisers from expanding partnerships display an item or brand, they consider both conventional and non-traditional media for promotion, keeping in mind that the end goal is to ensure they achieve their objective market (Cheong and Morrison 2008). Petite retailers likewise need to commence using non-traditional strategies for advertising in innovative approaches that draw in a larger number of purchasers. Sorescu et al., (2011) expresses that another route in which retailers can connect with clients is by offering not simply items, but rather a whole ordeal that – while focused on the items, includes a totally new energizing layer to the retail setting. Extra research is justified in regards to assessing viability of online networking showcasing strategies for small retailers. Additionally, such studies could also investigate both, positive and negative impacts of social media/ social networking promotion on a small firm. Small retailers have a slighter spending plan and tighter necessities and in this scenario, an investigation on the smaller store's online networking strategies, would be helpful. Studies should likewise propose how small retail organizations could start and keep up online networking promotion to enhance associations with their client base. To maintain their significance, retailers need to stay aware of the progressions to guarantee that they will be viewed by prospective customers, stimulating the way for further research which could be important to all gatherings incluing: retailers, advertisers, and researchers. Any individual who's not occupied with some type of online networking is [taking] a misstep in this day and age given the volume of individuals [who have] grasped and are using social media/ social networking (Gonzalez 2010). Social media/ social networking opens up a new world for small retailers by giving an endless exhibit of potential communications with buyers, which is the primary motivation behind why there is a requirement of further research on the effects of this new marvel on the small retailers.

Social media are the online technologies and practices that people use to share content, opinions, insights, experienc- es, perspectives, and media themselves. They are media for social interaction. You can tell social software because it is no fun to use by yourself – an account with no friends con- nected has no value (Howard, 2011). The term social media refers to the use of web-based and mobile technologies to turn communication into an interactive dialogue. They can be defined as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of the so-called Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content. Enabled by ubiquitously acces- sible and scalable communication techniques, social me- dia substantially change the way of communicating among organizations, communities, as well as individuals and can take on many different forms, including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, micro-blogging, wikis, podcasts, photo- graphs or pictures, videos, rating, social bookmarking and social networking.

automated accounts that constantly update and thus creating an abnormally high volume of conversation. Noisy, false and incomplete data can distort the data analysis in such a way that the outcomes do not portray a veritable pattern. To overcome this kind of mistake research point to the complete process of knowledge discovery from databases in which data is cleaned out from outliers before it is thoroughly analyzed (Han et al. 2012.) Despite the fact that millions of users are active on social media, creating massive amounts of data every day, social media users still are not a representative sample of the population (Kalampokis, Tambouris and Tarabanis 2013 & Schoen et al. 2013). One explanation for this is the fact that the younger generation which is far more prevalent on Social Media is often over-represented in samples and therefore the results cannot signify the whole population (Gayo-Avello, 2011). Gayo-Avello (2012) adds that in general a demographic bias exists since not every age, gender, social or racial group is represented equally on Twitter. This can be generalized for most of the other Social Media platforms that are currently used. Another explanation could perhaps be that most users simply do not actively participate very much. Nielsen (2006) explains the participation inequality in Social Media on the basis of the 90-9-1 rule. This rule basically states that 90 percent of social media users are only reading and observing but will most likely not contribute anything. Nine percent of online users will contribute from time to time, resulting in ten percent of overall postings on the internet and lastly, 1 percent of social media users are responsible for 90 percent of all postings on Social media platforms. Gayo-Avello (2012) refers

Given that there are a lot of discussions about social media in different fields, this study helps to explain understanding social media aspects in health communication. The findings of this study showed that the patients connecting to health-related sites benefit from these sites for various incentives. In this study, 5 aspects were obtained as the sites' function in health communication. First, the patients as well as those who search about health information stated that when they attend a forum and interact with people, they forget their problems and diseases and stated that in the absence of forums they become isolated and depressed. Second, the patients stated that, getting more informative, they had motivation for the disease follow up and conrolling health after attending the forums. Third, the sites' members were satisfied with preventive education but a separate research is needed for the effect of eduction on preventing some diseases. Fourth, one of the most important emerging fields in this study was notification by users. It seems social media can be a great tool for the implementation of educational programs and notification about the health problems. Finally, online chat room allows the patients to share their experiences on the progression of the disease, symptoms and overall health status. By connecting with those who are experiencing similar conditions, the patients become more informed and have better understanding of their health. They can have a real picture of what happens in life with the disease, based on the experiences of others. They can also have a clearer picture of the disease