Top PDF ELECTRONIC WASTE CONSCIOUSNESS AND PREVAILING DISPOSAL PRACTICES IN INDIA

The main sources of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private (industrial) sectors, which account for almost 70 per cent of total waste generation. The contribution of individual households is relatively small at about 15 per cent; the rest being contributed by manufacturers. Though individual households are not large contributors to waste generated by computers, they consume large quantities of consumer durables and are, therefore, potential creators of waste. An Indian market Research Bureau (IMRB) survey of „E-waste generation at Source‟ in 2009 found that out of the total e-waste volume in India, televisions and desktops including servers comprised 68 per cent and 27 per cent respectively. Imports and mobile phones comprised of 2 per cent and 1 per cent respectively.

Mysore is one of the educational hubs in India. It provides better education to the students from different parts of India and other countries. Obviously, it is the prime privilege of Mysore to offer good and clean environment around the year. To record the waste produced from different school and colleges 18 wards were selected randomly and 55 educational institutes were visited personally during January to April, 2018. The solid waste source, collection, storage, isolation, transportation and disposal practices were collected by using pre-tested questionnaire. Five type of paper waste, six type of plastic waste and seven other types of waste were commonly recorded from different schools and colleges. The incompletely used papers (23.4%), news paper (21.7%), card board sheets (17.6%), challans, waste cheques (14.4%) and paper cups (22.9%) appeared as bio-degradable waste. The plastic sachets/wrappers (36.9%), chocolate covers (28.3%), snack covers (26.4%), empty butter milk, sweet box covers, plastic water bottles, juice bottles and plastic sachets (around 4%) appeared as non-biodegradable waste. The unused food (24.5%), electronic waste (22.1%), dry leaves (16.2%), unused pencil, eraser (rubber) (15.7%), ink bottles, laboratory waste and metal waste (around 10%) appeared as other type of waste in educational institutes. The waste collection methods were not alike. Fifty per cent of the educational institutes have isolated waste into dry and wet waste and remaining 50% of the educational institutes didn’t practice the waste segregation. Further, quantity of waste produced per day was considerably varied among the educational institutes. Further, 68.7% of the educational institutes did use general dust bin for storing the collected waste and remaining 31.3% of the educational institutes stored the waste in colour coded dust bins. Further, disposal of waste produced in educational institutes varied considerably. Despite the clean city status three times, Mysore is still experiencing hardships to control and manage the solid waste at educational institutes and it demands regular update on solid waste to develop management strategies to maintain clean and hygienic environment amidst educational institutes in Mysore.

Mysore is a third most populous city in Karnataka, provides shelter for diversified population with different socio-economic standards. It has rich, vibrant history and heritage, attracting good number of tourists every day. People from different parts of India and the world would like to reside in Mysore city and expecting good and clean environment around the year. To record the municipal solid waste produced from different residential houses, 18 wards were selected randomly and 144 residents (40% male and 60% female) were met personally during January to April, 2018. The municipal solid waste origin, source, production, collection, storage, isolation, transportation and disposal were collected along with the status of respondents by using pre-tested questionnaire. The bio-degradable waste from 18 vegetables, 11 fruits, seven kitchen items and 14 paper types and non-biodegradable waste from 29 plastic items, 15 metals and 14 electronic items appeared at every residential house. Quantity of municipal solid waste recorded from edible and non-edible items varied considerably. Moreover, the quantity of municipal solid waste produced from nuclear and composite families varied considerably. However, 3.8 and 17.5% respectively the nuclear and composite families didn’t provide the information about municipal waste produced per day. However, the daily using few domestic commodities made with different raw materials such as plastic, iron, woolen, cotton, rubber and paper etc, were difficult to isolate separately as edible or non- edible waste which were commonly appeared as waste every day at residential houses. Overall, eight items such as three from edible items (i.e., vegetables, fruits and kitchen), five from non-edible items (i.e., plastic, paper, metal, electronic and others) which contributed 96.9% non-edible items and 3.1% edible items recorded as municipal solid waste at residential houses in Mysore. Despite the clean city status three times, Mysore is still experiencing hardships to manage municipal solid waste and it demands regular survey and solid waste analysis to be conducted to develop strategies to control waste and maintain good environment amidst clean cities.

Awareness and knowledge of waste disposal is influenced by many factors as pointed out in a work done by Margaret Banga on household knowledge, attitudes and practices in solid waste segregation and recycling in ur- ban Kampala. It indicated that the participation in solid waste separation activities depended on the level of awareness of recycling activities in the area, household income, educational level and gender [5]. Ayodeji Ifegbesan studied the waste management awareness knowledge and practices of secondary school teachers in Ogun state and it showed that teachers were aware and knowledgeable about waste management even though they possessed negative waste management practices [6]. There seems to be appreciable awareness and know- ledge about waste disposal among people in Nigeria but most of them are only aware of the crude and traditional methods and are oblivious of the modern methods such as incineration and recycling [6]. The attitude of people towards waste management can be affected by their level of knowledge and awareness of waste management and it has been reported that homes with waste bins engage more in proper way of storing waste than homes without waste bins [7]. A Ghanaian study about attitude towards recycling and waste management showed no significant effect of gender, employment and educational statuses, on willingness to recycle [8].

projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities. The benefits of entrepreneurship for development and economic growth have been widely highlighted. For instance entrepreneurship is seen as a self- development strategy for rural communities (Mitchel, 1979); allowing individuals and households escape poverty and innovation (Krueger, 1993). In fact, entrepreneurship has been claimed to be the single most important pathway out of poverty. Hence, international development agencies are demanding for stronger tools for expanding employment and entrepreneurial opportunities Krueger, 2003). For example, it is demanded to improve the access of small and micro- enterprises to finance information and technology and develop new sound business practices. Further, there is need to create more inclusive business models that directly integrate low-income people as entrepreneurs, suppliers, distributions, retailers, employees and consumers. These entire requirements need more collaborative approaches between large companies, small enterprises, public sector entities, civil society organizations and the poor themselves.

waste. It was also observed that no medical infectious waste was excluded from these practices. In addition, another common practice noted at some of the hospitals was the disposal of infectious and regulated waste types seen on open land within the hospital premises and canal very close by. This kind of practice is a very poor medical waste management practices which usually pose as risk to public health within and outside the hospitals. Only one of the private hospital visited had a mini-incinerator used for disinfecting used needles and it is the most outstanding out of the five. None of the hospital engaged the service of environmental officers to oversee their treatment and disposal of its medical waste. More so, hospitals employ the services of public waste collectors for their waste collection and final disposal to government authorized dumps.

Due to the advancement in technology, electronic waste is the fastest-growing scrap stream phones, televisions, consumer durables like The UNEP report suggests that over 50 waste is generated every year worldwide. Pre-planned product obsolescence, and shifting lifestyle have been responsible for an and electronic products and consequently there has been an generation. It is not only the quantity of waste but also its nature that is h are present in these products. Precious complex chemical compounds pose multifaceted scrap. Handling such waste and without any adversative impacts on the environment can pose

is hazardous to health if consumed. It could also lead to eutrophication of rivers. Poultry waste consist of different chemicals like phosphorous can pollute groundwater if the water table is shallow. Poultry waste dumping can also lead to influx of bacteria into groundwater that was harmful for human when it contaminates the drinking water. All these environmental challenges are imminent if the poor method of poultry waste management was not checked [6]. This proves that dumping too much waste into ground will contaminate the ground water that is harmful to human and environmental health. The local government is aware to these phenomena, and they take responsibility to inform the poultry owners about the effects of poultry waste especially to the ground water which is the source of drinking water. In addition according to the poultry owners that few of them practice covering of manure waste because of some alternative ways of disposing it like selling it to be used as fertilizer. Despite of immense socio- economic benefits in terms of production of eggs, meat and the employment generations often constitute some environment risks to both human and animal lives through water, soil and air pollution. In line with the study of Akanni and Benson states that the waste products are produced in form of hatchery waste, litters and on-farm moralities in this study [7]. Activities in livestock production facilities cause environmental problems such as odor nuisance and land pollution resulting from improperly discharged manure. This study therefore examined the types and quantities of poultry wastes that are generated by the farms and the management strategies being used by the farms. It also assessed the implications of the wastes being generated on the environment. The determinants of the level of impact of poultry wastes on human health were also examined. In line

On-site recycling Off-site recycling disposal disposal source source waste No waste minimisation With waste minimisation, recycling and treatment to treatment waste... Preferred hi[r]

According to Mousinho (2008), recycling is defined as the process by which a used material returns as raw material to the production cycle, being again transformed into a consumer good, designated by the set of actions related to the reuse of used materials which would be discarded, making it a great example of completely sustainable activity. As such, recycling is one of the good tools to tackle the waste problem. The ease of purchasing personal computers has made it increasingly common in most residences (Corner and Corso, 2013). Regarding the significant growth in the last years of the consumption of computers in Brazil, Lira et al. (2014) says that "today there are 118 million personal computers in the country, equivalent to 3 machines for every 5 inhabitants" (p.107). Martins et al. (2014) point out that more and more the production of electronics is increasing and with a short life cycle. Nowadays, searches for innovative products and with differentiated technologies allow them to be disposed of more easily in the environment, since their life cycles are shorter, favoring the acquisition more frequently (Freitas et al., 2015).

This is a small survey in a limited geographical area of Sydney and the results may not be indicative of all acupuncturists across NSW. There is a further limitation to the survey as the Skin Penetration Register, from which the sample was drawn, is not a complete list of acupunc- turists in the area. This is because some premises are not registered with the Council and are therefore not included on the Register. The sample surveyed may therefore underrepresent the actual number of practising acupunc- turists in the City of Sydney LGA and may also draw from a sample of relatively well-informed practices.

Every day huge quantity of solid waste is produced due to various man-made activities amidst urban areas. Hence, the waste management is being regularly practiced to achieve good sanitation and cleanliness in human inhabited places. In Mysore city, municipality and other non-governmental organizations are making good efforts to remove waste produced at food producing centers, [2] health care centers, [29] residential areas [34] and educational institutes. [30] Similar types of efforts were made to remove the waste in commercial areas and public places of Mysore. Since, Mysore is one of the fast growing cities in Karnataka, [2] and it is a tourist’s paradise, [34] offered good sanitation and cleanliness in commercial areas and public places also. Otherwise, commercial areas and public places becomes stinking with bad smell due to the accumulation of solid waste produced by various man-made activities at few places of tourist interest and commercially important areas amidst public places. The solid waste production was ranged in between minimum 0.2 to maximum 70 to 80 kilograms every day. Accumulated solid waste was

Packaging materials has come to symbolize the issue of waste probably due to their short life span or single usage, non-returnable and non-easily degradable in the environment by natural biological processes. A physical observation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) reveals that large proportions are discarded packaging materials from the food industries (Oladepo, 2012). The evidence of this seems in the amount of disposal plastics / polythene shopping bags, sachet water plastic packs popularly called pure water, Styrofoam and thin film plastic packs, plastic drink, metal cans, glass bottles etc. littering the streets and also the increase number of drainages blocked by them.

amount of waste generated will not reach the levels where the setting up of a large WTE plant becomes a financially sound prospect. On the other hand, pure incineration to reduce the volume of waste is a wasteful and environmentally unsound practice. Incineration as an option is therefore ruled out. Available Options: It is evident from the above discussion that no single method in isolation is the best suited in itself. For example: a properly engineered landfill site will be necessary in any of the options adopted, as there will always be some waste at the end of the process to be confined to the land. Thus for the city of Panchkula, composting of the large quantity of organic waste generated, in combination with efficient recycling and landfilling, is the most suitable approach. In addition, suitable segregation, collection and transportation processes will also have to be designed in order to implement this option. For the evaluation of the technical alternatives, the techniques of “Trade off Analysis” and “Paired Comparison (Ranked and Unranked)” can be used. The “Paired Comparison Technique” has been made use of in this study in order to arrive at suitable alternatives for the study area. Within the technical alternative of composting, there are three different approaches available. These are explained below. The most suitable approach will have to be carefully weighed and selected keeping all aspects in mind.

Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia with an advanced household waste management service. However, the study conducted by Dhokhikah et al. [5] in the east of Surabaya showed that only 47% of the re- spondents had already implemented household waste sorting. Out of the respondents who had not imple- mented waste sorting, there are 62% of the respondents willing to separate household waste. Waste sorting activ- ity is mainly performed in certain pilot areas. Under- standing the factors that contribute to the acceptance of waste sorting policy is important because the govern- ment can receive more support to implement the policy. Furthermore, the government can prioritize the policy implementation to the most responsive group of people.

biodegradable and therefore can remain in the gth of time causing severe ). To efficiently manage the municipal solid waste system, computerized system i.e. GIS, RFID are used for municipal services in different countries Bhonde 2014, Wyld 2010). In high consumption cities in the industrialized world, large amounts of paper waste, packaging, food waste, and e-waste are all economic and environmental problems. “Zero waste” means designing and managing esses systematically to avoid and reduce the waste and materials, and to conserve and recover all resources Lehmann 2011, Harish, 2012). Integrated municipal solid waste management (MSWM) ion, collection, transport, separation, recycling and disposal that are essential components of any efficient system (Goel, 2008).

above 31% of waste generated by households alone (which they disposed to the receptacles) in the city is not being evacuated by the environmental regulators. The question now is what will be the condition of waste from other sector? The result from table 5 confirm the fact that environmental agencies are on their developmental stage [14]. We know that our society today is being burdened with avoidable societal cum economic problems such as poverty, unemployment, bribery corruption, harmful habits, etc. The issues of environment and waste management cannot be separated from these problems. However, we the citizens can make a change in the face of our today’s wrong environmental habits. Now we realized that some of these problem are man- made, areas like environmental sanitation management which include solid waste and waste-water management is such that which we can make good to happen in Abia State and to Nigeria at large. It was observed that the state lack standard waste management, hence open dumping is in use at two different locations which is the final disposal site. Some of the strategy adopted in municipal waste management as identified by ministry of environment includes the following: Designation of receptacles in the strategic points; Collection of the receptacles on daily basis to final dump site; Waste agents to clear entry points to the city; Desisting of drainages by waste agents; Supervision of waste agents by health officers. The challenges in municipal waste management services as identified are the following: Lack of political will; Poor management of personnel and materials; Lack of policy thrust; and Duplication of functions.

In the area of north western part of Hyderabad, India extending over 200 acres of area and receives on an average 200-300 tonnes solid waste per day. Forty five soil sample were taken to determine elemental composition (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn ) in soil samples with the help of X- ray fluorescence spectrometer and other tests. Analysis of soil samples from 45 sampling points in the surrounding areas of dumpsite showed significant spatial variation of heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb). The results of the study revealed that soil in the downstream and vicinity of Table 2: Health effect of hazardouswaste(Dutt et.al.2006)

After the composting period the moisture content ,pH ,Electric conductivity, temperature P,K,Ca,Mg find out. The test carried out by using oven, pH meter, and electric conductivity meter temperature directly measure by using thermometer and nutrients find out by using photo-flame meter. Each treatment was carried out in triplication. Site selected for vermicomposting near to the jawahar education society and the waste collected from the jawahar education society like garden trimmed waste which is passing through the 25mm diameter. Canteen waste collected from the canteen waste in which waste food and waste water collected, and paper waste. Before sampling, the eventual leachate captured in a stainless bowl was returned to the vermicomposted material to achieve a closed loop. A sample of 200 g from every bowl was collected every month for 45,55,65,75 days. The earthworms were then sorted out and the resulting samples were dried at laboratory temperature and ground.

Do not expend resources on safe waste disposal methods BUT disclose the impacts of waste disposal in the annual report. Expend resources on safe waste disposal methods AND disclose[r]