One reason that researchers studying test score gaps do not control for permanent income is that the data requirements are onerous: Child achievement measures are rarely available

The current evidence implicating school race segregation is stronger than the available research on the effects of school segregation by social class, although the specific

Our analysis focuses on two important margins: Changes in the relative income distributions of black and white families and narrowing of the test score gap between black and

The most obvious source of concern with the results in Table 3 is that there are unobserved differences in the latent abilities of black and white students in different cities

But with regard to the measures of a names socio- economic status, both sets of results are stronger, with “Damarcus” estimated to be 1.9 percentage points less likely to be

In terms of raw test scores, simple calculations based on the numbers in table 1 show that black students lose some ground relative to whites between the fall of kindergarten and

The effect of the overall fraction of black students in a city (row 3) is small and insignificantly different from zero, indicating that black-white participation gaps do not

The elasticities of achievement scores with respect to family income are substantially higher for children of black families, and there are some notable differences in elas-

Point estimates represent difference between average white and average black mean log-earnings of predicted education for whites conditional on test score for each

4 Without controlling for school fixed effects blacks lose .243 standard deviations in math and .343 in reading compated to whites between fall of kindergarten and spring of

2.6.1 We assume that the three taxpayers have the following actual sources of taxable income: Taxpayer 1 has income from employment ($50,000 in wages); Taxpayer 2 has

Under reasonable assumptions with respect to the effects of age and sex, data collected by the NORC GSS since the mid-1970s suggest a sixty-five-year trend toward convergence

In terms of raw test scores, simple calculations based on the numbers in Table 1 show that Black students lose some ground relative to Whites between the fall of kindergarten and

Combining the demographic trends of White flight and with the additional movement of the Black middle class out of inner city school districts with the local funding structure

When we use the ratio of wealth to permanent income as our measure of wealth, we again explain a much larger fraction of the wealth gap using the coefficients for whites than the

Two oral and maxillofacial radiology specialist evaluated the images using the Clinical Image Quality Evaluation Chart and classified the overall image quality of the

The study also discovered that the inability of the Niger Delta people to have access to economic opportunities as a result of the lop-sided local structure is

Keywords: response surface method (RSM); artificial neural network (ANN); wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM); kerf width (Kf); surface roughness (R a ); material removal