TRANSITION IN TERMS OF GLOBALISATION
3. Action transition (the orientation not only to effective and efficient but also ethical
and aesthetic behaviour
Taking into consideration already mentioned suppositions it is possible to ask certain number of the important questions answers to which have to be sought whenever we want look into a particular transition process in a particular country. In the already existing extensive literature on transition problem, apart from the previously mentioned lack of the transition - technology connection and relation analysis there is a noticeable lack of high quality attempts of a comprehensive transition analysis which should provide answers to the following seven questions:
1. Where to, in which direction does transition go? The shortest possible answer could be: to a better therefore more just and advanced society. The closer elaboration of these attributes would insist on not only a thorough argumentation but also, above all, more sophisticated criteria of determing what is better for a society ,on condition that it independently decides about that.
2. Why transition? Simply because all other former societies (not only socialistic but also capitalistic)have failed to be enough efficient, socially just as well as advanced in civilization terms, in compliance with the objective possibilities, especially those of technology.
3. Who should be involved in transition?
To put it very briefly: everyone i.e. all the members of the society that has chosen transition as a form of a change.
In other words, transition is not a partial process in which only certain social reproduction activists are involved but literally everyone has to take part in this process. But likewise, transition cannot be completely succsessful if there is a tendency of realising it as an isolated, national change project without any changes in the wider international environment. If so, the transition remains just a mere adjustment or better say copying and mechanical replication of already existing solutions reached in some other and different environments. For that reason such attempts are nothing but ordered (octroyed) reforms from somewhere outside (?!) strictly directed and controlled and always without enough of the necessary awareness of the reality and specific transition society needs i.e. the transitional globalisation.
4. What is within transition? And once again in the sense of the accepted holistic approach an answer imposes itself: everything.
5. How long should transition last? The precise answer to this question is understandably not possible not only because of the initial differences concerning all socio-economic development elements such as production, ownership, social and any other kind of structure, as well as other differences between different transitional societies but also because of the differences in depth and width i.e. the intensity of transition efforts.
The last is mainly influenced by the power of political will i.e. the readiness of the political (state) leadership of certain countries to fast, deep and comprehensive transition realisation. In other words, the transition duration depends mostly on when it started or so to say on the duration of its belatedness.
Essentially every transition is a
59 subsequent thus more or less belated
response to the challenges of the environment changes so that any kind of hesitation and possible delay only contribute to its prolongation, increases the costs as well as social tension that is mounting because of the belated changes. However, it has to be mentioned that actually transition as a process of ongoing changes and transition from one state into another cannot and should not be completed. It is as old as people, just we have recently started calling this process
“transition“. In conclusion, it really refers to every country and by no means exclusively to so called post-socialistic countries. Or all the others think that they have lived to see the end of "history"4.
1.1. Globalisation process has following significant characteristics:
- Globalisation is an evolution process for it follows the pattern compliant with the general evolution system theory.
Globalisation is realised with two important mechanisms: innovation generation mechanism and competition ability development and innovation selection mechanism.
- Globalisation is realised by the means of localisation. Globalisation is a process that is constantly widening its scope.
- Globalisation as a change generator is both disturbance and modernisation process. As the disturbance process it changes the distribution of seeming and real winners and losers and so generates resistance and support.
4 Prof. dr Slobodan Pokrajac, Transition and Tehnology, TOPY Belgrade, 2000.god.
- Globalisation as any other evolutive process leads to the increase of variety and competitive ability of the concerning variety elements.
- Globalisation, in terms of economy, leads to the increase of prosperity sooner and more efficient than any other process because, globally, it implies “the best possible“ division of labour.
- Globalisation is a process with competitive elements so that the less wise, capable and eficient elements are smaller relative winners (or bigger relative losers) in globalisation outcomes
- Globalisation is an artificial, mobile, man-and-community shaped, directed and realised process so its functionality,quality and effects can be assessed only by their value
- Distribution of power is one of the essential constituents and objectives of the globalisation process.
It is true that economy trend globalisation definately has different consequences on certain countries. They depend on the accomplished development level of a particular country, complete cultural -customary heritage and possibility of adopting modern tendencies especially in the field of high technology diffusion. The political system of the country contributes to this to a great extent.5
Globalisation of production (industrial, above all), investment and service seriously affects the economic and social development of all countries i.e. even the most developed ones. It
5 Prof. dr Slobodan Pokrajac “Tehnologija, tranzicija i globalizacija”, Belgrade, 2002.g; “Tehnologizacija i globalizacija”, Belgrade, 2002.g. and “Gobalizacija između globofilije i globofobije”, Samizdat,
Belgrade, 2002.g.
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foregrounds the multinational companies and their interests. A new transitional technologically-sophisticated corporative
“culture“ is gradually being created. This “type of production“ is gradually reducing the strategic importance of the national regulatory rules. Internationalisation of production and finance is constantly reducing the possibility of a nation to manage economic and other trends.
No matter how hard central banks and ministries of finance try to impose mechanisms for capital flow financial control they are becoming increasingly “conditioned“ and decreasingly controlled. The same applies to both investments and industrial production development strategy i.e. employment as well.
Conversely, instead of national strategy, local communities are becoming the basis of the competition strategy. Certain regions compete between themselves intimidated with the possibility of losing jobs (employment) i.e.
possibility of the reduced participation in the production of the part of “ the world product“.
“Total industrial product“, by which the system of need at global level can be satisfied at
“historicaly conditioned level“ can be realised with the use of far smaller amounts of labour than offered. The run for “participation“ in production begins by provision of “labour service“.6
The basic generators of technology globalisation represent the tendency of using developingly and economically more efficient production techniques and more market-appealing products.These tendency can be realised, starting from some date in the development history, only by increasing the number of the technology users. In short, profit is the basic globalisation generator here.
Resistance to expansion and globalisation of technology is one of the most interesting aspects of the technological as well as entire
6Prof. dr Dragiša Veličković, Magazine, “Ekonomski pogledi”, Priština – Blace, 2002.g. No. 1-2.
development. The technologies that have dominated the body of systematic (scientific) knowledge and have been built in physical carriers globalise easily whereas those technologies in which the body of tacit (non-transferable) knowledge predominates globalise with difficulties.
CONCLUSION
The vitality of our economy and its future foreign market position will largely depend upon the ability to quickly and efficiently respond to the two significant world challenges:
process of technologisation and globalisation i.e. ability for permanent internal transformations in accordance with major world technology and economy trends.
Globalisation is inherent in capitalism; it is its constituent logic. Globalisation is in many aspects the result of the economic laws of the capitalistic economy. Today, globalisation is one of the widely spread economic phenomena.
It is a school of economic thought opposed to Keynesianism, that accepts the standpoints of the leading theorists of the classical school of economic thought. Classical capitalism seems to have survived. The same is also completely true for socialism as we perceived it in a form of state socialism. A new society is coming.
What will be its name is still unknown. It can be said that, presently the closest name for that society, due to the already mentioned changes, is information society that is followed with what is today known as the society of knowledge and that heralds the begining of a new scientific civilisation.
LITERATURE:
- Prof. dr Vlastimir Matejić, “Skica jedne evolucione teorije globalizacije”, Belgrade, 2002.
- Dragiša Veličković, “Ekonomski pogledi”, Priština, 2002.
- Gary Dessler „Osnovi menadžmenta
61 ljudskih resursa, Florida International
University, 2004.
- An Introduction to Sociology, by Caroline Hodges Persell, published by Harper &
Row Publishers, New York, 1990, pp. 152–
160.
- Marija Lazarević „Uloga menadžmenta u kreiranju konkurentske prednosti na svetskom tržištu„ Institute of Economics Sciences, Belgrade, Page 3
- Ackoff Russell - “Creating the Corporate Future”, “John Wiley and Sans”, New York, 1981.
- Bijelić Predrag „Svetska trgovinska organizacija IGP”, Prometej, Belgrade 2006
- Prof. dr Dragiša Veličković, “Ekonomski pogledi”, Priština – Blace, 2002.
- Milosavljević Momčilo „Proces globalizacije svetske privrede„ Institute of Economics Sciences, Belgrade 2006.
- Stefanović V, Milutinović M. „Upravljanje ljudskim resursima u uslovima globalizacije”, Niš , 2008.
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